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Japanese language James W. Heisig is professor and permanent research fellow at the Nanzan Institute for Religion and Culture in Nagoya, Japan. University of Hawaiโi Press Honolulu, Hawaiโi 96822-1888 www.uhpress.hawaii.edu Remembering the Kanji 2 · heisig Following the first volume of Remembering the Kanji, the present work takes up the pronunciation of characters and provides students with helpful tools for memorizing them. Behind the notorious inconsistencies in the way the Japanese language has come to pronounce the characters it received from China lie several coherent patterns. Identifying these patterns and arranging them in logical order can reduce dramatically the amount of time spent in the brute memorization of sounds unrelated to written forms. Many of the โprimitive elements,โ or building blocks, used in the drawing of the characters also serve to indicate the โChinese readingโ that particular kanji use, chiefly in compound terms. By learning one of the kanji that uses such a โsignal primitive,โ one can learn the entire group at the same time. In this way, Remembering the Kanji 2 lays out the varieties of phonetic pattern and offers helpful hints for learning readings, which might otherwise appear completely random, in an efficient and rational way. A parallel system of pronouncing the kanji, their โJapanese readings,โ uses native Japanese words assigned to particular Chinese characters. Although these are more easily learned because of the association of the meaning to a single word, Heisig creates a kind of phonetic alphabet of single syllable words, each connected to a simple Japanese word, and shows how they can be combined to help memorize particularly troublesome vocabulary. Unlike Volume 1, which proceeds step-by-step in a series of lessons, Volume 2 is organized in such as way that one can study individual chapters or use it as a reference for pronunciation problems as they arise. Individual frames cross-reference the kanji to alternate readings and to the frame in Volume 1 in which the meaning and writing of the kanji was first introduced. Ample indexes at the end of the text are devoted to hand-drawn kanji, the signal primitives, the Chinese readings, and the Japanese readings, as well as a comprehensive cross-reference list to the material contained in Volume 1. James W. Heisig Remembering the Kanji 2 A Systematic Guide to Reading the Japanese Characters remembering the kanji 2 by the same author Remembering the Kana: A Guide to Reading and Writing the Japanese Syllabaries in 3 Hours Each. Honolulu: University of Hawaiโi Press, 2007 (1987) Remembering the Kanji 1: A Complete Course on How Not to Forget the Meaning and Writing of Japanese Characters. Honolulu: University of Hawaiโi Press, 2007 (1977) Remembering the Kanji 3: Writing and Reading Japanese Characters for UpperLevel Pro๏ฌciency (with Tanya Sienko). Honolulu: University of Hawaiโi Press, 2008 (1994) Kanji para recordar i: Curso mnemotécnico para el aprendizaje de la escritura y el signi๏ฌcado de los caracteres japoneses (with Marc Bernabé and Verònica Calafell). Barcelona: Herder Editorial, 2005 (2001) Kanji para recordar ii: Guía sistemática para la lectura de los caracteres japoneses (with Marc Bernabé and Verònica Calafell). Barcelona: Herder Editorial, 2004 Kana para recordar: Curso mnemotécnico para el aprendizaje de los silabarios japoneses (with Marc Bernabé and Verònica Calafell). Barcelona: Herder Editorial, 2005 (2003) Die Kanji lernen und behalten 1. Bedeutung und Schreibweise der japanischen Schriftzeichen (with Robert Rauther). Frankfurt am Main: Vittorio Klostermann Verlag, 2006 (2005) Die Kanji lernen und behalten 2. Systematische Anleitung zu den Lesungen der japanischen Schriftzeichen (with Robert Rauther). Frankfurt am Main: Vittorio Klostermann Verlag, 2006 Die Kana lernen und behalten. Die japanische Silbenschrift lesen und schreiben in je drei Stunden (with Klaus Gresbrand). Frankfurt am Main: Vittorio Klostermann Verlag, 2006 Kanji: Imaginar para aprender (with Rafael Shoji). São Paulo: jbc Editora, 2007 Remembering the Kanji vol. 2 A Systematic Guide to Reading Japanese Characters James W. Heisig third edition University of Hawaiโi Press honolulu Copyright © 1987, 2005, 2008 by James W. Heisig All rights reserved, including the right to reproduce this book or portions thereof in any form without the written permission of the publisher. Printed in the United States of America Second edition: 12th printing, 2005 Third edition: 1st printing, 2008 12 11 10 09 08 07 6 54 3 2 1 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Heisig, James W., 1944Remembering the kanji : a complete course on how not to forget the meaning and writing of Japanese characters / James W. Heisig. โ 5th ed. v. <1> ; cm. Includes indexes. ISBN 978-0-8248-3165-3 (pbk. : alk. paper) 1. Japanese languageโOrthography and spelling. 2. Chinese charactersโ Japan. 3. Japanese languageโTextbooks for foreign speakersโEnglish. I. Title. PL547.H4 2007 495.6โ82421โdc22 2006103109 The typesetting for this book was done at the Nanzan Institute for Religion and Culture. University of Hawaiโi Press books are printed on acid-free paper and meet the guidelines for permanence and durability of the Council on Library Resources. Contents Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Note to the 2nd Edition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 part one: Chinese Readings 1. The Kana and Their Kanji . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 2. Pure Groups . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 3. One-Time Chinese Readings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76 4. Characters with No Chinese Readings . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82 5. Semi-Pure Groups . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86 6. Readings from Everyday Words . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117 7. Mixed Groups . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146 8. Readings from Useful Compounds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192 9. A Potpourri of Readings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219 10. Supplementary Readings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 251 part two: Japanese Readings 11. A Mnemonics for the Japanese Readings . . . . . . . . . . . . 289 Indexes i. Signal Primitives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 307 ii. Kanji . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 310 iii. Chinese Readings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 321 iv. Japanese Readings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 335 v. Cross-Reference List . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 368 v Introduction As the title suggests, the present book has been prepared as a companion volume to Remembering the Kanji: A Complete Course on How Not to Forget the Meaning and Writing of Japanese Characters. It presumes that the material covered in the ๏ฌ rst book has already been mastered and concentrates exclusively on the pronunciation of the Japanese characters. Those who approached the study of the kanji in a di๏ฌerent manner may ๏ฌnd what is in these pages of some use, but it has not been designed with them in mind. As I explained in the Introduction to the former volume, if it is the studentโs goal to acquire pro๏ฌciency in using the Japanese writing system, the entire set of โgeneral-use charactersโ (ๅธธ็จๆผขๅญ) need to be learned. To insist on studying them in the order of importance or frequency generally followed in Japanese schools is pointless if some other order is more e๏ฌective as a means to that ๏ฌnal goal. A momentโs re๏ฌection on the matter is enough to dispose of the common bias that the methods employed by those who come to Japanese as a foreign language should mirror the methods used by the Japanese themselves to learn how to read and write. Accumulated experience and educationโand in most cases an energetic impatience with oneโs own ignoranceโdistinguish the older student too radically from Japanese school children to permit basic study habits to be taken over with only cosmetic changes. A clearer focus on the destination should help the older student chart a course more suited to his or her time, resources, and learning abilitiesโand not just run harder and faster around the same track. Perhaps the single greatest obstacle to taking full advantage of oneโs privileged position as an adult foreigner is a healthy fear of imposing alien systems on Japanese language structures. But to impose a system on ways of learning a language does not necessarily mean to impose a system on the language itself. To miss this distinction is to risk condemning oneself to the worst sorts of ine๏ฌciency for the worst sorts of reasons. Obviously the simplest way to learn Japanese is as the Japanese themselves do: by constant repetition, without interference, in a closed cultural environment. Applied to the kanji, this involves drilling and drilling and drilling until the forms and sounds become habitual. The simplest way, alas, is also the most 1 2 | introduction time-consuming and frustrating. By adding a bit of organized complexity to oneโs study investments, the same level of pro๏ฌciency can be gained in a fraction of the time. This was demonstrated in the ๏ฌrst volume as far as the meaning and writing of the characters are concerned. By isolating these skills and abstracting from any relationship they have to the rest of the language, a ๏ฌrm foundation was laid for the next step, the assignation of sounds or โreadingsโ to the individual characters. That is the subject of this book. The earlier volume was described as a โcomplete courseโ; the present volume is offered as a โguide.โ The differences between the two books are as important as the similarities. While both books are intended to be self-taught and allow individual readers to progress at their own pace, the former traced out a path step by step, in a clearly de๏ฌ ned order. Here, however, the material is presented in such a way that it may be followed frame by frame or may be rearranged freely to suit the particular studentโs needs. The reason is that the readings of the kanji do not allow for any more than a discontinuous systematization: blocks of repeating patterns and clusters of unpatterned material organized under a variety of rubrics. In fact, the only thing ironclad about the method is the assumption that the student already knows what the characters mean and how they are written. Without that knowledge, the systematization becomes all but opaque. In any event, it is important to gain some understanding of how the book as a whole is laid out before deciding how best to make use of it. The book falls into two parts of wildly disproportionate length. The ๏ฌ rst ten chapters cover the Chinese or on readings (้ณ่ชญใฟ); the last chapter, the Japanese or kun readings (่จ่ชญใฟ). This should not give the impression that the on readings themselves are so much more di๏ฌcult than the kun readings, but only that their systematization requires much more attention. What is more, the method followed in Chapter 11 is closer to that followed in vol. 1 and can thus be treated in relatively short shrift. One of the chief reasons for frustration with the Chinese readings is not that there are so many kanji to read, but that there are so few readings to go around, creating a massive confusion of homonyms to the uninitiated. No sooner does one attempt to establish a set of rules to rein in this phenomenon than exceptions begin to nibble away at oneโs principles like termites until the entire construction begins to look like a colossal waste of e๏ฌort. True enough, there are exceptions. A lot of them. But there is also a great deal of consistency which can be sifted out and structured for the learning. The principal aim of the ๏ฌ rst ten chapters is to isolate these patterns of consistency and use them to the fullest, holding brute memory at bay as long as possible. To this end I have introduced what are called โsignal primitives.โ By this I mean primitive elements within the written form which signal a particular introduction | 3 Chinese reading. Since most of these primitive forms were already assigned a meaning in the ๏ฌ rst book, the strategy should come as a welcome relief and carry you well over one-third of your way through the on readings. Whatever readings fall outside the compass of this method are introduced through a variety of devices of uneven di๏ฌculty, each assigned its own chapter. Chapter 1 presents 56 kanji which form the parent-kanji for the forms of the hiragana and katakana syllabaries and whose readings are directly related to the modern kana sounds. 49 of them are Chinese readings, 7 are Japanese. Chapter 2 covers a large group of characters belonging to โpure groupsโ in which the presence of a given signal primitive entails a uniform sound. Chapter 3 presents the small group of kanji whose readings are not homonyms and may therefore be learned in conjunction with a particular character. Chapter 4, conversely, lists characters with no on reading. Chapter 5 returns to the signal primitives, this time gathering together those groups in which a signal primitive entails a uniform soundโbut with a single exception to the pattern. These are called โsemi-pureโ groups. Chapter 6 brings together readings drawn from everyday words, all or nearly all of which should have been learned during the course of a general introduction to Japanese conversation. Allowing for occasional slight shifts of meaning from those assigned the kanji in the ๏ฌrst volume, the only work that remains to be done is to see how Japanese puts the pieces together to create new meanings. Chapter 7 returns one ๏ฌ nal time to the use of signal primitives, picking up what characters can still make use of the device and subdividing them into three classes of โmixed-groupsโ where a given primitive element can signal two or more di๏ฌerent sounds. Chapters 8 and 9 follow the pattern of Chapter 6, except that the compounds will be less familiar and require learning some new vocabulary. The only thing these kanji have in common is that they do not belong to any natural phonetic group. The most useful compounds are presented in Chapter 8. The generally less useful compounds of Chapter 9 are all introduced with explanatory comments. Chapter 10 is a wastepaper basket into which I have thrown the remaining readings: uncommon, rare, or generally restricted to proper names. All the kanji from Chapters 1 through 10 are arranged in a frame of uniform design (see figure 1 on the following page). Taken together, they cover the entire range of on readings established as standard by Japanโs Ministry of Education. Five indexes have been added to facilitate reference and review. Index i lists all the signal primitives, arranged according to number of strokes, and the frame in which they ๏ฌrst appear. 4 | introduction signal primitive Kanji Chinese reading internal cross-reference cross-reference to frame in vol. 1 ไฝ ไน ใตใฏ 2039 691 ไฝๆ ใใใถใ (written) composition frame number exemplary compound pronunciation of compound 1142 meaning of compound figure 1 Index ii presents a listing of all the kanji treated in this and the former volume, arranged according to the number of strokes. Index iii lists, in syllabic order, all the on readings, their respective kanji, and the number of their respective frames. Index iv lists all the kun readings and their respective kanji. Together these two indexes constitute a complete dictionary of readings for the general-use kanji. Index v follows the frame sequence of the first book, giving the kun readings and the frame(s) in which the on reading is introduced in this book. The frames have been arranged to facilitate reviewing: if you block out everything to the right of the compound used as an example, the student is able to run a simple self-test from time to time. For more thoroughgoing review, the ๏ฌash cards that were prepared according to the design given in Chapter 5 of the ๏ฌrst volume can be completed, with the aid of the Indexes. A complete explanation is provided in Chapter 11. Although the principles that govern the structure of this book will become clearer as the student grows more familiar with the content, there are a few points that seem worthy of mention at the outset. They represent both the courtesies I paid my own memory in learning to read Japanese and the pitfalls I watched fellow students fall into following other methods. As time goes on, you may or may not choose to follow them, but at least you should know what they are. First, relating one compound to another by means of similarities of sound is to be avoided at any cost. It merely clutters the mind with useless information. The fact that the two syllables sensei can mean teacher (ๅ ็) or astrology (ๅ ๆ) or despotism (ๅฐๅถ) or oath (ๅฎฃ่ช), depending on the kanji assigned to introduction | 5 them, may come as such a surprise that you are tempted to make some use of the coincidence. Resist the temptation. Second, it is best not to try to learn on and kun readings at the same time for the same character. The idea of โconqueringโ a character in its entirety will be supported by nearly every textbook on the kanji that you pick up, but is nearly as mistaken as trying to learn to write and read the kanji at the same time. Once you have learned the general-use characters, you will have a much better base from which to learn the meaning, writing, and readings of new characters en bloc as you meet them. Until then, cling to the Caesarean principle of โdivide and conquer.โ Third, with few exceptions, it seems preferable to learn the several possible Chinese readings of a given character as they come up, in isolation from one another. When second or third readings appear, reference to earlier frames will inform you of the fact. You will no doubt notice that the quickest way to complete the information on your ๏ฌash cards is to rush to Index v and start ๏ฌlling them in. If you do, you might end up with a tidy set of cards that are no longer of any use for review, or else ๏ฌ nd yourself reviewing what you havenโt yet studied. In either case, you would be sidestepping the entire method on which this book is based. Be sure to read the instructions on pages 297โ99 before doing anything with your cards. Fourth, certain Japanese sounds undergo phonetic alterations when set alongside other sounds. For example, ไธๆฌ, ไบๆฌ, ไธๆฌ are read ippon, nihon, sambon, the syllable hon being like a chameleon that changes to suit its environment. Some of these alterations are regional, some standard. In any case, they are best learned by trial-and-error rather than by a set of rules that are more complex than they are worth. Fift h, a word about Chinese compounds (็่ช, ใใ ใใ). With a grain of salt, one might compare the blend of Japanese (kun) and Chinese (on) words to the blend of Anglo-Saxon and Latin-Greek words in English. Generally, our words of Anglo-Saxon root are richer in meaning, vaguer, and more evocative than those of Latin-Greek root, which tend to precision and clarity. For instance, the word โglassโ can suggest a whole range of possible images and meanings, but as soon as we substitute its Latin equivalent, โvitrine,โ we have narrowed it down to a more concrete meaning. The presence of Chinese words (generally a compound of two or more on readings) in Japanese performs a similar narrowing, specifying function, while the native Japanese words reverberate wider and deeper meanings. In much the same way that we combine Anglo-Saxon words with Latin and Greek words (for example, in the term โ๏ฌberglassโ), Japanese will occasionally mix on and kun readings in the same compound. As a rule, I have avoided 6 | introduction these in the exemplary compounds. The order of preference in choosing examples was roughly as follows: 1. a compound that includes a reading appearing in a previous frame; 2. a compound in ordinary use; 3. a compound that uses a reading to appear soon after the frame in question; 4. the most common or instructive compound; 5. a name of a person or place; 6. rare or archaic compounds. The student is encouraged to substitute familiar compounds at any time for the examples I have chosen. Sixth, the use of signal primitives demands the same rigor applied to primitive elements in vol. 1. Where a single jot or tittle of di๏ฌerence is present, the element is excluded. Additional attention will have to be paid to the position of the primitive, which was not important in the earlier book. Seventh, I would register a plea against trying to begin with the two volumes of Remembering the Kanji at the same time. I wash my hands (or as Japanese would have it, my feet) of all responsibility for the results. That having been said, there is no reason that these pages cannot be used in conjunction with a set of graded readers. I would only advise that you begin this after having worked your way through Chapters 2 and 5. The bene๏ฌt of such an approach is that it enables you to take full advantage of the grammatical and vocabulary drills that such readers provide. At the same time, the commonly heard advice about learning characters โin contextโ is one that is not as sensible as it sounds. Even if I learn the English word โtroglodyticโ in sentences such as โI can trace my ancestors back to the troglodytic ageโ or โThereโs a family of troglodytes in my tool shed,โ the word still needs to be learned in the ๏ฌrst place. New Japanese vocabulary falls on the foreign ear with much the same impactโtotally unrelated to anything we already know. The bene๏ฌt of a context is that it enables one to drill a number of words and assimilate something of how they relate to one another grammatically and connotatively. Context de๏ฌnes the ๏ฌner nuances that usage and tradition have a๏ฌ xed to the kanji, but the compounds themselves still need to be learned. For this reason, students who wish systematically to make their way through this book frame by frame need not trouble themselves over the absence of context provided they do not abandon all reading practice in the process. Eighth and ๏ฌnally, a vigorous warning against the use of rลmaji in learning to read Japanese kanji. Get the idea out of your mind that the Roman alphabet is a โcrutchโ to help you hobble along until you master the hiragana and kata- introduction | 7 kana syllabaries. It is nothing of the kind. It is rather a slow and self-in๏ฌ icted amputation that will leave you crippled for the rest of your Japanese-reading years. Not only does the Roman alphabet in๏ฌict quirks on your pronunciation, it cultivates a systematic bias against the kana that gets harder and harder to uproot. Be patient with the kana, and never write Roman letters beneath them. The stricter you are in expelling all rลmaji from your study of Japanese words, the quicker you will ๏ฌnd that Roman letters become an obstacle to reading and writing, which they are for the Japanese and should be for anyone learning the language. Shinano-ลmachi, Japan 28 December 1978 Note to the 2nd Edition The material in these pages was composed during the third month after my arrival in Japan. I had just completed a volume describing the method I had used to learn the meaning and writing of the kanji, and I was anxious to try my hand at systematizing the notorious haphazardry of the readings. Once ๏ฌnished, the manuscript circulated for eight years in photocopy among a number of students of Japanese around the world. Their suggestions and contributions did a lot to round o๏ฌ the rough edges and save me from embarrassing mistakes. Only in 1986, with the encouragement and cooperation of Nakamura Toshihide and Murakami Yลซnosuke of the Japan Publications Trading Company, did the book appear in print. Since that time it has gone through eleven printings and formed the basis for a set of ๏ฌash cards published two years later. Aside from a longstanding wish to make minor adjustments here and there in the examples and indexes, the immediate stimulus for a new edition has come from the preparation of a Spanish edition as a companion volume to the translation of vol. 1. The translation has also rekindled another longstanding desire, echoed in numerous letters from readers over the years: to prepare a reader to facilitate the use of this volume. The project has yet to materialize, but at least I can say that it is more in mind now than it has ever been. Nagoya, Japan 2 January 2004 part one Chinese Readings chapter 1 The Kana and Their Kanji The two japanese syllabaries known as the hiragana and the katakana (or collectively, the kana) originated as stylized versions of Chinese characters used to represent the sounds of Japanese without any reference to the original meaning of those characters. In modern Japanese not all of the kana retain the sound of their parent-kanji, but there are a number that do, whether as kun-yomi or on-yomi. This means that if you can recognize these kanji, learning at least one of their readings is almost automatic. Many of the calligraphic transformations will be immediately apparent; others require some knowledge of calligraphy. In these cases, a calligraphic drawing has been included for the sake of completeness.1 The letters h and k, set o๏ฌ in parentheses and inserted in the location of the internal cross-reference numbers, indicate whether the kanji in the frame is parent to hiragana or katakana or both. To make a representative listing, it has been necessary to include a number of rare exemplary compounds and compounds that mix on and kun readings. These deviations have been indicated in each case. Despite these di๏ฌculties, the frames presented in this brief initial chapter are worth studying carefully before moving on to the simpler material in the next chapter. As stated in the Introduction, on-yomi are listed in katakana and kun yomi in hiragana, a common convention in Japanese dictionaries. In the case of kun-yomi, the reading of the kanji is often accompanied by an in๏ฌection called okuri-gana (้ใไปฎๅ), which modern Japanese writes with hiragana. ไบ 1 ไบไธ ใ (k) 233 ใซใใ second-generation (Japanese) 2 1. For a clearer idea of the connection between the kana and the kanji, see my Remembering the Kana (Honolulu: University of Hawaiโi Press, 2006), where the original forms of both the hiragana and the katakana are included. 12 | remembering the kanji 2 ไธ ใฟ (k) 1086 ไธใคๅญ ใฟใคใ three-year-old child; triplets ๅฅณ ้จซ ใ (h/k) 951, 2034, 2162 3 ๅฅณ็ฅ ใใใฟ goddess ใก (k) (972) 2 ๅ 4 ๅๅณถ ใกใใพ Kuril Islands, north of Japan ๅทฆ ้งฒ ใ (h) 896 5 ๅทฆๅณ ใใใ right and left; on both sides ไธ ้ฉ ใ (h/k) 2037 6 ไธๅฎ ใตใใ uneasiness 3 98 40 77 1217 The katakana form comes from the ๏ฌrst 2 strokes only. ไธ ้งฟ ใป (h/k) 1583 7 ไธ็ ใใใ world ใฟ (k) ๅค 8 ๅคๅฐ ใใใใ more or less ็ฅ ้จ ใ (h) 188 9 ็ฅไบบ ใกใใ an acquaintance ใช (h/k) 236 ใใใ use ๅฉ 10 ๅฉ็จ The kana forms come from the right side of the kanji. 28 108 1223 906 | 13 the kana and their kanji ไปฅ ้ง ใค (h) 11 ไปฅไธ ใใใใ above; more than ๅ ้ชจ ใฏ (h/k) 2236 12 ๅนณๅ ใธใใ peace ้จ ้ฉ ใธ (h/k) 1080 13 ้จๅฑ ใธใ a room 1028 897 1845 The kana forms come from the right side of the kanji. ็ฑ ้ฉ ใฆ (h/k) 1006, 1345, 2163 14 ็ฑๆฅ ใใใ reason; origin ใซ (k) 496 ใใฆใ metempsychosis ๆต 15 ๆต่ปข 1105 764 The katakana form comes from the last two strokes of the kanji only. The reading (here a Buddhist one) is rare. ไฟ ้ฉ ใ (h/k) 16 ไฟๅฎ ใปใใ security; keeping the peace 997 The hiragana form is based on the entire kanji; the katakana comes only from the last 4 strokes. ็ ้ฉฉ ใซ (h) 1691 17 ็ๅฎ ใใ absence (from home or work) ๆณข ้จพ ใ (h) 1424 18 ้ปๆณข ใงใใฑ radio waves; electric waves 1423 803 14 | remembering the kanji 2 ๅคช ้จ ใฟ (h) 1150 19 ไธธๅคช ใพใใ log 120 The example combines on and kun readings. ๆญข 20 ๆญขใพใ ใจ (h/k) 1554 ใจใพใ to stop; halt 370 The katakana comes from the ๏ฌrst 2 strokes. ๆฏ ้ฉ ใ (h/k) 346 21 ๆฏ่ผ ใฒใใ comparison ๆญฆ ้ฉ ใ (h) 1144 22 ๆญฆ่ ใใใ warrior ่กฃ ้ง ใ (h) 1566 23 ็ฝ่กฃ ใณใใใ white robe ใณ (h/k) 1227 ใใ oneself; the self ๅทฑ 24 ่ชๅทฑ 447 377 396 525 The kana forms come from the ๏ฌrst 2 strokes of the parent kanji. ๅ ้ง ใซ (h/k) 788 25 ๅ ๅ ฅ ใใซใ ใ admission (as to a group) 867 The katakana is based on the left side of the kanji only. ็บ ้ชญ ใค [ใ] (h) 26 ่ก็บ ใใใ conduct; actions; deeds 1918 the kana and their kanji ไธ ้ฉข ใจ (h/k) 27 ไธๅ ใใจใ ruling political party | 15 1246 The katakana comes from the bottom half of the kanji. ๆฑ 28 ๆฑๆธ ใ (k) (117) ใใฉ Edo (old name for Tokyo) 139 Only the right half of the kanji is used for the kana. ้งข ใญ (h/k) 300 ๅนพไฝๅญฆ ใใใใ geometry ๅฎ ้ง ใฆ (h/k) 30 ๅฎๅฎ ใใกใ ใ cosmos; universe ๅนพ 29 1381 1656 The katakana comes from the ๏ฌrst 3 strokes of the kanji. ๆต ้ชผ ใ [ใจ] (h) 1559 31 ็ฅๆต ใกใ wisdom 612 The hiragana in question is, of course, the old form. ไป 32 ไป็้ ไผ 33 ไผๅคชๅฉ 988 ใ (h) 235, 2056 ใซใใใใ Buddhist temple gate with ๏ฌerce Deva Kings ใค (k) ใใใ Italy 1161 Only the left side of the kanji is used to form the katakana. The example compound is older usage. Modern Japanese prefers to use katakana for the names of Western countries. 16 | remembering the kanji 2 ไน 34 ้งธ ไนๅญๅฝข ้ 35 ๆฅ้ ใท (h/k) ใใใใ zigzag (like the kanji ไน) ใน (k) ใใ ใใ Japanese teapot 1214 1718 The katakana comes from the stylization of the right side. ไน 36 ้จท ใฎ (h/k) (2209) ไนๆจๅ ใฎใใใ Nogisaka (place-name) 686 The katakana comes from the ๏ฌrst stroke of the kanji. ๅฅ ้จ ใ (h/k) 37 ๅฅ่ฏ ใชใ Nara (place-name) 1094 The katakana is based on the ๏ฌrst 2 strokes only. ไน 38 ไนๅฏธๅฟ ใค (h/k) ใใใ Yasushi (manโs personal name) This kanji only appeared in vol. 1 as a primitive (page 181). ๅ ้ฉซ ใญ (h/k) 39 ้ขจๅ ใตใ Japanese bath 24 The katakana uses only the ๏ฌrst 3 strokes of the kanji. ๆผ ้ง ใ (h/k) 40 ๆผใใ ใใใ in; at The katakana form is based on the left side of the kanji only. The character featured here did not appear in vol. 1, but its primitive elements should be easy to recognize. the kana and their kanji ็ 41 ็็ฐ ใ (k) ใใ Muta (surname) | 17 The katakana form is based on the ๏ฌrst 2 strokes of the kanji. This character, rare in modern Japanese except for names, was not introduced in vol. 1. ็ฅข ้จฐ ใ (h/k) 42 ็ฅขๅฎ ใญใ low-ranking Shinto priest The katakana form is based on the left side of the kanji only. It is rare and did not appear in vol. 1. ไน ้งญ ใฏ (h/k) 1638, 2157 43 ไน ็ฑณ ใใ Kume (surname) ใฐ [ใ] (k) 1707, 1951 ใใฉ a well ไบ 44 ไบๆธ 1016 1806 The katakana based on this character has become obsolete. ็พ ้ฉ ใ (h) 1111, 1457 45 ๆฐ็พ ใซใใฟ Niimi (surname) 548 The hiragana form is based on the ๏ฌnal 3 strokes of the kanji. The readings of both characters in the exemplary compound are rare, except for names. ่ฏ ้ฉค ใฉ (h/k) 892 46 ๅฅ่ฏ ใชใ Nara (place-name) ๅฅด ้จซ ใ (h/k) 191 47 ๅฅด็ฐ ใฌใ Nuda (surname) 1468 702 The katakana form is clearly drawn from the right side of 18 | remembering the kanji 2 the kanji only. The reading of the parent kanji is rare, except in proper names. ๆฝ ้จ ใฝ (h/k) 1190 48 ไธญๆฝๆ น ใชใใใญ Nakasone (surname) 501 The reading shown here is used only in names. Note that the reading combines kun and on readings. Of the 48 kanji given above, a number were indicated as having rare readings or readings chie๏ฌy used in proper names. Those that happen to be general-use kanji will be assigned more common readings in later chapters, as you will notice from the inclusion of an internal cross-reference number. We now turn to kanji whose readings di๏ฌer from the pronunciation of the kana which they serve as parent kanji by virtue of an extra syllable which is present in the kanji but not in the kana that comes from it. We begin with 3 characters whose readings lengthen the vowel of the kana syllable, making it a diphthong. ่จ ้งฎ ใฑใค (h) 49 ่จ็ป ใใใใ scheme; plan ใขใฆ (h/k) 803 ๆฏ 50 ๆฏๅธ ใใใต blanket ็คผ ้ฉช ใฌใค (h/k) 2114 51 ๅคฑ็คผ ใใคใใ discourtesy; impoliteness 337 1913 1087 The hiragana form is based on the whole kanji, the katakana on the right side only. As in the last 3 frames, the readings of the kanji in the following 5 frames add a ๏ฌnal syllable ใ , which is absent in their kana pronunciation. the kana and their kanji ๅฎ ้ง ใขใณ (h/k) 314 52 ๅฎๅฟ ใใใใ peace of mind ๅฏธ ้งป ในใณ (h) 53 ๅฏธๆณ ใใใฝใ measurement ๅคฉ ้จ ใใณ (h/k) 54 ๅคฉๅฝ ใฆใใใ heaven; paradise ใตใณ (k) ใใใฝ a walk; stroll ๆฃ 55 ๆฃๆญฉ | 19 190 45 428 1189 The katakana comes from the ๏ฌrst 3 strokes of the kanji. ้ ้ชฐ ใชใณ (h) 275 56 ้ ๅฐ ใใใก Onchi (place-name) 402 This reading is rare, even in place-names. The list of characters treated above does not cover all the kana, nor does it begin to include all the possible alternative kanji that have served the function now restricted to the kana. Unless you plan to start penning waka and haiku poems in the classical style, the 56 characters of this chapter should more than su๏ฌce as a background to the relationship between the kanji and the kana. chapter 2 Pure Groups The easiest groups of character-readings to learn are those that share common on readings by virtue of the presence of a common primitive element, called here a signal primitive because it โsignalsโ a particular sound for each character in which it appears. Let us begin with a concrete example. ไธญ 57 39 ใใฅใฆ ไธญๅฝ ใกใ ใใใ China As you learned in vol. 1, the character in the above frame serves as a primitive element in a number of other characters with the meaning of โin.โ Conveniently, the character itself also provides those characters with a common on-yomi, namely ใใฅใฆ. In other words, each time you see this primitive element, you can be sure what the Chinese reading will be. Among all the kanji treated in vol. 1, there are three characters that ๏ฌt this pattern. All you need do to learn their Chinese reading is to recognize them as possessing the signal primitive. If all the primitive elements served as signal primitives, things would be easier. It might even make sense to study the reading and writing of the kanji together. Alas, this is not the case, so it is best to forget about primitive elements throughout this book. ๅฟ 58 602 ใใฅใฆ ๅฟ ๅ ใกใ ใใใ admonition; warning pure groups ๆฒ 59 ไปฒ 60 138 ใใฅใฆ ๆฒๅคฉ ใกใ ใใฆใ ascendancy; rising to the sky 956 ใใฅใฆ ไปฒไป ใกใ ใใใ | 21 agency; mediation There are other โpure groupsโโand these are clearly the majorityโin which the signal primitive is not itself a kanji, or at least not one included in the list of those we studied. In these cases, the signal primitive is set o๏ฌ immediately to the right of the kanji treated in the frame. An example follows immediately. Unless some other explanation is given, the use of proper names for exemplary compounds is meant to indicate that this reading is used exclusively or chie๏ฌy for names in modern Japanese. ่ 61 ็ซ ใ 913 ๅบ่ ใฆใใฝ a shop; store ่ฃ 62 ๆตฆ 63 ใปใใใใ (๏ฌnancial) subsidy 1837 ใ ๆตฆ้ฌผ ๆ 64 1840 ใ ่ฃๅฉ้ ใปใ Hoki (surname) 1836 ใ ้ฎๆ ใใใป 1839 arrest; capture The size of particular โpure groupsโ varies. Some are as large as 8, others as small as 2. Since the larger groups are, obviously, easier to learn, we begin with those containing 4 or more kanji. Be careful to note the special conditions that occasionally accompany the signal primitives. 22 | remembering the kanji 2 ้ท 65 ็คพ้ท ๅผต 66 ไธปๅผต ้ๅธณ ่จ่น ไปไธ ๆฟๅบ 1922 ใคใใกใใ bankbook; passbook 1923 ใผใใกใใ swelling; in๏ฌation 1000 ใตใ an allowance; grant 1002 ใใใต government 1001 ใ ็ฌฆๅท ้ 72 emphasis; insistence ใ ็ฌฆ 71 ใใ ใกใใ ใ ๅบ 70 1921 ใใงใฆ ไป 69 company president ใใงใฆ ่น 68 ใใใกใใ ใใงใฆ ๅธณ 67 1920 ใใงใฆ ใตใใ cipher; mark; symbol 1303 ใ ้่ฟ ใตใใ vicinity This character is still used today as an alternative to that in frame 69, as the example illustrates. ่ 73 1023 ใ ่ฑ่ ใจใใต bean curd; tลfu pure groups ็พฉ 74 ่ญฐ 75 ไผ่ญฐ ็คผๅ ็ ็ฒ ้ๅนด ็ฒพ 79 ็ฒพ็ฅ ๆธ 80 ๆธ ๆฝ ๆด 81 ๆดๅคฉ ้ 82 ้ๆญข ่ซ 83 642 ใใใ meeting; conference 984 ใใใ etiquette; courtesy 643 ใฎ ้ 78 social duty; obligation ใฎ ็ 77 ใใ ใฎ ๅ 76 641 ใฎ ็พฉ็ ็ณ่ซ | 23 ใใใ sacri๏ฌce ใปใค 1524 ใใใญใ young man; youth ใปใค 1525 ใใใใ mind; psyche ใปใค 1526 ใใใใค clean; cleanliness ใปใค 1528 ใใใฆใ clear skies ใปใค 834, 1529 ใใใ a standstill ใปใค 1527 ใใใใ application; petition 1534 1535 1539 1538 1540 1536 24 | remembering the kanji 2 ๆ 84 ้ขจๆ ไบ 85 ไบไบบ ๅพไบบ ่ฆๆ ๆฅๆฌ่ช ็ฝไบบ ๆณ 90 ไธๆณ 17 ใใใ we [rare] 622 ใใใ resolve; preparedness 347 ใซใปใใ Japanese language ใใฏ 542 ใฏใใใ white people; Caucasians ใใฃใฑใ ๅ่ฟซ ๆๆ 37 147 a nightโs stay 282 ใใฏ ๆ 92 5 people ใใฏ ่ฟซ 91 ใใซใ 1537 5 ใด ็ฝ 89 air; appearance ใด ่ช 88 ใตใใ ใด ๆ 87 1530 ใด ๅพ 86 ใปใค ใใฃใฑใ to be tense; be imminent ใใฏ 2044 ใฏใใใ applause 652 pure groups ่ถ 93 ไผฏ 94 ไผฏไปฒ ๅ ไธ ้็ ฒ ๆฐดๆณก to be equal to; be a match for 530 ใปใใกใใ kitchen knife; cleaver 532 ใฆใฃใฝใ cannon 533 ใใใปใ bubbles; foam 645 ใใฆ ไปๆฑ ่ 99 ใฏใใกใ ใ ใใฆ ๆฑ 98 967 ใใฆ ๆณก 97 imported goods ใใฆ ็ ฒ 96 ใฏใใใใฒใ ใใฏ ๅ 95 1869 ใใฏ ่ถๆฅๅ ใใใปใ nursing; care 531 ใใฆ ๅ่ ้ฃฝ ใฉใใปใ compatriots; countrymen 1480 ใใฆ 100 ้ฃฝ้ฃ ใปใใใใ ๅฌข ่ ใธใงใฆ 101 ๅฌข ใใใ | 25 saturation 1530 daughter; girl 26 | remembering the kanji 2 ่ญฒ 102 ่ญฒๆญฉ ๅฃ 103 ๅๅฃ ้ธ้ ๅฏ่ฝ ๅนพไฝๅญฆ ๅบ่ท ๆ กๆญ ใใใใใ brewing; distillation 93 ใใฎใ possibility 1012 ใใใใ geometry 1013 ใใ ใฃใ shipping; consignment 469 ใใใ school song 146 ใซ ๆฒณๅท ๅ 110 1527 ใซ ๆฒณ 109 the soil ใซ ๆญ 108 ใฉใใใ ใซ ่ท 107 1529 ใซ ไฝ 106 concession; compromise ใธใงใฆ ๅฏ 105 ใใใใป ใธใงใฆ ้ธ 104 1528 ใธใงใฆ ๅๅญฆ ใใใ rivers; rivers and streams ใซ 1563 ใใใ chemistry 1008 The signal primitive must stand alone, with nothing to its right, in order to carry the sound. pure groups ่ฑ 111 ่ฒจ 112 ่ฒจ็ฉ ๏ฌower bed; ๏ฌower garden 1010 ใใใค freight 1894 ใซ ่ฃฝ้ด ๅทฅ 114 ใใ ใ ใซ ้ด 113 1009 ใซ ่ฑๅฃ ไบบๅทฅ | 27 ใใใ shoemaking ใณใฆ 1544 ใใใใ man-made 76 The signal primitive in this group must assume a โprominent positionโ in the character in order to carry the sound with it. When it is tucked away in a corner of the character as a minor element, as in the kanji ็ฏ, it loses that function. ๅ 115 ๆๅ ๆป 116 ๅฐๆป ้ทๆฑ ็ด 118 2193 ใใใใ success ็ด ่ถ 863 330 ใณใฆ ๆฑ 117 ใณใฆ ใใใใ ๏ฌeld of specialization ใณใฆ (28) ใกใใใใ long river ใณใฆ 2200 ใใใกใ (black) tea 139 1355 28 | remembering the kanji 2 ้ 119 ้ ็ฎ ่ฒข 120 ่ฒข็ฎ ๅทง 121 ๆๅทง ๅธไผ่ ๆญ่ฉ ้ฃผ่ฒ ไผบๅ service; contribution ใใใ ใใใใใ ใใ ใใใ ใใใ ๅฃๅญ ใใ technique; skill 1863 chairperson; emcee 1865 song lyrics 1866 breeding (of livestock) 1864 attendance; waiting upon 1867 heir; successor 1271 ใซใณ ๆๅฎ ใใใใใ 81 1241 ใท ๅฎ 127 ใใใใ ใท ๅฃ 126 2094 ใท ไผบ 125 ใณใฆ ใท ้ฃผ 124 item; clause ใท ่ฉ 123 ใใใใ ใณใฆ ๅธ 122 82 ใณใฆ teacher; professor | 29 pure groups ็ฎก 128 ็ฎก็ ๆฃบ 129 1273 ใซใณ ใใใ administration; management 1272 ใซใณ ๆฃบ่ป ้คจ ใใใใ hearse 1478 ใซใณ 130 ้คจ้ท ใใใกใใ ๅน ่ฉ ใฑใณ 131 ๅน็ด ใใใใ economizing ใฑใณ 2155 ใใใ test; examination ้จ 132 ่ฉฆ้จ ้บ 133 ๅ้บ ๆคๆป adventure 1673 ใใใ inspection 1671 ใฑใณ ๅฃ้ ้บป 136 ใผใใใ ใใใฉใ Japanese โway of the swordโ 593 ใ ้บป่ฌ ใพใใ 1980 1672 ใฑใณ ๅฃ 135 1674 ใฑใณ ๆค 134 superintendent of a building narcotics 30 | remembering the kanji 2 ๆฉ 137 ๆฉๅคฉๆฅผ ็ฃจ 138 ็ ็ฃจ ้ญๅฅณ ๅฃซๅฎ ๅบไป ๅฟ 142 ๅฏธๅฟ ้่ช 2022 ใพใใ witch 319 ใใใ commissioned o๏ฌcer ใท 2202 ใใ ใฃใ attendance (at work) ใใใ ใใฃใ ็ณ่ซ ็ฒพ็ฅ 960 600 small token (of gratitude) 601 magazine 1117 ใทใณ ็ฅ 145 grinding; polishing ใท ็ณ 144 ใใใพ ใท ่ช 143 594 ใท ไป 141 skyscraper ใ ๅฃซ 140 ใพใฆใใใ ใ ้ญ 139 639 ใ ใใใใ application; petition ใทใณ 1110 ใใใใ mind; psyche 1119 pure groups ไผธ 146 1118 ใทใณ ไผธๅผต ็ดณ ใใใกใใ elongation; extension 1361 ใทใณ 147 ็ดณๅฃซ ใใใ ็ต ไธ ใฝ 148 ็ต็น ใใใ | 31 gentleman 1776 organization The signal primitive must appear on the right, alone. ็ฅ 149 ็ฅๅ ็ง 150 ใใใ ็ง็จ 1778 ใใใ taxation 1777 ใฝ ็ฒๆซ ้ป ใใพใค crude; shabby 1780 ใฝ 152 ้ปๆญข ใใ ไฝ ๆฐ ใใค 153 ไฝ็ด ใฆใใใ ใ ๆต 154 ancestors ใฝ ็ฒ 151 1779 ใฝ ใใค ๅคงๆต ใใใฆใ obstruction; hindrance 1831 low-class 1832 by and large; for the most part 32 | remembering the kanji 2 ๅบ 155 ๆตทๅบ ้ธ ใใใฆใ ็ง้ธ ใใฆใ ้ฉ ๅ ใใญ 157 ้ฉๅ ใฆใใใค ๆต ๆตๅฐ ไธๅซก ๆ 160 1841 private residence 441 apt; ๏ฌtting 443 ใใญ ๅซก 159 bottom of the sea ใใค 156 158 1833 ใใค ใฆใใก enemy territory ใใญ 2180 ใใใฆใ legitimate wife or child 657 ใใญ ๆๆ ๆปด ใใฆใ pointing out; indication 442 ใใญ 161 ไธๆปด ใใฃใฆใ ๅ ๅ ใใค 162 ไธๅ ใใใฐใ 440 one drop 992 triple; three times The signal primitive must stand to the right, alone. ๅน 163 477 ใใค ๅน้ค ใฐใใใ nurture; cultivate pure groups ้ช 164 ่ณ 165 ใฐใใใใ dining with a superior 476 ใใค ่ณ ๅ ๅ 166 1299 ใใค ้ช้ฃ ๅๅ | 33 ใฐใใใใ compensation; indemnity ใใณ 1180 ใฏใใถใ half 1201 The signal primitive must stand clearly on its own. ๅค 167 ๅคๅฎ ็ 168 ๆน็ ไผด ใใณ 1178 ใฏใใฆใ judgment ใใณ 1181 ใใฏใ lakeside; along a lake ใใณ 1179 company; companion 169 ๅไผด ใฉใใฏใ ่ฌ ๅ ใณใฆ 170 ่ฌ็พฉ ใใใ ๆง 171 ่ณผ 172 ใใใ ใใใซใ ใ 1203 lecture 1818 organization; structure 1817 ใณใฆ ่ณผๅ ฅ 1204 1816 ใณใฆ ๆฉๆง 1205 purchase; buying 34 | remembering the kanji 2 ๆบ 173 ๆๆฐดๆบ ๆน 174 ๆณๆน็ ๆฐดๆงฝ ใปใใใใใ ใใใใ ้ญ้ ใใใใ ๅๆผ ใใใใ ่ผธ ่ผ ใฆ 178 ่ผธๅบ ใใใ ใค ๆ 1176 water tank 1174 encounter 1175 sea carriage; marine transport 289 exports 628 ใฆ ๆๆฅฝ ่ซญ ใใใ pleasure; joy 352 ใฆ ๆ่ซญ ็ 181 legal circles; judicial world ใฝใฆ 177 180 1173 ใฝใฆ ๆผ 179 waterway; drainage ditch ใฝใฆ ้ญ 176 ใฏใใใใใ ใฝใฆ ๆงฝ 175 1819 ใณใฆ ใใใใ instructor 2037 ใฆ ็็ ใใกใใ conglutination; healing up pure groups | 35 The above group of kanji with their on readings represents by far the easiest treated in this book. Still, it is important to master them well before moving on, if for no other reason than to make sure you have understood what signal primitives are and how they work. When you are reviewing (see Introduction, p. 4), do so only from the compound (not the character) to the reading and meaningโnot the reverse. And remember not to clog your memory with useless information (for example, which signal primitives share the same pronunciation). Once you are con๏ฌdent of your progress so far, you can go on to the next group of 114 kanji. They are also of the โpureโ type, but number only 3 to a group. ๆฑ 182 ๆฑ็ญ ๆฎ 183 ็นๆฎ ็็ ๆฎๅ ใจใใใ special; particular 258 ใใใใ pearl 688 ใตใใ ใ dissemination 689 ใญใฅใฆ ๅธๅ ็ด 187 810 ใญใฅใฆ ๅธ 186 red (vermilion) brush ใทใฅ ๅ 185 ใใ ใฒใค ใทใฅ ็ 184 221 ใทใฅ ใใ ใใใ ใ absorption 1353 ใญใฅใฆ ้ซ็ด ใใใใ ใ top grade; high quality 36 | remembering the kanji 2 ็ฅ 188 ็ฅๆต ็ด 189 ็ดๆผข ไธๆบ ๅฅด้ท ๆ 192 ๆๆฐ ๅชๅ ๆฐธ้ 1224 ใใใใก supreme wisdom ใ 47 ใฉใใ slave ใฉใ ใฉใใใ ใใใใ ๆฐดๆณณ ใใใใ anger; indignation 865 e๏ฌort; exertion 132 eternity 136 swimming 345 ใจใค ่ฉ ๆญ ใใใ 702 703 ใจใค ่ฉ 196 molester (of women) ใจใค ๆณณ 195 ใกใใ 1223 1683 ใ ๆฐธ 194 wisdom ใ ๅช 193 ใกใ ใ ๅฅด 191 9 ใ ๆบ 190 ใ composing a song or poem pure groups ๅด ่ณ ใใณ 1039 197 ๅดๆฐด ใตใใใ fountain ๆค 198 ๅขณ 199 ๅคๅขณ ๅๆ ใใตใ ใใตใ ๅจฏๆฅฝ ใใใ 1897 dry goods; draperies 1898 amusement; entertainment 1899 ใด 202 ่ชค่งฃ ใใใ ็ทจ ๆ ใธใณ 203 ็ทจ้ ใธใใใ ใ ๅ misunderstanding 1825 editing 1823 ใธใณ ๅ่ฆ ้ 205 tumulus; old burial grounds ใด ่ชค 204 1198 ใด ๅจฏ 201 righteous indignation ใใณ ๅ 200 ใใตใ ใธใใใ bias 1824 ใธใณ ๆฎ้ ใตใธใ 1197 1199 ใใณ ็พฉๆค | 37 universal 38 | remembering the kanji 2 ็ฅจ 206 ๆ็ฅจ ๆผ 207 ใจใใฒใใ ๆผ็ฝ ใฒใใใฏใ ็ฎๆจ ใใใฒใใ ๆ ่ฒ ใธ 209 ๆ ๆ ใใใ ็ฃ ็ฃๆฐ ๆป้ค target; aim 1389 kindness and love 1390 ใใ magnetism 1388 ใใใ nourishment 508 ใใค ๅบๅปท ่ ใใ ใฃใฆใ appearance in court 1876 ใใค ่ฆ่ ๅบญ 214 1608 ใธ ๅปท 213 bleaching ใธ ๆป 212 1607 ใใงใฆ 208 211 casting a vote ใใงใฆ ๆจ 210 1606 ใใงใฆ ใใใฆใ naval vessels; a ๏ฌeet 590 ใใค ๆ กๅบญ ใใใฆใ school grounds; campus | 39 pure groups ้ ๅผ ใซ 215 ้้ ใคใใ ๆธฆ 216 ๆธฆไธญ ็ฆ็ฆ ใใกใ ใ ๅฅๆฐ ใใตใ ใใใ ๅฏไป ใใต fortune and misfortune 126 an odd number 192 donation 1981 ใญ 220 ้จๅฃซ ใใ ๅ ไบข ใณใฆ 221 ๅ้ ใใใฉใ ่ช knight 306 mine shaft 1870 ใณใฆ ่ชๆตท ๆ 223 1291 ใญ ้จ 222 in a whirlpool ใญ ๅฏ 219 1292 ใซ ๅฅ 218 transit; passage ใซ ็ฆ 217 1293 ใใใใ sea voyage; crossing the ocean 648 ใณใฆ ๆตๆ ใฆใใใ resistance 40 | remembering the kanji 2 ๅทจ 224 ๅทจไบบ ๆ 225 ใใใใ ๆๅฆ ใใใฒ ่ท้ข ใใใ ็ฅ ๅฟ ใฝใฆ 227 ไนพ็ฅ ใใใใ ๆ ๆ็ธฆ ๆตท่ป distance 215 dryness 671 ใใใใ ใ piloting; maneuvering 2035 ใใใใ seaweed 934 ใญใฅใฆ ่ฆๆฑ ๆ ใใใใ ใ demand; request 936 ใญใฅใฆ ๆๆฅ่ป ็ 232 1281 ใฝใฆ ๆฑ 231 denial; rejection ใฝใฆ ่ป 230 857 ใญใง 226 229 a giant ใญใง ่ท 228 856 ใญใง ใใ ใใใ ใใใ ambulance 935 ใญใฅใฆ ้็ ใใใ ใ baseball pure groups ไบ 233 ๅไบ ๅผ 234 ๅผไธๅ ไป็้ ๅฉ 236 ๅฉ็จ ๆขจ 237 1 ใใ ใใซ twelve ใซใพใใใ ¥20,000 ใ 32, 2056 ใซใใใใ temple gate with Deva Kings ใช 10 ใใใ use ๆขจๅ ใใใ ไธ็ข ใใ ๅ ๅฐ ใชใงใฆ 239 ๅฎๅ ใใใใใ ๅฏฎ ็ ใใใ ใกใใ 1687 diarrhea 1707 bureaucracy 1708 dormitory superintendent 1709 ใชใงใฆ ็้ค ใใใใใ 906 theatrical world ใชใงใฆ ๅฏฎ้ท 988 907 ใช 238 241 355 ใช ็ข 240 2 ใ ไป 235 ใ | 41 medical care; recuperation 42 | remembering the kanji 2 ๆก ้ ใตใค 242 ๆก็น ใใใฆใ ่ 243 ้่ ๅฝฉ่ฒ ๅ ็ ๆด 246 ใใใ 1714 ใใใใ coloring ใปใณ 1833 ใใใใ teacher ๆด่ป ใใใใ ้้ ใใใฆใค ๆฐ ่ ใทใณ 248 ๆฐ่ ใใใถใ ่ช car wash 270 pig iron 1502 newspaper 1503 ใทใณ ่ชๆฐด ่ฆช ใใใใ fuel and water 1504 ใทใณ ่ฆชๅ ใใใใค 248 249 ใปใณ 247 250 vegetables ใปใณ ้ 249 734 ใตใค ๅ 245 grading exams ใตใค ๅฝฉ 244 733 kind; thoughtful pure groups ไพต ่ ใทใณ 251 ไพตๅ ฅ ใใใซใ ใ ๆตธ 252 ๅฏ 253 ๅฏๅฎค ๆ็ซ ่กจๅฝฐ ้ๅญ ๆฌๅท ใใใใค bedroom 433 ใถใใใใ a sentence (of writing) 1715 ใฒใใใใใ commendation 1297 ใใใใ Japanese sliding paper windows 128 ใปใใใ ใ (Japanโs) main island ใทใฅใฆ ๅ ญๅคงๆดฒ ้ ฌ 259 1150 ใทใฅใฆ ๆดฒ 258 ๏ฌooding ใทใงใฆ ๅท 257 ใใใใ ใทใงใฆ ้ 256 1149 ใทใงใฆ ๅฝฐ 255 invasion ใทใณ ็ซ 254 1148 ใทใณ ๆตธๆฐด | 43 ใใใ ใใใ ใ the โ6โ continents 1432 ใทใฅใฆ ๅฟ้ ฌ ใใใใ ใ retort; repartee 44 | remembering the kanji 2 ๅฃฎ 260 ๅฃฎๅคง ่ 261 ๅฅ่ ๆ่ฃ ็ธ 263 ็ธ่ซ ๆณ 264 ๆๆณ ้ 265 ้ๅฎณ ๅๅ ในใฃใใ resort; villa ใฝใฆ 2138 ใตใใใ dress; attire ใฝใฆ 1565, 2088 ใใใ ใ consultation ใฝใฆ 2090 ใใใ thought; thinking ใใใใ ใฏใใใ ๆธฌ้ ใใใใใ ใใใใ 209 609 frost damage 88 foul; infraction 149 surveying; fathoming 975 ใฝใฏ ๅด้ข 398 426 ใฝใฏ ๅด 268 322 ใฝใฏ ๆธฌ 267 grandeur; magni๏ฌcence ใฝใฆ ๅ 266 ใใใ ใ ใฝใฆ ่ฃ 262 321 ใฝใฆ aspect; facet pure groups ไปฃ 269 ไบคไปฃ ่ฒธ 270 ่ฒธไธ ้ต่ข taking turns; exchange ใใใ ใใใใ ็ฒไนไธ ใใใใคใธใ loan; lending 1006 mail pouch; mailbag 1020 a, b, c (old enumeration) 1021 ใธใค ๆจชๆ ็ ใใใธใ arrogance ใธใค 1158 274 ็พ็ ใใฃใใ illness ้ ่ข ใจใณ 56 275 ๆฐธ้ ใใใใ eternity ๅ 276 ็ฟ 277 ใฆใใใ ใใใ 402 (Japanese) garden 403 ใจใณ ้็ฟ 1682 585 ใจใณ ๅบญๅ 1005 1007 ใธใค ๆ 273 ใใใใ ใฟใค ไธ 272 1099 ใฟใค ่ข 271 ใฟใค | 45 wild monkey 46 | remembering the kanji 2 ่ 278 ็จฎ่ ๆ 279 ็นๆ ๆ็ซ ๅฎถๅบญ ๅซ 282 ่ปขๅซ ็จผๅ ็ฒๆซ ๆฒซ 285 a sketch; pro๏ฌle 244 ใใใณใใ pet cat ใซ 1853 ใใฆใ home 541 542 ใฆใใ remarrying (archaic) 893 ใใฉใ operation (of a factory); work ใใ 2166 ใใพใค plain; coarse ๆณกๆฒซ ใปใใพใค bubbles; foam 644 ใใ ๆนๆฎบ ใพใฃใใค 217 218 ใใ ๆน 286 ใฆใใณใใ ใซ ๆซ 284 670 ใซ ็จผ 283 seeds and seedlings ใใงใฆ ๅฎถ 281 ใใ ใณใใ ใใงใฆ ็ซ 280 234 ใใงใฆ obliteration pure groups ๆจ 287 ๆ 288 ใใใ ๆๅฐ ใใฉใ ่่ช ใใผใ ๅณก ่ ฎ ใญใงใฆ 290 ๆตทๅณก ใใใใใ ็ญ guidance 456 fat 1265 straits; sound; channel 1266 ใญใงใฆ ๅ็ญ ๆ ใธใใใใ narrow-minded 1267 ใญใงใฆ 292 ๆๆ ใใใใใ ๆฉ ๅฌ ใญใงใฆ 293 ้ๆฉ ใฆใฃใใใ ็ฏ catch in a cross๏ฌre 429 iron bridge 1221 ใญใงใฆ ็ฏๆญฃ ๅฌ 295 659 ใท 289 294 the gist; essentials ใท ่ 291 455 ใท ่ฆๆจ ใใใใใ reform; correction 430 ใญใงใฆ ๆๅฌ ใใใใใ | 47 a๏ฌable; charming 48 | remembering the kanji 2 Having completed the larger of the โpure groups,โ we now come to the more di๏ฌcult: those with only 2 kanji. Although the groups are small, learning them by means of their signal primitives will come in useful later, once you have left the con๏ฌnes of the general-use kanji. That is to say, many of the signal primitives we are learning here are not restricted to the characters we treat. ้ฒ ่ ใญใฏ 296 ่จ้ฒ ใใใ record; annals ใญใฏ 2191 ใใใใใ verdigris; green rust ใฌใณ 992 ใใใใค New Yearโs Day ็ท 297 ็ท้ ๅ 298 ๅ ๆฅ ้ 299 ้ ๅบ ๅนพไฝๅญฆ ๆฉ 301 ๅฑ 302 stubborn; hardheaded ใญ 29 ใใใใ geometry ใใใ ้ๅฑ ใใใใค ใใใใค 1381 opportunity 1060 boredom 1061 ใฏใ ๆกๆ 59 1382 ใฏใ ๆ 303 ใใใ ใญ ๆฉไผ 1371 61 ใฌใณ ๅนพ 300 1144 working a mine; mining pure groups ๅ ๅฆ ใญใงใฆ 304 ๅๅ ใใใใใใ ่ ่ ่ฟซ ใใใใฏใ ็ท ๅฟฉ ใฝใฆ 306 ็ท่จ ใใใใ ็ช ๅ็ช ใฉใใใ ๅฑ ๆ ใทใงใฆ 308 ๅฑๆญ ใใใใ ๆถ ๆฐดๆถ ๅฟ่ 1366 sum total 749 alumni 21 singing 22 ใใใใใ crystal 597 ใซใใใ a โninjaโ spy 598 ใใณ ๅฆ่ช ่ฒ 312 blackmail ใใณ ่ช 311 871 ใทใงใฆ ๅฟ 310 cooperation ใฝใฆ 307 309 872 ใญใงใฆ 305 ใฒใซใ disapproval; denial 55 ใใค ่ฒๆ ใฆใใใ | 49 chastity 50 | remembering the kanji 2 ๅต 313 ๅ ๅต ๅฎ 314 ๅฎๅฟ ๆก 315 ๆกๅ ไผๆก ๆดพ้ฅ ๆด้ฒ ็ 319 ็็บ ใใใใ peace of heart ใใใชใ ใฐใฃใใ guiding; information 994 felling trees; deforestation 1619 ใฏใฐใค clique; faction ใใฏ 1045 ใฐใใ disclosure; uncovering ใฐใใฏใค ๅ้บ ใผใใใ ใผใใ 1801 1802 explosion 18 adventure 408 ใใฆ ๅธฝๅญ 190 214 ใใฆ ๅธฝ 321 52 ใใฏ ๅ 320 ใขใณ ใใ ๆด 318 scouting ใใ ้ฅ 317 ใชใใฆใ ใขใณ ไผ 316 981 ใใค hat; cap pure groups ๅ ่ ใใฏ 322 ๅ ใผใ ๆฒ 1794 I; me 1793 ใใฏ 323 ๆฒๆฎบ ใผใใใค clubbing to death ็ก ่ ใ 1123 324 ็ก็คผ ใถใใ discourtesy ่ 325 ็ 326 ๅฎถ็ ่้ปๆฑ ่ฑกๅพด domestic animals; livestock 1385 ใกใใงใใก storage battery cell 887 ใใใใกใใ symbol 888 ใใงใฆ ๆฒ็ฝฐ ๆ 330 ใใกใ ใใงใฆ ๆฒ 329 1384 ใใฏ ๅพด 328 (theatre) stage ใใฏ ่ 327 ใถใใ ใกใใใฐใค disciplinary action; punishment 52 ใใงใฆ ๆ้ฃ ใกใใใใใ 1775 1774 ใ ่ๅฐ | 51 breakfast 52 | remembering the kanji 2 ๆฝฎ 331 ๆบๆฝฎ ๅ 332 ่ชๅ่ป ๅดๅ ่ฏ้ ๅฐ 335 ๆๅฐ ไธ่ถณ ไฟ้ฒ 1678 ใใใฉใ labor ใใฆ 1737 ใใฉใ the Japanese โway of ๏ฌowersโ ใใฉใ ใตใใ ใใใใ ่ชๆ ใใ guidance 1279 insu๏ฌciency 1280 promotion; facilitation 640 ego 1476 ใฌ ้ฃข้ค ใใ 277 278 ใฌ ้ค 339 automobile ใฝใฏ ๆ 338 ใใฉใใใ ใฝใฏ ไฟ 337 1676 ใใฆ ่ถณ 336 high tide ใใฆ ้ 334 ใพใใกใใ ใใฆ ๅ 333 141 ใใงใฆ starvation; famishing pure groups ๆฎ 340 ่ญ 341 ใตใใ ใ ๆฅฝ่ญ ใใใต ๅกไพ ใฏใใใ musical score 62 introductory remarks 406 ใใณ 343 ๅธ่น ใฏใใใ ๅนฃ ่ ใธใค 344 ็ดๅนฃ ใใธใ ๅผ sailing vessel 1040 paper money 1041 ใธใค ๅผๅฎณ ๆฏ 346 1787 ใใณ ๅธ 345 dissemination ใ ๅก 342 1786 ใ ๆฎๅ ๆฏ่ผ | 53 ใธใใใ evil; abuse ใ 21 ใฒใใ comparison 447 The signal primitive must stand with nothing above or below it. ๆน 347 ๆนๅค ๅ 348 649 ใ ใฒใฏใ criticism 1511 ใ ๅๅฑ ใฒใใค sneaky; obsequious 54 | remembering the kanji 2 ็ข 349 ็ข้ ๅ 350 ๆๅ ้ ใฒใใ monument inscription; epitaph ใกใค 2101 ใใใใ famous ็ข้ ใฒใใ ็ธซ ๅค ใใฆ 352 ็ธซๅ ใปใใใ ๅณฐ ๆ 354 ๆๅ ๅดฉๅฃ 1562 ใใใปใ lofty peak 19 ใปใใใ friend; companion 774 ใปใใใ collapse 1546 ใใงใฆ ่กจ่ฃ ไฟต 357 suture; stitching ใใฆ ่กจ 356 1563 ใใฆ ๅดฉ 355 monument inscription; epitaph ใใฆ ้ซๅณฐ ใฒใใใใ mounting (a picture or hanging) 1547 ใใงใฆ ๅไฟต ใฉใฒใใ 112 275 ใกใค 351 353 1512 ใ sandbags; sumล ring | 55 pure groups ๅฐ 358 ๅฐๅฎ ๆ ฐ 359 ๆ ฐๅฎ ๅฎ็ด ้ 361 ้ ไน่ป ้ๅฐ ๅ้จ ใธใงใฆ 1140 ใใใใใ family crest ใใใ ใใใใใ ใใใใ ใใ ใใ ๆๆ ใใใใใ ใธใฅ ้่ฆ ใใ ใใ 382 383 lock 1585 riding in a car 1586 excess 735 sitting for an exam 736 ใธใฅ ้ 366 solace; comfort ใธใฅ ๆ 365 ใใใ ใธใงใฆ ๅ 364 1096 ใธใงใฆ ๅฐ 363 (low-ranking) company o๏ฌcer ใธใงใฆ ไน 362 ใใใ ใค ๅฎ 360 1095 ใค professor 1165 demand (opposite of โsupplyโ) 56 | remembering the kanji 2 ๅ 367 ๅๅญฆ ๅพ 368 ๅพไบ ็ธฆ ใใ ใใ Confucianism ใธใฅใฆ 2091, 2207 ใใ ใใ engagement; pursuit ๆ็ธฆ ใใใใ ใ ๅกพ ๅญฐ ใธใฅใฏ 370 ๅกพ้ท ใใ ใใกใใ ็ ๆ็ ไธญๆฌ principal of a private school 310 ใใใใ ใ ripeness; maturity 67 ใกใ ใใใ ใ middle ten days of the month 809 ใธใฅใณ ๆฎๆญป ็พ 374 309 ใธใฅใณ ๆฎ 373 piloting; maneuvering ใธใฅใฏ ๆฌ 372 877 1338 ใธใฅใฆ 369 371 1166 ใธใฅ ใใ ใใ martyrโs death 1853 ใธใฅใณ ็็พ ใใใ ใ contradiction Literally: a lance that nothing can resist and a shield that nothing can penetrate. ๅพช 375 1854 ใธใฅใณ ๅพช็ฐ ใใ ใใใ cycle; rotation pure groups ่ฟฐ ่ ใธใฅใ 376 ๅ่ฟฐ ใใใใ ใค ่ก 377 ็ 378 ็็ก ้็ด ใใใ ใค technology 449 ใใใ nothing at all 1309 ใใใใ ใ social class 250 ใซใค ไปฒไป ็ 381 1525 ใซใค ไป 380 description ใซใค ้ 379 1524 ใธใฅใ ๆ่ก ใกใ ใใใ mediation; intermediation 251 ใซใค ไธ็ ใใใ | 57 world The two kanji featured in the following two frames are unique in that each allows a common second reading. Learn the next four frames as a unit. ไผ 382 ไผ่จ ็ตต 383 ็ตต็ป ใซใค 384 ใใใใ accounts; accountant ใซใค 385 ใใใ picture; painting 752 1346 58 | remembering the kanji 2 ไผ 384 ไผ้ ็ตต 385 ็ตตๆฌ ๆ 386 ใจ 382 ใใใใ salutations; a bow ใจ 383 ใใปใ picture book ๆขฐ ใใใใค ๆฉๆขฐ ใใใ ๅฃ ้ค ใซใค 388 ๅดฉๅฃ ใปใใใ ๆ 389 677 machine; mechanism 400 destruction; collapse 828 ใซใค ่ฟฐๆ ่ฒซ 390 (Buddhist) precepts ใซใค 387 ใใ ใฃใใ reminiscences 102 ใซใณ ่ฒซ้ ๆ ฃ ใใใคใ piercing; penetration 627 ใซใณ 391 ็ฟๆ ฃ ใใ ใใใ ๆ ๅฅ ใซใณ 392 ไบคๆ ใใใใ 1346 676 ใซใค ๆๅพ 752 custom; habit; convention 1043 interchange; exchange pure groups ๅ ๅฌๅ ใใใใใ ้ ่ ใซใณ 394 ้ๅ ใใใใ ็ฐ 395 ๅพช็ฐ ๆ้ ็ฐก 837 reduction 836 ใใ ใใใ cycle; rotation ใซใณ 1580 ใใใ time ็ฐกๅ ใใใใ ่ณ ่ ใใฆ 398 ้ฆ่ณ ใใ ใฎใ ๆฉ simple; uncomplicated 1934 head of state or government 1935 ใใฆ 399 ่ฆๆฉ ใใฎใ ้ ้ค ใบใค 400 ้ๅ ใใใถใ ้ซ su๏ฌering; distress 1298 fairly; pretty much 1290 ใบใค ่ณ้ซ ใฎใใใ 1620 1621 ใซใณ 397 401 recall; reclamation ใซใณ ้ 396 1042 ใซใณ 393 | 59 the brains 60 | remembering the kanji 2 ้ป 402 ้ป้ ๆจช ใชใฆ 1839 ใใใใ gold ๆจชๆญ ใใใ ใ ๆธ ่ ใฑใค 404 ๆธ่ฐท ใใใใ ้ถ 405 ้ถๅต ๅปบ่ญฐ ๅฅ 407 840 dale; valley 1947 ใใใใ hen eggs ใฑใณ 2104 ใใใ submission of a proposal ไฟๅฅ ใปใใ health protection; hygiene 513 ใฑใณ ็ๅบ ๆธ ใใใกใใ 391 974 ใฑใณ ็ 408 crossing; cutting across ใฑใค ๅปบ 406 1751 ใชใฆ 403 1750 prefectural o๏ฌce 1394 ใฑใณ 409 ๆธ่ณ ใใใใใ reward or prize ๆฐ ๆฐ ใญ 1736 410 ๅคฉๆฐ ใฆใใ weather 1885 pure groups ๆฑฝ 1886 ใญ 411 ๆฑฝ่ป ใใใ (steam) locomotive ๅค ่ค ใญใณ 2224 412 ๅบๅค ใใ ใฃใใ going to work ่ฌน 413 ้ซ 414 ใใใฆใ ็จฟ ใใใใ ๅ็จฟ ใใใใ ไพฏ ่ ใณใฆ 416 ็ไพฏ ใใใใ ๅ ๅ่ฃ 892 manuscript; original draft 1639 kings and princes 1640 ใใใป candidacy 488 ใณใฆ ่้ ๆ 419 high school ใณใฆ ่ 418 307 ใณใฆ 415 417 compliments of the author ใณใฆ ้ซๆ ก ใใใ wasteland 624 ใณใฆ ๆๆ ใใใใใ 1577 1576 ใญใณ ่ฌนๅ | 61 panic; alarm 62 | remembering the kanji 2 ๆ ่ฒ ใณใณ 420 ๆ่ฆชไผ ใใใใใใ ๅขพ 421 ้ๅขพ 1971 ใใใใ reopening a wasteland 1288 ใณใ ้ชจ้ซ ๆป 423 social reunion; reception ใณใณ ้ชจ 422 1970 ๆป็จฝ ใใคใใ bone marrow ใณใ 1757 ใใฃใใ ludicrous; funny 1289 To accommodate this rare reading, a character not learned in vol. 1 has been introduced. It means to โpauseโ or โponderโ and is most commonly met in the term ็จฝๅค (ใใใ), meaning โtrainingโ or โexercise.โ ้ 424 ๆฐ้ ๅป ใใใใ bridegroom 1852 ใญใฆ 425 ็ปๅป ใใใ ๅฒ ้คฌ ใฏใณ 426 ๅฒๅ ใใใใ ่ซ 427 1851 ใญใฆ painting gallery 1677 distinguished service 1681 ใฏใณ ่ซ้ขจ ใใใทใ light, balmy breeze; zephyr pure groups ๅด 428 ่ 429 ่ๆฌ ้ท 430 1395 ใญใฃใฏ ่ฟๅด ๆ ้ท ้ฟ ใธใใใใ return; reimbursement ใญใฃใฏ 2238 ใใใใปใ script; screenplay ใญใงใฆ 2133 ใใใใ oneโs native place; hometown 431 ๅฝฑ้ฟ ใใใใใ in๏ฌuence ๅข ็ซ ใญใงใฆ 2007 432 ๅข็ ใใใใใ boundary ้กๅฐ ใใใใ ใ ๆ ข ๆผ ใใณ 434 ๆๆ ข ใใพใ ๆผซ 435 ๆ 436 ่ชฌๆ 484 mirror-stand; dresser 829 patience; tolerance 830 ใใณ ๆผซ็ป 1849 483 ใญใงใฆ 433 1396 1850 ใญใงใฆ ้ก | 63 ใพใใ comic book; comics ใกใค 1562 ใใคใใ explanation 20 64 | remembering the kanji 2 ็ 437 ๅ็ ๆฐ 438 ๅฝๆฐ ๅฎ็ ๅคฉ็ถ ็ ใใใฟใ 1835 ใใณ 964 ใฆใใญใ natural (not arti๏ฌcial) ๆฆ ่ ใฌใญ 442 ้ๆฆ ใใใใ ๆญด combustibility 213 oneโs 60th birthday 376 ใฌใญ ๆญดๅฒ ่พฒ ใใใ history 2014 ใใฆ ่พฒๅญฆๆ ก ๆฟ ใฎใใใฃใใ agricultural school 2015 ใใฆ ๆฟๅ ใฎใใใ 241 510 ใใณ ใใญใใใ 445 people (of a country) peaceful sleep ๅฏ็ๆง 444 1834 ใใใฟใ 441 443 association; alliance ใใณ ็ถ 440 ใฉใใใ ใใณ ็ 439 1450 ใกใค thickness; density pure groups ็ฆ 446 ่ฅ 447 ่ฅๅบฆ ้่ทฏ ้ฒ้ชจ ๅ 450 ๆญปๅ ๅๅ ่ญฆๅฏ 1282 ใฉใใ road ใญ 2079 ใใใค frank; plain ใใใ ใใใใ ใใใใค ๆฉๆฆ ใพใใค death penalty 680 model; prototype 1103 police 1104 friction; cha๏ฌng 697 ใฝใฆ ๅๆน ใใใปใ 1283 679 ใตใ ๅ 454 magnanimity ใตใ ๆฆ 453 ใใใฉ ใฑใค ๅฏ 452 1099 ใฑใค ๅ 451 prohibition ใญ ้ฒ 449 ใใใ ใญใณ ่ทฏ 448 1098 ใญใณ ็ฆๆญข | 65 both sides 66 | remembering the kanji 2 ๆก 455 ๆกๅ ๅธฏ 456 ใใใใ ๅฐๅธฏ ใกใใ ๆป่ฒจ ใใใ ๅฎ ไน ๅคใฏ 458 ่ชๅฎ ใใใ ่จ ็ฅ่จ ่ฌนๅ backlog of freight or goods 1916 private residence 1917 ใใใใ oracle; revelation 262 ใใใฆใ compliments of the author 894 ใใค ็จๅบฆ ๅธ ใฆใใฉ extent; degree 435 ใใค ๅธๅฝ ็ท 463 416 ใใค ็จ 462 (geographical) zone ๅคใฏ ๅ 461 415 ๅคใค 457 460 mulberry farm or orchard ๅคใค ๆป 459 698 ใฝใฆ ใฆใใใ ใใค ็ท ็ต ใฆใใใค empire 1340 conclusion (of a treaty, contract) pure groups ไบญ 464 ๅ ใใใใฆใ ๅๆญข ใฆใใ ๅพน ่ ใใ 466 ๅพนๅบ็ ใฆใฃใฆใใฆใ ๆค 977 suspension; ban 886 thoroughgoing; radical 760 ใใ ๆคๅ ๅบฆ 468 Japanese-style restaurant ใใค 465 467 311 ใใค ๆไบญ ๆณๅบฆ | 67 ใฆใฃใใ withdrawal; revocation ใ 1019, 2111 ใฏใฃใจ ban 1194 The readings of both characters belong to the o๏ฌ cial list, but are not the most common readings. As throughout the book, their other (in this case, more ordinary) readings are cross-referenced. ๆธก 469 ๆธก่ช ๅ 470 ใจใใ a passage; (sailing) voyage 1157 ใใฆ ๅ็ช ็ณ 471 1195 ใ ใจใใจใค abrupt; all of a sudden 1158 ใใฆ ็ ็ณ ใใจใ sugar 68 | remembering the kanji 2 ๅ 472 ๅๅบซ ๅต ใใใ ๅต้ ใใใใ ่ฌก ่ ใจใฆ 474 ๆฐ่ฌก ใฟใใใ ๆบ ๅๆบ ้่ฆ ่ ฐ้จ ๅ ๅฎน 1967 ใฉใใใ shaking; tremor 1604 ใใ ใใ demand (opposite of โsupplyโ) 1605 ใใใถ hips; waist area 790 ใชใใใ contents 791 ใจใฆ ๆบถ่งฃ ๆ 480 folk song ใจใฆ ๆบถ 479 1968 ใจใฆ ๅฎน 478 creation ใจใฆ ่ ฐ 477 1631 ใจใฆ ่ฆ 476 warehouse ใฝใฆ 473 475 1630 ใฝใฆ ใใใใ melting 616 ใฆใฆ ๆๆ ใใใใ ใ gloom; melancholy pure groups ๅช 481 ็ง 482 993 ใฆใฆ ไฟณๅช ใฏใใใ actor 900 ใทใฅใฆ ็งๅญฃ ๆ ใใ ใใ autumn season 901 ใทใฅใฆ 483 ๆๆ ใใใใ ใ gloom; melancholy ๅค ่ ใซ 2102 484 ๅคๆ ใใ summertime ๅฏก 485 ๅ 486 ๆ ๅ ไฟฎ็น ่ฑก ๅ 489 1035 ใใใ benevolence 1335 ใผใณ ่ฑก 488 amount; quantity ใผใณ ็น 487 ใใ ใใ ใใใ repair; mending ใพใฆ 1646 ใใ elephant ใใใใ 1976 1977 ใพใฆ ๆณๅ 296 617 ใซ ๅคๅฏก | 69 imagination; fantasy 70 | remembering the kanji 2 ่ต 490 ่ตๆธ ่ 491 ๅฟ่ ๅฎฟๆณ 851 ใใใใ heart (the organ) 995 ใใ ใใฏใ room and board 1336 ใทใฅใฏ ็ธฎๅฐ ้ 494 library; collection of books ใทใฅใฏ ็ธฎ 493 ใใใใ ใพใฆ ๅฎฟ 492 850 ใพใฆ ใใ ใใใใ shrinking 177 ใชใงใฆ ๆธฌ้ ็ณง ใใใใใ surveying; measurement ใชใงใฆ 2105 495 ็ณง้ฃ ใใใใใใ food provisions ๆต ่ ใชใฅใฆ 15 496 ๆตๅ ใใ ใใฉใ a ๏ฌow; ๏ฌowing ็กซ 497 ๅ 498 ใใ ใใใ ammonium sulfate 1720 ใตใณ ๅๅ ใใใ 764 763 ใชใฅใฆ ็กซๅฎ 926 participation pure groups ๆจ 499 ๆฒๆจ ๅถ 500 ๅถๅบฆ ่ฃฝ้ด ๆณๆฐด ็ท่ทฏ ่ฆชๅ ็ช 505 ็ชๅ 419 ใใใ shoemaking 133 ใใใใ natural spring 1339 ใใใ railroad tracks ใปใ 2096 ใใใใค kind; thoughtful ใใฃใใ ๆพๅฐ ใปใใใ theft 1249 radiation; emission 1250 ใทใค ่ฌ็คผ ใใใใ 85 1322 ใทใค ่ฌ 507 system ใปใ ๅฐ 506 ใใใฉ 1721 418 ใปใณ ๅ 504 distress; wretchedness ใปใณ ็ท 503 ใฒใใ ใปใค ๆณ 502 2084 ใปใค ่ฃฝ 501 ใตใณ | 71 honorarium 72 | remembering the kanji 2 ๆพ 508 ๆพๅฐ ๅฃ 509 ๆจกๅฃ ไธๅ ไธๆ ็ฆ็ฅ ๅฒฉ็ค ๅฐ่ป ใใฃใใใ one measure (of saké) 43 ใใใใใใ rise; ascent 557 ใใใใใ fretting; irritability 558 ใใใใใ (o๏ฌshore) reef 731 ใใใใใ general; shลgun 732 ใทใงใฆ ๅฅจๅญฆ้ ๅฎ 516 42 ใทใงใฆ ๅฅจ 515 imitation; copying ใทใงใฆ ๅฐ 514 ใใปใ ใทใงใฆ ็ค 513 979 ใทใงใฆ ็ฆ 512 radiation; emission ใทใงใฆ ๆ 511 ใปใใใ ใใฆ ๅ 510 496 ใใฆ ไฟๅฎ็ ใใใใใใใ scholarship money ใทใฅ 1115 ใปใใ ใฆใ conservative 186 pure groups ็ฉ 517 ๆ 518 ๆ่ฌ hunting 615 ใใใใ thanks; gratitude 631 ใซใณ ้บๆพ ้ 520 ใใ ใใใ ใซใณ ๆพ 519 243 ใทใฅ ็ฉ็ ใใใ regrettable 1083 ใณ ้็จ ้กง ใใใ employing; employment 1084 ใณ 521 ้กงๅ ใใใ ็ดซ ๆญค ใท 522 ็ดซๅค็ท ใใใใใ ้ advisor 1375 ultraviolet rays 563 ใท 523 ้้ ใใใ ๅ ่ ใฝใ 524 ๅๆฅญ ใใคใใใ graduation (from school) ใฝใ 1680 ใใฃใใ pioneer; forerunner ็ 525 ็ๅ | 73 males and females 1025 1737 74 | remembering the kanji 2 ๅฐ 526 ๅฐๅบ ๅ 527 ใจใใฆใ ๅๅ ใใฃใจใ ็้ข ใใใใ swoon; fainting ๏ฌt 1383 front door; main entrance 1386 ใฒใณ 529 ๆญฃๅผฆ ใใใใ ๆบ ๅ ใญ 530 ๆบไธ ใใใใ ้ฃข sine (of an angle) 210 desktop; on a desk 1475 ใญ ้ฃข้ค ็ฅญ 532 980 ใฒใณ ๅผฆ 531 absolutely; (not) at all ใใฆ ็ 528 755 ใใฆ ใใ starvation 1102 ใตใค ๅธ็ฅญ ้ ใใใ priest; ritual celebrant 1296 ใตใค 533 ๅฝ้ ใใใใ ๅฏ ๅฎ ใใ 534 ็งๅฏ ใฒใฟใค international 775 secret pure groups ่ 776 ใใ 535 ่ๆฟ ใฟใคใผใ ๅก ่ ใใฆ 536 ้ๅญๅก ใใใใจใ pyramid; monumental work ใใฆ 2121 ใจใใใใ boarding (a vessel) ๆญ 537 ๆญไน | 75 honeycomb 254 646 chapter 3 One-Time Chinese Readings The characters brought together in this chapter should be learned well before passing on to the rest of the book. Knowing them will remove another obstacle from the long road that lies ahead. Th is collection of โone-timeโ readings sift s out all the on-yomi (Chinese readings) that are not homonyms, at least not in the con๏ฌnes of the standard readings on which this book is based. We have already learned of these readings in Chapter 1: ไธ=ใป ้จ=ใธ ็ฅข = ใ ๅฏธ = ในใณ ๅฅด = ใ This means that the sounds ใป, ใธ, ใ, ในใณ, and ใ will not appear elsewhere in these pages as a reading for any kanji. The characters they belong to may, of course, take additional readings (see the cross-reference numbers) and phonetic transformations may in fact yield the same sound in certain cases, but the sounds will not be assigned to any other characters as a standard reading. There are 42 more such one-time Chinese readings: ๅง 538 ๅง่ฟซ ็ฑณ 539 ็ฑณๅฝ ๅฅ 540 152 ใขใ ใใฃใฑใ oppression ใใค 2021 ในใใใ America 90 ใใ ๅฅ่ ในใฃใใ 919 villa; private retreat | 77 one-time chinese readings ๆฒก 541 ๅบๆฒกใใ ็ฝ 542 ้ป็ฝ ่ถ 543 ็ด ่ถ ๅผ 544 ๅผๅญ ๆณฅ 545 ๆณฅ้ ไธๆ ๆ 547 ไธใถๆ ็ 548 ใใ ใคใผใค to frequent; haunt; infest ใใฃใฏ 89 ใใใณใใ black and white; good and bad ใใฃ 1017 ใใใกใ (black) tea ใ 1417 ใงใ disciple ใงใใใ dead drunk ใฌใ 547 ใใใใค March ใฒใ 546 ใใใใใค 3 months ใปใใใใ 252 1240 13 13 256 ใฎใงใฏ ๅฎ็ 37 1055 ใใค ๆ 546 707 ใใ precious stones; gems Though the same primitive element appears in both kanji of this compound, it does not serve as a signal primitive. ๅ 549 445 ใใฏ ๅๆตท้ ใปใฃใใใฉใ Hokkaidล (Japanese island) 78 | remembering the kanji 2 ็พ 550 ไบ็พ ๅ 551 ๅขๅ ่ป่ปธ ่พฑ 553 ๅฑ่พฑ ๅ 554 ๅๆฅ ่ 555 ่ ็ฉบๆฐ ้ฃ็ฉ ่ 558 ใใใใใ precincts ใธใฏ 762 ใใใใ wheel axis ใธใงใฏ 775 ใใคใใใ humiliation; disgrace ใญใ 878 ใใกใใค lucky day ใใ ๅ่ air; atmosphere ใขใ 1013 ใใใใใค foodstu๏ฌs ใฆใใญใ 320 1317 1050 1856 artery 834 ใใค ไธๅฏง 2009 chrysanthemum ใใใ ใฉใใฟใใ 1122 927 ใใฃใฏ ๅฏง 559 356 ใฏใฆ ็ฉ 557 200 ใญใฏ ็ฉบ 556 ใซใฒใใ ใคใญ ่ปธ 552 38 ใใฃใฏ politeness; courtesy; civility one-time chinese readings ็ฑ 560 ๆฅ 561 ไธๆฅ ่ 562 ่่ฆช ่่ฅ ๅฐฟ 564 ็ณๅฐฟ็ ็ฒไนไธ ๅพ็พฉ ๅ 567 ้ฆฌๅ ้ธ 568 ใใ 1574 ใใกใซใก one day ใซใใใ blood relative ใใฃใฏ 1962 ใใใซใใ young and old ใจใใซใใใณใใ 223 1053 diabetes 71 ใใใใคใธใ a, b, c (a traditional way of enumerating) ใชใ 874 ใใกใ honesty; integrity ใชใญ 1104 ใฐใใ horsepower ใใใใใ 1683 858 1513 ใชใฏ ้ธไธ 12 1022 ใชใ ๅพ 566 the tropics ใใงใฆ ไน 565 ใญใฃใใ ใใฏ ่ฅ 563 1516 ใใ ็ฑๅธฏ | 79 on shore 80 | remembering the kanji 2 ๅฟ ่ซ 569 ๅฟ่ซ ็ฅ 570 ็ฅ่ช ๅบ 571 ๅบๅค ้ 572 ้ไบบ ๅ่ณ ๅบงๅธญ ้่ช ๆฏ 576 ๆฏ้ ็จ 577 ใใกใใ obvious; beyond dispute ใชใฃใฏ 1358 ใใใใ abbreviation ใทใฅใ 2040 ใใ ใฃใใ showing up at work ใใคใใ ใใ ใใใ ็จ้ 1820 293 767 552 expert 80 accepting a bribe 1024 ใถ ้ 575 901 ใฏใค ๅบง 574 ใญใณ ใฟใ ่ณ 573 1049 ใขใ ใใใ seat ใถใ 2042 ใใฃใ magazine ใผ 1487 ใใฒ by all means; at any cost ใผใค 1393 ใใใใ taxes 562 388 895 one-time chinese readings ๅญ 578 ไฟๅญ ๆป 579 ใพใณ 1856 ใปใใ preservation; conservation ใใคใผใ 684 365 ใกใ ๆป ไบก | 81 downfall; destruction chapter 4 Characters with No Chinese Readings The kanji that make up this chapter are presented more for recognition than for memorization. As the title indicates, their common point is that they are assigned no Chinese reading in this book. In the case of those that belong to the general-use kanji, this means that no reading has been assigned them in the o๏ฌcial list, though many of them do have traditional readings. In the case of those that fall outside the general-use list, this means that no Chinese reading they may have is useful enough to bear learning at this stage. Look over this list carefully before you go on to the next chapter, making sure that you recognize all the characters from your study of vol. 1. In some cases, you will no doubt recognize signal primitives used in Chapter 2. Here, of course, the primitives do not come into the picture at allโeven though some of the kanji given here will themselves serve as signal primitives in the course of this book. The cross-reference numbers in bold print under the number of the kanji refer only to the frame in vol. 1 in which the character in question first appeared. Finally, you will notice that 5 of the kanji have numbers followed by an โa.โ This sets them o๏ฌ as homemade kanji or ๅฝๅญ (ใใใ) which Japanese did not inherit from Chinese. These characters will never have a Chinese reading, unlike several of the others which do in fact have assigned Chinese readings but are not given here because they fall outside the rules of the โgeneral-useโ kanji. ๆ ๆญ ไบ ๅช ่ฒ 580 581 582 583 584 25 27 32 53 54 characters with no chinese readings ้ ่ ๆฑ ๅผ ๅฃ 585 586 587 588 589 60 66 110 153 154 ็ ้ฏ ๆ ๆ ๆขข 589a 590 591 591a 592 166 176 199 200 201 ๆฃ ๆ ๆ ช ่ป ่พป | 83 593 594 595 596 596a 202 203 222 242 279 ๅน ็ณ ๅ ไน ่จ 597 598 599 600 601 410 437 444 462 472 ๆ ่น ๆป ๆฐ ไธฒ 602 603 604 605 606 514 520 537 578 603 ๆ ๆฑ ๅ ็ช ๅณ 607 608 609 610 610a 674 690 696 727 773 84 | remembering the kanji 2 ๅต ๅด ่พผ ๅงซ ่ 611 612 612a 613 614 777 778 780 849 870 ็ฌ ็ฌน ็ฎฑ ไฝ ็ 615 616 617 618 619 939 940 942 953 1017 ๅ ็ฆ ๅก ๅ ๆฎ 620 621 622 623 624 1027 1031 1039 1062 1064 ๅฑ ๅฒฌ ๅปฟ ่ ๆธ 625 626 627 628 629 1110 1115 1190 1216 1263 ็ชช ็นฐ ๅธ ้ ็ฟ 630 631 632 633 634 1323 1369 1397 1427 1447 ๅจ ๅช ๅช ๆข ่ฑ 635 636 637 638 639 1471 1486 1488 1498 1517 characters with no chinese readings ไบฅ ๆผฌ ๆคฟ ๆ | 85 ๆฅ 640 641 642 643 644 1519 1545 1569 1609 1614 ่ ็ฌ ๆ ๅฝฆ ่ 645 646 647 648 649 1655 1666 1713 1716 1728 ่ฒ ้ถด ่ฆ ้ณฉ ๅช 650 651 652 653 654 1838 1943 1945 1946 1950 ๅฒก ้ง ่ ่ ๅฏ 655 656 657 658 659 1961 1979 1995 2003 2006 ๅฒ ไธ ๆฝ ไธ ๅฏ 660 661 662 663 664 2018 2034 2039 2040 2041 ๅทณ 665 2042 chapter 5 Semi-Pure Groups The kanji treated in this chapter di๏ฌer from those of Chapter 2 only in one signi๏ฌcant detail: the signal primitive bears a uniform reading for all but one of the characters in which it appears. Here again, secondary or tertiary readings for the kanji do not necessarily follow the rule. The point is only that one of the assigned readings of the character is not a๏ฌected at all by the semi-pure group to which it belongs by virtue of its signal primitive. Let us take a group of 5 kanji, the ๏ฌrst 4 of which show a common reading based on the lead character which serves as a signal primitive for the others: ๆฌก 666 ๆฌก็ฌฌ ๅงฟ 667 ๅงฟๅข ใใ ใ gradually; little by little ใใใ ่ณๆฌ ใใปใ posture 473 capital; funds 475 ใท ่ซฎๅ ใใใ 471 474 ใท ่ซฎ 669 1619 ใท ่ณ 668 ใท consultation There is one more kanji in the list of those treated in this book that bears the same signal primitive but a completely unrelated reading. This character characterizes the group as โsemi-pureโ: semi-pure groups ็ 670 1451 ใใฆ ็ช็ ใใฃใจใ | 87 larceny; theft In some of these groups the exceptional reading has already been learned in one of the previous chapters. In other cases a new reading has to be learned. To facilitate recognition of the odd character, the frame shall be slightly indented. These groups may be as large as 8 kanji and as small as 3. As we did in Chapter 2, we begin with the larger groups ๏ฌrst. ไบค 671 ็คพไบค ๆ ก 672 ๆ กๆญ ๅนๅ ้ๅค ็ตๆฎบ school song 1276 ใใใใใ e๏ฌcacy; validity 1844 ใใใใ (outlying) suburbs 1348 ใใใใค death by strangulation 1277 ใซใฏ ๆฏ่ผ ๅฌ 677 ใใใ ใณใฆ ่ผ 676 1278 ใณใฆ ็ต 675 social life; socializing ใณใฆ ้ 674 ใใใใ ใณใฆ ๅน 673 1275 ใณใฆ ใฒใใ comparison 86 ใทใงใฆ ๅฌๅ ใใใใใ summons 88 | remembering the kanji 2 ๆญ 678 ๆญๅ ็ ง 679 ็ งๆ ๆ่ซ ็ดนไป ๆนๆฒผ ่ฉๆธ ่ถ ้ ไปคๅฌข invitation 1359 ใใใใใ introduction 137 ใใใใ lakes and marshes 342 ใใใใใ imperial rescript or edict 385 ใกใใใ excess 1401 ใใใใใ young lady 1404 ใฌใค ๅทๅด ้ถ 687 ใใใใใ ใฌใค ๅท 686 650 ใใงใฆ ไปค 685 illumination; lighting ใทใงใฆ ่ถ 684 ใใใใใ ใทใงใฆ ่ฉ 683 170 ใทใงใฆ ๆฒผ 682 name of Japanese era, 1926โ1989 ใทใงใฆ ็ดน 681 ใใใใ ใทใงใฆ ๆ 680 87 ใทใงใฆ ใใใใใ refrigeration; cooling 1402 ใฌใค ้ถๆ ใใใ 12:00 (midnight) semi-pure groups ้ด 688 ้ป้ด ้ฝข 689 ใฌใค 1884 ใงใใใ an electric bell ใใใใ ้ advanced age 1405 ใชใงใฆ 690 ้ ๅ ใใใใฉ territory; dominion ไฝ ไน ใตใฏ 2039 691 ไฝๆ ใใใถใ (written) composition ๆจ 692 ้ ข 693 last year 1434 ใตใฏ ้ ข้ ธ ๆพ 694 ใใใญใ ใใใใ acetic acid 1324 ใตใฏ ๆพๅ ใใใใ ่ฉ exploitation; squeezing 1141 ใต 695 ่ฉๆฌบ ใใ ๅข ่ซ ใ 696 ๅขๅฐ ใผใก 1142 1140 ใตใฏ ๆจๅนด 1406 1403 ใฌใค ้ซ้ฝข | 89 fraud; swindle 231 cemetery 90 | remembering the kanji 2 ๆฎ 697 ๆญณๆฎ ๆจก 698 ่ฆๆจก ๅ 699 ๅ้ ๆๆ ่็ถ 2002 ใใผ scale; size ๅนๅบ ้ๅน ใผใใ ใ recruiting 633 ใใผ longing; yearning 233 ใพใใใใ ๏ฌlmy; like a membrane 409 ใฐใใต ใใใพใ Shogunate government curtain raising 230 ใใฏ ๆผ ็ถ 229 861 ใใฏ ใปใใฏ ๆผ 703 ใ ใใฏ ๅน 702 end-of-the-year present ใ ่ 701 ใใใผ ใ ๆ 700 232 ใ ใฐใใใ vague The former group was included to demonstrate how more than one reading can be given for the exception in the semi-pure group. Strictly speaking, the group belongs to Chapter 7. ็ 704 ๅ ็ ใปใค 982, 1281 ใใใใ teacher 1555 semi-pure groups ๆง 705 ๅฅณๆง ๆ 706 ๆๅบง ๅง 707 ๅงๅ ็ฒ 708 ็ ็ฒ ็ฃ 709 ไธๅ็ฃ ใปใค 1283 ใใใใ woman ใปใค 1284 ใใใ a โsignโ of the zodiac ใปใค 1282 ใใใใ oneโs full name ใปใค 1286 ใใใ sacri๏ฌce ใตใณ 1285 ใตใฉใใใ real estate ๅพฉ ่ด ใใฏ 710 ๅพฉ็ฟ ใตใใใ ใ ่ค 711 ่ น 712 ็ฉบ่ น ่ฆ้ข ใตใใใ ใใใ 1559 1560 complicated 464 empty stomach 1611 mask; disguise 1057 ใช ๅฑฅๆญด 1557 465 ใใฏ ๅฑฅ 714 ใใใตใ 1556 review (of oneโs lessons) ใใฏ ่ฆ 713 ใตใใใค 1558 875 ใใฏ ่ค้ | 91 oneโs personal history 92 | remembering the kanji 2 ๆฆ 715 ๅ ๆฆ ่ 716 ๅคง่ New Yearโs Day 31 ใ ใใใ bold; daring 668 ใฟใณ ๆ ๆถ ๅฃ 718 ใใใใ ใฟใณ ๆ 717 30 ใฟใณ ๅๅฃๅ ด ใใใ a stretcher ใฟใณ 2148 ใฉใใใฐ place of execution 587 Note the mixture of on and kun readings. ๆผ 1075 ใใฆใฆ 719 ๆผ้ฃ ใกใ ใใใใ lunch; noon meal ็ต ๅฃ ใฑใค 2230 720 ็ต้จ ใใใใ experience ่ปฝ 721 ่ 722 ใใใใใ snack; light meal 715 ใฑใค ่ฑ่ ๅพ 723 717 ใฑใค ่ปฝ้ฃ ใใใ ๏ฌowering stem 882 ใฑใค ๅพ่ทฏ ใใใ 1360 route; course semi-pure groups ๆช 724 ่ 725 ่ๅ็ป ๆถๅ ็ก็ ใใใใใใ a portrait (painting) 144 ใใใใ digestion 115 ใใใใใ gunpowder smoke 189 ใทใงใฆ ๅพนๅฎต ๅ 729 114 ใทใงใฆ ๅฎต 728 strange; weird ใทใงใฆ ็ก 727 ใใใ ใทใงใฆ ๆถ 726 716 ใซใค ๅฅๆช ใฆใฃใใใ all through the night 118 ใตใฏ ๅๆธ ใใใใ | 93 reduction; curtailment In the following group of characters, the signal primitive is immediately evident as the ๏ฌrst member of the group. Be careful to note that earlier (frames 444โ445) this same signal primitive was itself part of another signal primitive with an entirely di๏ฌerent reading. ่พฐ 730 ่พฐๅฎฟ ้ 731 2008 ใทใณ ใใใใ ใ house of the Dragon (in the Sino-Japanese zodiac) 2010 ใทใณ ้ๅ ใใใฉใ quake; shock 94 | remembering the kanji 2 ๅจ 732 ๅฆๅจ ๆฏ 733 ไธๆฏ ๅฃๅ 735 ๅฑ่พฑ ๅ ๆธๅ ใใใใ 3 strikes (in baseball) 2013 ใใใใ lips ใธใงใฏ 553 ใใคใใใ humiliation; disgrace ใใใใ ็ก็ ใใใฟใ chinning (exercises) 1583 sleep 1584 ในใค ็ดก้ ้ต ใผใใใ spindle 1847 ใฆใฆ 739 ้ตไพฟ ใใใณใ ่ฃ ่ฉ ใตใค 740 ่ฃ็ธซ ใใใปใ 2009 1582 ในใค ้ 738 2011 ในใค ็ก 737 pregnancy ใทใณ ่พฑ 736 ใซใใใ ใทใณ ๅ 734 2012 ใทใณ mail; post 397 sewing; needlework semi-pure groups ่ผ 741 ๆ ฝ 742 ใใใ ๆ ฝๅน ใใใฐใ ็น็ถญ ใใใ ็ฆ ็ ใใฏ 744 ็ฆ็ฅ ใตใใ ๅฏ ๅฏ่ฉ 1790 ๏ฌber; textiles 1090 (social) welfare 89 ใตใใ adverb 407 ใใฏ ๅ จๅน ๅฏ 747 ๅฏๅฃซๅฑฑ ใใใทใ 2192 ใตใใใ Mt. Fuji ่ ใซใณ 748 ็ท็ฃ ใใใใ ่ฆ full extent; all ใ ็ฃ ่ฆ้ท ใใใกใใ inspector general 1875 captain (of a ship) 1455 ใซใณ ๅนด้ ใญใใใ 193 1453 ใซใณ ้ 750 cultivation; growing ใใฏ ๅน 749 358 ใปใณ 743 746 mention (in the press) ใตใค ็น 745 359 ใตใค ่จ่ผ | 95 yearbook; annual report 96 | remembering the kanji 2 ๆฟซ 751 ๆฟซ็จ ใใใใ ่ฆณ ่ก ใซใณ 752 ่ฆณๅฏ ใใใใค ๅง 753 ๅงๅฅจ ใใใใใ ไบคๆญ ใใใใ ๆจฉๅฉ ๆจฉ็พ ๆช็ฅ ่ฌๅณ 570 exchange of courtesies 571 ใใใ ใใใใ rights avatar 216 ใฟใก unknown 219 ใใใฟ spices; seasoning 2023 ใ ้ญ ๅ ๅฆน 759 encouragement; stimulation ใ ้ญ 758 864 ใ ๅณ 757 observation ใฑใณใปใดใณ ๆช 756 572 ใซใณ ๆจฉ 755 abuse ใซใณ ๆญ 754 1454 ใฉใณ ใฟใใใ fascination; charm 220 ใใค ็พฉๅฆน ใใพใ (younger) sister-in-law semi-pure groups ๆ 760 ่ชฒ 761 ่ชฒ้ท ่ๅญ ่ฃธ่บซ ่ฒฌไปป ็ฉๅ ๆ็ธพ ใใ confectionery 1124 ใใใ naked body 1541 ใใใซใ responsibility 1543 ใใใใ accumulation of good deeds 1542 ใใใใ results; showing 1544 ใตใค ๅ ฌๅต ๅ 768 1122 ใปใญ ๅต 767 section head ใปใญ ็ธพ 766 ใใกใใ ใปใญ ็ฉ 765 1123 ใฉ ่ฒฌ 764 fruit juice ใซ ่ฃธ 763 ใใใ ใ ใซ ่ 762 1121 ใซ ๆๆฑ ใใใใ public bonds 812 ใฌใ ๅ่ป | 97 ใใฃใใ train 98 | remembering the kanji 2 ็ 769 ๅฃฎ็ ่ฃ 770 ใใใใค ๅ่ฃ 813 ใถใใใค dissolution; disruption 972 ใฌใค 771 ไพๅค ใใใใ ่ฌ ่ ใใฆ 772 ่ฌๆฌ ใจใใปใ ้จฐ an exception 1211 transcript; certi๏ฌed copy 1989 ใใฆ ๆฒธ้จฐ ่ค 774 heroic; sublime ใฌใ ไพ 773 814 ใฌใ ใตใฃใจใ boiling 1210 ใใฆ ่่ค ใใฃใจใ feud; discord The ๏ฌrst character in the compound above was not treated in vol. 1, but the exemplary compound given above is useful to know. When the phonetic group to which this character belongs appears again in Chapter 7 (frames 1210โ1214), you will see how easy it is to learn. ๅ 1209 ใทใงใฆ 775 ๅๅฉ ใใใใ ๅถ ็ฆบ ใฐใฆ 776 ๅถๅ ใใใใ victory 1955 idol; image | 99 semi-pure groups ้ 777 ้ญ้ ้ 778 ใใใใ ไธ้ ใใกใใ ๆ็ด ใใก ่ ่ ธ ใจใณ 780 ๅพก่ ใใใใ ๆจ ๆจๅฃฐ ใใใใ ๅฎ่ปข grumbling 1419 Emperorโs Garden 1420 complaint; grudging 1417 ใใใฆใ smooth; fair (of face) 1418 ใฏใณ ่ ๅ ็ ใใใใใ physical strength 1904 ใฌ ็ๅ ่ฝ 785 1957 ใจใณ ่ 784 one corner ใจใณ ๅฎ 783 1958 ใฐ 779 782 encounter ใฐใฆ ๆ 781 1956 ใฐใฆ ใใใใ stronghold (of conservatism) 1905 ใฌ ็บ่ฝ ใฏใคใ germination; sprout 100 | remembering the kanji 2 ้ 786 ๅช้ ใใใ ้ช ้ช้ญ ๅ ๅ ๅ ฅ ๆถ 789 intrusion 867 ใซ 25 ใใซใ ใ admission; subscription 869 ใซ ๆถ็ฉบ ใใใ ๏ฌction; make-believe 868 ใฌ 790 ็ฅ่ณไผ ๅบ ใใ ใใใใ commemorative celebration 580 ใณ ้ ๅบ ๅ 792 1906 ใใใพ ่ณ 791 graceful ใธใฃ 787 788 1907 ใฌ ใใใ stubborn; persistent 973 ใณ ๅไบบ ็ฎ ใใใ an individual 2029 ใซ 793 ไธ็ฎๆ ใใฃใใใค one month This character is commonly abbreviated to the katakana ใฑ, as in frame 547, which uses the same exemplary compound with that writing. ็ถฑ ๅฒก ใณใฆ 794 ็ถฑ้ ใใใใใ 1963 general plan; main point semi-pure groups ้ผ 795 ๅ 796 ๅๅฅ ๅฅไป ไฟธ 798 ๅนดไฟธ ้ๆฃ ไธ่ฌ ้ๆฌ 2120 ใปใใ service ใญใใฝใ annual salary 1575 iron bar or sta๏ฌ ใฆใคใผใ ใใฃใฑใ ใใใฑใ ๅ็ค ๆฏๅธ 1573 1574 1871 general; average 1873 conveyance; transport 1872 ใใณ ๆฏ 803 ใใฆ ใใณ ็ค 802 strong; robust ใใใใ ใใณ ๆฌ 801 1964 ใใฆ ่ฌ 800 steel ใใฆ ๆฃ 799 ใใใฆใค ใดใฆ ๅฅ 797 1962 ใณใฆ ้ผ้ | 101 disc; discus ใใใฐใ ใขใฆ 50 ใใใต blanket 1913 102 | remembering the kanji 2 ่ 804 ๆถ่ ๅฐพ 805 ๅฐพ่ก ๆๆฐ ้ฐ่ฌ ๅช 808 ๅชไป ๆฆๅฟต ๆคๆ จ 1759 ใผใใ a certain person ใใฆ 2087 ใใใผใ conspiracy; plot ใฐใใใ ใใใญใ ใตใใใ ๆข่ฃฝ ใใใ mediation 1482 concept; general notion 1483 indignation; resentment 1481 manufactured; ready-made 134 ใฒใณ ้ซๅ ใใใใ 1760 1761 ใญ ๅ 812 following; tailing ใฌใค ๆข 811 ใณใใ 1914 1915 ใฌใค ๆ จ 810 consumption; use ใใค ๆฆ 809 ใใใใใ ใใฆ ่ฌ 807 2165 ใ ๆ 806 ใขใฆ plateau semi-pure groups ๆบ 813 ใใใใ ้ก ๅฟ้ก ็ ใใใ ๅฎน็ suspicion 1411 ใฎ ๆจกๆฌ ใใ imitation; sham 1412 ใฎใงใฆ 817 ๅๅบ ๅธ ใใใใ coagulation 405 ใ ๆฏๅธ ๆ 819 volunteering 1410 ใใใ ๅ 818 135 ใฎ ๆฌ 816 fountainhead; wellspring ใฌใณ 814 815 142 ใฒใณ ๆบๆณ ใใใต blanket 623 ใ ๆๆ ๅธ ใใใใต fear 1489 ใญ 820 ๅธๆ | 103 ใใผใ ๆฒฟ ่น ใจใณ 821 ๆฒฟ็ท ใใใใ hope 795 along a railway line 104 | remembering the kanji 2 ้ 822 ้็ฎก ใใใใ ่น 823 ่น้ท ๅคซไบบ ๆถ 825 ใใใกใใ 1564 ใตใใ (married) lady ๆถ้ค ใตใใ ใใใ ใจใค 827 ่ฑ่ช ใใใ ๆ 841 rule; regulation 1741 English language 1742 ใจใค ๆ ็ป ๅคฎ ใใใ ๏ฌlm; movie 1740 ใชใฆ ไธญๅคฎ ๅบ 830 support; maintenance ใญ ่ฆๅ ใกใ ใใใ center; central 739 ใณใฆ ๅบ็พฉ 838 839 (ๆ ) 829 (shipโs) captain ใ ่ฑ 828 1874 ใ ่ฆ 826 lead pipe ใปใณ ๅคซ 824 794 ใจใณ ใใใ broad sense (of a term) semi-pure groups ้ฑ 831 ใใใใ ๆก 832 741 ใณใฆ ้ฑๅฑฑ a mine 740 ใซใฏ ๆกๅคง ใใใ ใ expansion; enlargement ๆต (ไบ) ใธใงใฆ 833 ๆธ ๆต ใใใใใ purity ใธใงใฆ 82, 1529 ใใใใฟใใ a vein ้ 834 ้่ ไบ 835 ใใใ ๅญค (็) ใณ 836 ๅญค็ฌ ใใฉใ ๅผง 837 ๅๅผง dispute 1879 loneliness; solitude 1878 ใใใ circular arc 1877 ใซ ่ฅฟ็ 1540 1154 ใณ ็ 838 1155 ใฝใฆ ไบ่ญฐ | 105 ใใใ watermelon The use of the first character is an example of what Jap anese call ๅฝใฆๅญ (ใใฆใ), a character chosen to accompany a reading that does not strictly belong to it. Since the exemplary compound is a common word, it has been included here. 106 | remembering the kanji 2 ๅก 839 ่นๅก ้ป 840 ้ณ้ป ๆ 841 ใใใใ sailor; member of the crew ใคใณ 1299 ใใใใ phoneme; vocal sound ๆๅคฑ ใใใใค (็) ใซใณ 842 ๅ ชๅฟ ใใใซใ ๅ ็ 844 ใใใใใ ็ๅคง ใใใ ใ (ๅ) ใฐใณ 845 ๅคง็พค ใใใใ ้ก forgiveness; tolerance 1769 payment of a bill 1768 enormous 1163 large crowd 1843 ใฐใณ ้กไผ ๅ 847 1770 ใธใณ ็พค 846 loss ใซใณ ๅๅฎ ใใใใ a county assembly 1162 ใฏใณ ๅไธป ใใใใ 481 666 ใฝใณ ๅ ช 843 56 ใคใณ monarch | 107 semi-pure groups ๅธ 848 ๅธ้ท ๅง 849 412 ใท ใใกใใ 413 ใท ๅงๅฆน ่บ ใใพใ ่บ็ ใฏใใณใใ ๅฃ ่พ ใใญ 851 ๅฃ็ป ใธใใ ็ ็ ็ ใณใใใธใ ไธๅฏ้ฟ ใตใใฒ (ๆ) ใชใฏ 854 ไธๅๅ ใใกใใใใ ๆถ 1500 a mural (painting) 1691 (personal) weakness; bad habit 1501 unavoidable 983 100 million yen 632 ใชใฏ ่จๆถ ๆ 856 pulmonary disease ใ ๅ 855 414 ใใญ ้ฟ 853 sisters ใใค 850 852 mayor ใใใ ใค ็จๆ ใใใ memory (of something) 608 preparation; arrangements 108 | remembering the kanji 2 ็ฒ 857 ๆ็ฒ ็ฉซ 858 ๅ็ฉซ ไฟ่ญท ๆๅฅ ็ด 861 ๆ็ด ๅๅฏพ ไธๅฏพ ๆด็ 700 ใปใ protection; patronage ใขใณ 1106 ใใใ expression; complaint ใใใ ใฏใใใ ใใฃใคใ ใใใใ ็กฌ่ฒจ ใใใ ๏ฌngerprint 1726 opposite a pair 694 rebirth 695 coin (solid money) 991 ใใณใปใใณ ้ตไพฟ ไพฟๅฉ ใใใณใ ในใใ 1725 1727 ใณใฆ ไพฟ 865 harvest ใณใฆ ็กฌ 864 ใใ ใใใ ใฟใค ใปใใค ๆด 863 908 ใขใณ ๅฏพ 862 capture ใด ๆ 860 ใปใใ ใซใฏ ่ญท 859 701 ใซใฏ post; mail convenient | 109 semi-pure groups ๅถ 866 ๅถๆช ่ธ 867 ๅบฆ่ธ ้ข้ธ ๅญ่ก ้ ตๆฏ ๆๆ ็ณปๅ ใใใ take o๏ฌ (e.g., an airplane) 1253 ใใใใ ๏ฌlial duty; ๏ฌlial piety 1430 ใใใผ yeast 1254 ใใใใใ professor 1391 ใใใใค succession; order 1392 ใฑใค ไฟไบ ๅญซ 874 1492 ใฑใค ไฟ 873 pluck; mettle ใญใงใฆ ็ณป 872 ใฉใใใ ใณใฆ ๆ 871 1491 ใณใฆ ้ ต 870 ๏ฌendish; satanic ใช ๅญ 869 ใใใใใ ใญใงใฆ ้ข 868 1490 ใญใงใฆ ใใใใ dispute; contention 1393 ใฝใณ ๅญๅญซ ใใใ descendants 110 | remembering the kanji 2 ๅ ่ ใฑใณ 875 ไธญๅ ใกใ ใใใ ่ณข 876 ่ณขๆ ็ทๅผต ไธๅ ่ฉฐ 879 ใใใใ tension; strain 320 ใญใ 554 ใตใใค unlucky ่ฉฐๅ ใใคใใ 343 cross-examination 1351 ใฑใ ็ต่ซ ใใคใใ (ๅฎณ) ใซใ 881 ๅฒ็คผ ใใคใใ ่ฝ conclusion (of an argument) 1553 circumcision 1552 ใซใ ็ฎก่ฝ ๅฎณ 883 1374 ใใใกใใ ๅฒ 882 sagacious; wise ใญใ ็ต 880 852 ใญใณ ๅ 878 mainstay; โbackboneโ ใฑใณ ็ท 877 853 ใใใใค jurisdiction 1551 ใฌใค ๆๅฎณ ใใใใ damage semi-pure groups ๆฌ 884 ่ญฆ 885 ใใใ ่ญฆๅฏ ใใใใค ้ฉ็ฐ ใใใใ ็ฒ ๅ ในใค 887 ็ฒไบบ ใใใใ ้ ๆณฅ้ ใงใใใ 1987 wonder; astonishment 925 romantic fellow; dandy 1435 plastered; stewed to the gills 116 ใตใค ็ ็ณ ใใใใ ๆ (่ฏ) ใญใฆ 890 ๆ่ชญ ใใใฉใ ๆตช rubble; macadam 1469 reading aloud or in public 1470 ใญใฆ ๆตๆตช ่ฏ 892 police ในใค ็ 891 336 ใญใงใฆ 886 889 homage; respect ใฑใค ้ฉ 888 334 ใฑใค ๆฌๆ ่ฏๅฟ ใใใ | 111 vagrancy; wandering ใชใงใฆ 46 ใใใใใ conscience 1468 112 | remembering the kanji 2 ๆ ฎ ่ ใชใง 893 ้ ๆ ฎ ใใใใ ่ 894 ๆ่ ใปใใ ็ฎ่ ๅทฆ ๅทฆๅณ ไฝ ่ฃไฝ 1992 skin ใฒใต 77 ใต 5 ใใใ left and right; both sides 952 ใปใ assistant 629 ใ 898 ๆฐๆฐ ใ ใ ๅซ ไพ ใชใณ 899 ๅซ็ๅญฆ ใใใใใ ่ผช sluggishness 1821 ethics; moral philosophy 1822 ใชใณ ไบ่ผช ่ซ 901 prisoner; captive ใต ๆฐ 900 1991 ใ 895 897 sense of reserve ใชใง ่ 896 1996 ๅฟ่ซ ใใใ the Olympic Games ใญใณ 569 ใใกใใ of course 1820 semi-pure groups ไปป ๅฃฌ ใใณ 902 ่ฒฌไปป ใใใซใ ๅฆ 903 ใซใใใ ่ณ 904 ้่ณ ใใใกใ ๅๅ ใใใใ ๅฉๅงป ใใใใ ่ฌๆฉ ๆญดๅฒ 583 source; cause 584 matrimony 606 ใใใใ expression of gratitude 692 ใใใ history 990 ใท ๅคงไฝฟ ๅ 910 fare (for transportation) ใท ไฝฟ 909 1004 ใชใณ ๅฒ 908 pregnancy ใคใณ ๆฉ 907 507 ใคใณ ๅงป 906 responsibility ใใณ ๅ 905 1003 ใใณ ๅฆๅจ ใใใ ambassador 693 ใช ๅฎๅ | 113 ใใใ government o๏ฌcial 114 | remembering the kanji 2 ่ 911 ๅฎฟ่ ๆจ 912 ใใ ใใใ hostel; residence 655 ใทใฃ ๅๆจ ใใ ใใ ่ 913 316 ใทใฃ ๅบ่ adoption or rejection ใ 61 ใฆใใฝ shop 1839 Note how 2 signal primitives appear in the same kanji. ๆฐ 914 ๆฐๅ ็ด 915 ็ดๅนฃ ๅฉๅงป ่ฃๅ ใใธใ paper money 1830 ใใใใ matrimony 761 ใปใใ ใ supplement 762 ใธใฅใฆ ้็ ฒ ็ตฑ 919 1829 ใธใฅใฆ ้ 918 full name ใณใณ ๅ 917 ใใใ ใท ๅฉ 916 1828 ใท ใใ ใใปใ ๏ฌrearms 1347 ใใฆ ๅคง็ตฑ้ ใ ใใจใใใใ president of a country | 115 semi-pure groups ้ ็ฌ ใใฆ 1830 920 ไบค้ ใใใคใ tra๏ฌc ็ 921 ่ธ 922 ่่ธ ็ๅฎ ่ฌนๆ ้ฎๅง ๅบๅ ้ ท 927 dance (classical) 75 ใใใใค truth 630 ใใใใ penitence; good behavior 276 ใกใใใค quelling (of a disturbance) ใณใฏ 1021 ใใใใ advertising ๆฎ้ ท ใใใใ cruel 281 ใพใฆ ๆง้ ใใใใ 247 1431 ใณใฏ ้ 928 ใถใใ ใใณ ๅ 926 1409 ใทใณ ้ฎ 925 stomachache ใทใณ ๆ 924 ใตใใคใ ใจใฆ ็ 923 1690 ใใฆ ่ น็ 1408 structure 116 | remembering the kanji 2 ไฝต ๅนถ ใใค 929 ไฝต็จ ใธใใใ ๅก 930 1030 joint use 1056 ใใค ๅก ใธใ ็ถ fence 1032 ใใณ 931 ่ฑ็ถ ใใณใ ๏ฌower vase We conclude this chapter with three characters related by a common primitive element but sharing Chinese pronunciations unevenly. ่ญ ่ ใทใญ 932 ็ฅ่ญ ใกใใ ่ท 933 knowledge; intelligence 824 ใทใงใฏ ่ทๅก ็น 934 482 ใใใใใ an employee 1334 ใทใญใปใทใงใฏ ็ต็น ็นๆฉ ใใใ ใใใฃใ organization; formation loom chapter 6 Readings from Everyday Words By the time you pick up this book you will have already learned at least the rudiments of Japanese grammar and in the process have learned some of the most useful words of everyday spoken Japanese. Taking advantage of this fact, as well as the fact that you already know the meanings of all the characters treated here, you can enlarge your knowledge of the on-yomi by seeing how those everyday words, in fact, look when set to kanji. Take, for example, the ordinary Japanese word for a medical โdoctor,โ which is ใใใ. The two kanji with which it is written mean respectively โto doctorโ and โsomeone.โ This allows us to add two new readings to those we already know: ๅป 935 ๅป็ ่ 936 1694 ใค ๅป่ ใใใใ medical care ใทใฃ 1360 ใใใ doctor 1256 The names of well-known places can be used in much the same way, as in the following two frames: ๆฑ 937 ๆฑๅ ใใฆ 1326 ใจใใปใ the northeast 504 118 | remembering the kanji 2 ไบฌ 938 ๆฑไบฌ ใญใงใฆ 1822 ใจใใใใ Tokyo 312 We can also make use of well-known company names or other popular proper names. For example, what student of Japanese has not thumbed through the dictionaries of Japanโs foremost Japanese-English lexicographers, Kenkyลซsha? By learning what the name, in fact, means, you will have learned three more Chinese readings: ็ 939 ็ ๅญฆ ็ฉถ 940 ใใใใ study; investigation 1320 ใญใฅใฆ ็ ็ฉถ ็คพ 941 675 ใฑใณ ใใใใ ใ research 1092 ใทใฃ ไผ็คพ ใใใใ company Without making any particular e๏ฌort to keep these various sorts of โeveryday wordsโ separate from one another, let us see how far they take us into the second half of this book. As before, readings and compounds that have appeared earlier will be drawn on as much as possible to lighten the burden. Occasionally, if only rarely, a common everyday word will lead us to a character that falls outside the compass of these pages. In such cases, it is enough to learn the on-yomi being practiced without stopping to learn a new kanji and its reading. For example, the word for โneatโ or โpretty,โ one of the ๏ฌrst you learn in studying Japanese, is ใใใ. It is made up of the character for โ๏ฌgured clothโ and that for โlovely.โ Normally, the word is not written in characters at all, but since it is an easy way to learn the otherwise di๏ฌcult reading of the latter kanji, restoring its original kanji writing is helpful: readings from everyday words ้บ 942 2002 ใฌใค ็ถบ้บ ใใใ | 119 neat; clean; pretty In still other cases, both readings of a known compound will be new. In this case, we will combine both kanji into a single frame, like this: ๅพก ้ฃฏ 943 ๅพก้ฃฏ ใด 1950 1398 ใใณ 1939 1473 ใใฏใ rice; meal; dinner With that, we may carry on for another 218 frames. Incidentally, if you ๏ฌnd that you do not know a particular word chosen for the exemplary compound, you might as well take the trouble to learn it. After all, the words are common everyday words. ๅ 944 ๆกๅ ่ช ๅ 945 ่ชๅ ๅฟ 946 ใใค 2007 ใใใชใ guidance; information ใธ 964 ใใณ 1082, 1139 ใใถใ oneself ใใใใ 36 781 595 ใทใณ ๅฎๅฟ 1019 peace of mind 120 | remembering the kanji 2 ้ป ่ฉฑ 947 ้ป่ฉฑ ็ช ๅท 948 ้ป่ฉฑ็ชๅท ๆฉ 949 ๆฉๅพก้ฃฏ ็ทๆง ๅฅณ 951 ๅฅณๆง ๅ ๅผท 952 ๅๅผท ๅผๅฝ ้ 954 1503 ใงใใ telephone ้็ 344 ใใณ 1909 ใดใฆ 1242 ใงใใใฐใใใ telephone number 1974 ใฐใใใฏใ supper ใใณ 2035 ใ ใใใ a man; male ใธใง (3), 2034, 2162 ใใใใ a woman; female 859 98 1975 ใใณ ๅผ ๅฝ 953 ใฏ ใใณ ็ท 950 535 ใใณ ใญใงใฆ 1608 ในใใใใ study 1235 ใใณ 742 ใใฆ 1153 ในใใจใ lunch (carry-along, picnic-style) ใค 1509 ใใใ ใ baseball 1596 readings from everyday words ่ป 955 ๅฐ ๅณ 956 ๅฐๅณ ๅฃ 957 ๅฃๅฐ ไธ ้ 958 ๅฐไธ้ ๅณ ๆธ 959 ๅณๆธ้คจ (electric) train ใ 1287, 1004 ใบ 959 ใกใ map ใใณ 1079 ใ ใใก housing development ใซ 1780 50 ใใ 1376 846 ใกใใฆใค subway; metro ใ 956 ๅคงๅญฆ ใจใใใใ library ใใค 1073 ใ ใใใ ใ ใใใใใถ 1180 582 1180 107 324 university 691 ใธใงใฆ ๅคงไธๅคซ 515 327 ใฌใฏ ไธ 961 ใงใใใ ใทใง ๅคง ๅญฆ 960 286 ใทใฃ ้ป่ป | 121 all right; okay As an exception, we include 3 kanji in the next frame, all of them no doubt very familiar to you already. 122 | remembering the kanji 2 ๅค ๅฝ ไบบ 962 ใฌใค ๅคๅฝไบบ ่ช็ถ ไธ 965 ไธๆฅ ไธ ็ท 966 ไธ็ท ๅ 967 ใใใใใใ foreigner ๅๆ 265 ใใใใ cooking; food ใท 945 36 ใผใณ 440 241 ใใใ nature ใคใ 966 ใใกใซใก one day ใคใ 965 1 ใทใง 1367 1344 ใใฃใใ together ใใใค ใใกใใค 1 4 April 7 ใทใ ไธๆ 951 1178 ใท ไธ 968 969 ใช ่ช ็ถ 964 ใธใณ ใชใงใฆ ๆ็ 111 581 ใณใฏ ๆ ็ 963 1622 July readings from everyday words ไน ไบบ 969 ไนไบบ ไน ๆ 970 ไนๆ ๅ ๅ ญ 971 ๅ ๅ 972 ๅๅ ๅฃฑไธๅ ้่ก ๆ 975 9 ใใณ 962 951 ใใ ใใซใ 9 people ใฏ 969 9 ใธ 1436 159 ใใ 9 oโclock ใธใฅใฆ 1156 ใใ ใใใ sixteen ใปใณ (4) ใใใใ ¥1,000 ใคใ 1567 457 64 ใใกใพใใใ ¥10,000 (in formal receipts) ใฎใณ 1400 ใณใฆ 1614, 2234, 2238 ใใใใ bank ใใใใ 40 1811 1459 873 1048 ใชใง ๆ ่ก 10 6 ใใณ ้ ่ก 974 970 ใจใณ ๅฃฑ ไธ 973 ใญใฅใฆ ใญใฏ ๅๅ ญ | 123 voyage; trip 124 | remembering the kanji 2 ็ซ ๆ 976 ็ซๆๆฅ ใซ 161 ใจใฆ 576 ใใใใณ Tuesday The third kanji in the compound has a kun-yomi. ็ ไนณ 977 ็ไนณ ็ 978 ็ๆ ฝ ๆฐด 979 ๆฐดๆๆฅ ๆจๆๆฅ ๅ ๅพ 981 ใใฅใฆ 729 ใใ ใใซใ ใ (cowโs) milk ใใณ 1250 ใผใใใ dwarfed and potted plant ๅๅพ ไธ็ๆธๅฝ 1449 130 ใใใใใณ Wednesday ใขใฏ 2169 ใใใใใณ Thursday 195 568 ใด ็ ๅฝ 982 245 ในใค ๆจ 980 ใฎใฅใฆ ใด 1827 ใใ afternoon ใทใงใฆ 704, 1281 ใกใค 2115 ใใฃใใใใใใใ with all oneโs might 1379 1555 1400 readings from everyday words ้ ๅธธ 983 ้ๅธธ ้ 984 ้ๆๆฅ ๅฑฑ 985 ๆฌ 986 ๆฅๆฌ ๅๆๆฅ ่พ ๅ ธ 988 ่ฑๅ่พๅ ธ ๅฎๅ จ ้ฝ 990 1632 ใธใงใฆ 1342 799 ใฒใใใ emergency; extraordinary ใญใณ 2032 ใใใใใณ Friday ใตใใใ Mt. Fuji 211 ใซใปใ Japan ใ 1555 ใฉใใใณ Saturday ใธ 1504 ไบฌ้ฝ ใใใใใฆใ 269 768 150 1497 1827 ใใณ ๅฎ ๅ จ 989 1429 ใใณ ๅ 987 ใ ใตใณ ๅฏๅฃซๅฑฑ | 125 English-Japanese dictionary ใซใณ 187 ใผใณ 263 ใใใใ complete ใ 1074, 1368 ใใใใจ Kyoto 1846 126 | remembering the kanji 2 ๅ ฑ 991 ้ปๅ ฑ ๅ 992 ๅ ๆฐ ๆผข ๅญ 993 ๆผขๅญ ๅ่ซ ไฝๆ ็้ข ไธปไบบ ็ง 998 ็งๅฏ ๅฟ 999 ใฒใณ 298 ใใใ lively; alive and well ใใใ ๅฟ ่ฆ 1507 59 1578 185 kanji ใธใงใฆ 300 ใใณ 350 ใใใใ ใ joke ใธใฅใฆ 1336 ใใ ใใใ 954 1127 address 2017 ใซใณ ไธป 997 telegraph ใทใง ้ข 996 ใงใใฝใ ใธ ไฝ ๆ 995 2014 ใซใณ ๅ ่ซ 994 ใใฆ ใใใใ main entrance; front porch ใทใฅ 1335 ใใ ใใ husband ใ 1292 ใฒใฟใค secret ใใ 1294 ใฒใคใใ necessity; need 266 904 635 readings from everyday words ๅ 1000 ๆฎต 1001 ้ๆฎต ่ชไฟก ้ฃ่กๆฉ ๅฐ้ ่ปข 1005 ่ช่ปข่ป ่ช็ฑ ๆ 1007 ๆ้ ๅป ๅนด 1008 ใใใ ใ stairway 969 ใใใ self-con๏ฌdence 1887 ใฒใใใ airplane ใธ 956, 1287 ใใใ earthquake ใใฆใใใ bicycle ใฆใฆ 14, 1345, 2163 ใใใ free; freedom ใธใฅใฆ 1245 ใใ ใใฉใ judo ใญใง 1021 ใใใญใ 1105 1226 750 1036 ใใณ ๅปๅนด 515 420 ใใณ ็ฑ 1006 1859 ใ ๅฐ 1004 simple; uncomplicated ใทใณ ้ฃ 1003 ใใใใ ใใณ ไฟก 1002 1928 ใฟใณ ็ฐกๅ | 127 last year 128 | remembering the kanji 2 ่ 1009 ๆฐ่ ๅ ๅบ 1010 ๅๅบ ๆ ถ ๅฟ 1011 ๆ ถๅฟๅคงๅญฆ ๅ 1012 ๅๅ ่ฆ็ฉ ไป่ฟ ๅ ฌๅ ็ 1016 newspaper 439 ใใณ 588 ใใใใฆใ store; shop ใฑใค 2001 ใชใฆ 607 ใใใใใ ใใใ Keiล University 290 ใใใ morning 57 ใใ 557 ใใใถใค sightseeing; a visit ใตใใ vicinity ใณใฆ 1483 ใใใใ public park ใใใใ 1050 1129 784 1612 ใจใณ ็ฆ็ 1626 ใทใงใฆ ใญใณ ๅ ฌ 1015 ใใใถใ ใฑใณ ่ฟ 1014 2100 ใผใณ ่ฆ ็ฉ 1013 ใใณ No Smoking! readings from everyday words ๅซ ่ถ 1017 ไป ้ฑ 1018 ไป้ฑ ๅบฆ 1019 ไปๅบฆ ๅ ด 1020 ๅทฅๅ ด ๅ 1021 ๅบๅ ้ณ ๆฅฝ 1022 ้ณๆฅฝ ้ซ้้่ทฏ ๆธฏ 1024 ็ฉบๆธฏ ๅฎค 1025 543 ใใฃใใฆใ co๏ฌee shop ใณใณ 2099 1587 ใทใฅใฆ 1534 318 ใใใใ ใ this week ใ 468, 2111 ใใใฉ this time ใธใงใฆ 1374 ใใใใใ factory ใณใฏ 1008 ใใใใ advertisement ใชใณ 1300 ใใใใ music ใฝใฏ 1476 ใใใใใฉใใ expressway; superhighway ใณใฆ 1197 ใใใใ airport ใใใใใค 1194 545 247 479 1735 1669 1800 754 ใทใ ๆๅฎค 252 ใต ใฌใฏ ้ 1023 1550 ใญใ ๅซ่ถๅบ | 129 classroom 130 | remembering the kanji 2 ๅถ ๆฅญ 1026 ใฎใงใฆ ๅถๆฅญไธญ ๆ ้ค 1027 ๆ้ค ๅ็ ๆฅ่ก ็ตฆๆ ๆฏๆฅ ๅฝข 1032 ไบบๅฝข ๆฅ 1033 cleaning; housecleaning ใใ ใใใ ๆฅๅนด ๆๅพ 1658 1247 photograph 1146 express (train) 1349 ใใ ใใใใ salary ใใค 1304 ใพใใซใก every day ใฎใงใฆ 1587 ใซใใใใ doll 458 1711 1884 ใฉใค ๅพ 1034 ใใใ ใญใฅใฆ ๆฏ 1031 1510 ใญใฅใฆ ็ตฆ 1030 1152 ใธ ใใใใ 1792 โOpen for Businessโ ใทใฃ ๆฅ 1029 ใใใใใใกใ ใ 2228 ใฝใฆ ๅ 1028 1034 ใจใค ใใใญใ next year ใฟใค 1438 ใใใใใ invitation 879 readings from everyday words ๅฐ 1035 ๅฃฒ 1036 ๅๅฃฒ ่ณชๅ ๅ้ก ๆฒน 1039 primary school 323 ใใใใฐใ business ใทใ 1904, 2204 ้คๆฒน 1137 1617 ใขใณ ้ก 1038 ใใใใใฃใใ ใใค ่ณช ๅ 1037 105 ใทใงใฆ ๅฐๅญฆๆ ก | 131 ใใคใใ question ใใค 1488 ใใใ ใ problem ใฆ 1346 ใใใใ soy sauce 389 1107 The ๏ฌrst kanji in the compound is not in the general-use list, but can be found on most every dinner table in Japan. ้ฃ ๅ 1040 ้ฃๅ ๅธ 1041 2045 1472 ใใฆ 1343 798 ใใใใฉใ dining room; refectory 1206 ใฑใณ ้ฃๅธ ่ 1042 ใทใงใฏ ใใใฃใใ meal ticket 825 ใปใค ่ๆธ ใใใใ Holy Writ; the Bible 132 | remembering the kanji 2 ๅบซ 1043 ๅท่ตๅบซ ็ทด ็ฟ 1044 ็ทด็ฟ ไนฑๆด ่ฒกๅธ ่ฅฟ ๆด 1047 ่ฅฟๆด ๅ 1048 ๅๅ ด ็ ็ณ ๆฟ 1050 refrigerator ใฌใณ 1328 ใใใใ ใ 1343 practice 72 1801 ใใฆ 318 ใใใผใ wild; unruly; rebellious ใตใค 1517 ใใใต wallet ใปใค 1548 1602 ใจใฆ 1450 549 ใใใใ the West; Occident ใใใใใ theater ใต 1411, 2153 ใใจใ sugar ใใใต 682 1997 117 381 ใปใค ๆฟๅบ 589 574 ใฒใญ ็ 1049 ใใใใใ ใฉใณ ่ฒก 1046 2222 ใทใฅใฆ ไนฑ ๆด 1045 ใณ the government readings from everyday words ๅฐ ้ 1051 ๅฐ้ๅฎถ ้ธ ๆ 1052 ้ธๆ ็ต ็น 1053 ็ต็น ๆดป 1054 ็ๆดป ๅพ 1055 ๆ 1056 ้ธๆ ๆฆไบ ่ชฌๆ ่ฉฆ 1059 ใขใณ 1616 ใใใใใ a specialist ใปใณ 1804 ใทใฅ 637 ใใใใ athlete ใทใฅใฆ 1352 ใใณ 169 ใใ ใใฆใ end of the line; terminal ใซใ 1500 ใใใใค life; livelihood ใใใจ ใใใใ student 1938 elections 1929 ใใใใ war ใปใ 1392 ใใคใใ explanation ใใใ 499 354 ใท ่ฉฆ้จ 143 878 ใปใณ ่ชฌ 1058 46 ใญใง ๆฆ 1057 ใปใณ ใ ็ๅพ | 133 text; exam 134 | remembering the kanji 2 ๅนน 1060 ๆฐๅนน็ท ๅคฑ ๆ 1061 ๅคฑๆ ใใใใใใ the โBullet Trainโ ใทใ 1378 ใใฃใฑใ ๆฒขๅฑฑ ใใใใ ใใใใใใณ 845 failure 1072 a lot 393 ใฟใณ ่ช็ๆฅ 1654 331 ใฟใฏ ่ช 1063 1269 ใใค ๆฒข 1062 ใซใณ birthday Note the phonetic change in the second kanji. ไธ 1064 ไธๅฏง ็น 1065 ็นๅฅ ๆ 1066 ๆๅ ้ 1067 ้ๅ ็ด ๆ 1068 ใใค 1458 ใฆใใญใ politeness; courtesy ใใฏ 1440 ใจใในใค special ใฆใฆ 2112 ใใใใ famous ใฆใณ 1523 ใใใฉใ exercise; sports 246 79 303 1362 ใคใฏ ็ดๆ 91 ใฝใฏ 1475 ใใใใ promise 1664 readings from everyday words ่จณ 1069 ๅฐ ้ขจ 1070 ๅฐ้ขจ ้ขจ 1071 ้ขจๅ ้ง 1072 ้ง ้ท ๅคงๅค ้ฝๅ ่ธ 1075 ใฟใค 1088, 1264 744 ใใฆ 1071 524 ใใใตใ typhoon ใ 1070 ใตใ Japanese bath ่ธ่ ใใใกใใ stationmaster ใฟใค 960 very much; awfully; awful ใ 990 ใดใฆ 1985, 2078 ใคใใ conditions; โthingsโ ใใใตใ 1846 253 421 geisha 1399 ใใฏ ๆดๆ 107 1745 ใใใธใ ใใใใ 524 1984 ใฒใค ๆ 1076 translation ใใณ ้ฝ ๅ 1074 ใปใใใ ใจใญ ๅคง ๅค 1073 1073 ใคใฏ ็ฟป่จณ | 135 Western clothes 136 | remembering the kanji 2 ๅญ 1077 ๅธฝๅญ ่ฌ ๅฑ 1078 ่ฌๅฑ ๅฃ 1079 ๅธๅฃ ้จ 1080 ๅ จ้จ ้ ญ 1081 ้ ญ็ ๅ 1082 ๅคงๅ ไป 1083 ๅคงไป ๅคงไฝ ๆฏ 1085 2033 ใผใใ a cap; hat 1736 ใญใงใฏ 1066 ใใฃใใใ pharmacy ใใณ 957 ใตใจใ Japanese quilt or mattress ใ 13 ใใใถ all; everything ใบ 1445 ใใคใ headache ใ 945, 1139, 1246 ใ ใใถ fairly; considerably ใ ใใถใค Great Buddha (statue) ใฟใค 2103 ใ ใใใ generally; on the whole ใใฃใฑใ 582 1845 1441 781 964 957 1219 ใใค ไธๆฏ 95 ใคใฏ ใใ ไฝ 1084 ใท full; one cupful readings from everyday words ไธ ็ป 1086 ไธ็ป ใตใณ (2) ใซใฏ 1145 ใใใใ 3 strokes (as in a kanji) | 137 3 1170 The next 5 frames present the characters used for some of the more common โcountersโ for which Japanese is notorious. ๅ 1087 ไธๅ ๅฐ 1088 ไธๅฐ ๆ 1089 ไบๆ ไบ่ป ๅ 1091 ไบๅ ไป 1092 ใใฃใใ one time ใใค 1070, 1264 ใใใ ใ 3 (vehicles) ไปๅฐ ๅไบๆญณ 586 744 332 ใซใพใ 2 (sheets of โฆ) ใฑใณ 1274 ใใใ 5 (houses) ใตใ 2092 ใซใใค 2 (volumes of โฆ) 1652 1826 986 ใปใณ ๆญณ 1093 2232 ใใค ่ป 1090 ใซใค ใใใ ใ (city of) Sendai ใตใค 2016 ใใ ใใซใใ 12 years old 512 138 | remembering the kanji 2 ๆ 1094 ๅคฉๆ ใตใค 1518 ใฆใใใ genius 681 In the exemplary compounds given in the next two frames, note how pronunciation of the first syllable of the second kanji is changed from ใขใค to ใฏใค because of the clumsiness of having two โaโ sounds back to back. ๅ 1095 ๅฏๅใใ ๆ 1096 ๅฏๆใ ๅฎข ้ข 1098 ้ขๅ ๆๆฒปๆไปฃ ๅ 1100 737 ใใใใ cute ใญใฃใฏ 1354 ใใใ a guest ๆฅๅ ๅๆตท้ 294 1892 ใใใฉใ troublesome ใกใค 1267 746 ใธ 269 1005 ใใใใใ ใ Meiji Era (1866โ1912) 119 ใณใฆ ๆตท 1101 pitiable; pathetic ใกใณ ๆ ๆฒป 1099 ใใใใใ ใขใค ๅฎข 1097 401 ใขใค ใซใฃใใ (city of) Nikkล; sunlight ใซใค 1302 ใปใฃใใใฉใ Hokkaidล 461 readings from everyday words ๆนพ 1102 ็ญ 1103 ้็ญ ๅๅ ่ชญ 1105 ่ชญๆฌ ๆ ๆณ 1106 ๆๆณ ไบ 1107 ็ซไบ ็ถ 1108 ็ฅ็ถ 943 ใใใดใค lead pencil ใชใงใฏ 567 ใใใใใใ cooperation ใใฏ 1833, 2205 ใฉใใปใ a reader ใใณ 860 ใใฆ 1850, 2134, 2241 ใถใใฝใ grammar ใธ 2203 ใใ a ๏ฌre ใใต ็ฅๆฏ ็ฅ็คพ 858 348 1725 751 1156 1274 grandfather 101 ใ ็ฅ 1110 Taiwan ใ ๆฏ 1109 ใใใใ ใใ ๅ 1104 1749 ใฏใณ ๅฐๆนพ | 139 ใใผ grandmother ใธใณ 145 ใใใใ Shinto shrine 1119 140 | remembering the kanji 2 ็พ 1111 ็พไบบ ๅด 1112 ่ฆๅด ็ๅญ ๆฎๅฟต ็ๅฎ ็ฌฌ 1116 ็ฌฌไธ ๅ 1117 860 ใใใ trouble; ordeal 255 ใใใ prince ใถใณ 1263 ใๅ ใใใญใ โToo bad!โ โWhat a shame!โ ใน 516 ใใ absence (from home or post) ใใค 1416 ใ ใใใก No. 1 ใใใ ใใใ 186 1239 1972 โI beg your pardon.โ 1930 ใผใณ ๅ็ฆ 808 1590 ใกใณ ็ฆ 1118 a beauty; beautiful woman ใใณ ๅฎ 1115 ใณใใ 548 ใชใฆ ๆฎ ๅฟต 1114 45, 1457 ใญใฆ ็ 1113 ใ sitting in Zen meditation Observe that the ๏ฌrst character is a variant of the generaluse character ๅบง . It is used typically for sitting in Zen. ่ฆง 1119 855 ใฉใณ ใ่ฆง ใใใ โDo have a look!โ readings from everyday words ้ 1120 ๆธฉ 1121 ๆธฉๆณ ็งๅญฆ ็ก็ ๅ ท 1124 ๅฎถๅ ท ๆ็ง็ ๆฏ 1126 ใๆฐใฎๆฏ ๆญฉ้ ๆณจ 1128 ใใใใ hot springs; spa 1179 ใใใ science ใ 324 ใใ unreasonable; too di๏ฌcult ๆณจๆ 1775 74 ใใ furniture ใทใงใฆ 1410 ใใใใใใ Ministry of Science and Education 124 1531 ใใฏ ๆญฉ 1127 1452 ใฐ ็ 1125 broadcasting ใซ ็ก 1123 ใปใใใ ใชใณ ็ง 1122 2016 ใฝใฆ ๆพ้ | 141 ใใใฎใฉใ โI am very sorry for you!โ ใ 1414 ใปใฉใ sidewalk ใใฅใฆ 1331 ใกใ ใใ taking care; watching out 371 267 142 | remembering the kanji 2 ็ฎ ็ 1129 ใขใฏ ็ฎ็ ๆฏ่ฒ ๅฒ ็ข 1131 ไป 1132 ไปไบบ ไบ 1133 ๅคฉๆฐไบๅ ฑ ็ฏ 1134 ้ป็ฏ ็พ ๅจ 1135 ็พๅจ ๅฎฃ ไผ 1136 ใใใฆใ aim; goal ใฑ 1624 314 ใทใญ 1958 1753 ใใใ scenery 1807 ใค ๅฒ็ข ใด 1258 ใใ Go; Japanese checkers ใฟ 1291 ใใซใ outsider; stranger ใจ 1506 ใฆใใใใปใ weather forecast ใใฆ 1463 ใงใใจใ electric light 1766 961 1593 165 ใฒใณ 259 ใถใค 685 ใใใใ modern times; the present 188 ใปใณ ๅฎฃไผ 15 69 ใใญ ๆฏ ่ฒ 1130 1930 ใใณ 1635 ใใใงใ propaganda 963 readings from everyday words ่ฒฟ ๆ 1137 ่ฒฟๆไผ็คพ ๆ 1138 ๅฎถๆ ไบๅไบ็ง ๅฎ ๅธญ 1140 ๆๅฎๅธญ ๆ 1142 ๆ่ฆ ไฟ่ช ๆญฆ 1144 ๆญฆๅฃซ ็ป 1145 ใใใ the family ใใงใฆ 1412 899 ใใณ 945, 1082, 1246 781 ใใตใใใณใใ 5 min., 5 sec. ใใค 360 ใใฆใใใ ใใใใใ ๆ ็ป 382 1193 reserved seat 759 education 1564 ใใค ไฟ 1143 1222 ใคใฏ ๆ่ฒ 1051 ใผใใใใใใใ trading company ใปใญ ่ฒ 1141 1705 ใพใฏ ็ง ๅ 1139 1424 ใใฆ ใจใญ | 143 ใฏใใใ to look at (honori๏ฌc) ใพใฏ 1492 ใใใ vulgarism; slang ใ 22 ใถใ (samurai) warrior ใฌ 1086 ใใใ a movie; ๏ฌlm 968 377 1170 144 | remembering the kanji 2 ่ 1146 ่ไบบ ๅฒธ 1147 ๆตทๅฒธ ไธก 1148 ไธก่ฆช ๅฅๅบท ๅคช้ฝ ่ฏ 1151 ไธญ่ฏๆ็ ๅบ 1152 ๅๅบ ่ฑ่ ๅฑ 1154 ใฌใณ 1275 ใใใใ seashore ใใใใใ oneโs parents 1159 ใใใใ health; physical condition ใฟใค 19 ใจใฆ 1370 ใใใใ the sun ใซ 2230 ใกใ ใใใใใใ Chinese food ใใใ calling card ใใฆ 1441 ใจใใต bean curd; tลfu ใใใ 120 1300 1581 417 1440 1416 ใญ ๅฑ้บ 1653 1168 ใท ่ฑ 1153 old person ใณใฆ ๅคช ้ฝ 1150 ใใใใ ใชใงใฆ ๅบท 1149 1251 ใญใฆ Danger! readings from everyday words ไนพ 1155 ๅ 1156 ๅๆฌ ่ฒง ไน 1157 ใใใฑใ โBottoms up!โ โCheers!โ ใธใ 971 ใใฃใฝใ 10 (long, straight objects) ใใณ 1251 ่ฒงไน ใณใใผใ poor; destitute ใใงใฆ 276 ใณใใใใ 782 1682 1304 ใคใณ ็ ้ข 10 1215 ใใฆ ็ ้ข 1158 463 ใซใณ ไนพๆฏ | 145 hospital We conclude this chapter with the few characters in vol. 1 that were learned directly with their Sino-Japanese readings because there was no good English equivalent. All you need to do is see how they work in compounds. ๅฐบ ๅ ซ 1159 ๅฐบๅ ซ ใใใใฏใก shakuhachi ๏ฌute 173 ใช ไธ้ ๅ 1161 8 ใใ ้ 1160 1070 ใทใฃใฏ ใใกใ 7 ri 178 ใชใณ ไธๅ ใใกใใ the slightest jot chapter 7 Mixed Groups After the relaxing detour into everyday words, we must return to the work that remains with signal primitives. From here on, the work will be more complicated than it was in Chapters 2 and 5 because of the increasing number of exceptions. In spite of that, I am sure you will ๏ฌnd that it does provide considerable help with what would otherwise be a hodgepodge of disconnected readings. Unlike the โsemi-pureโ groups, which had only 1 exception, these โmixedโ groups are composed of at least 4 kanji sharing a common signal primitive that assigns the same reading to at least 2 members of the group, but which has more than 1 exception. The de๏ฌnition will get clearer as we go along. The chapter divides mixed groups into three subgroupings of ascending di๏ฌculty. We begin with the easiest: groups of kanji in which a signal primitive has 2 readings that apply to 2 or more kanji each. At times, you will notice, a character will be assigned both readings. a. mixed groups of 2 readings only ๅ 1162 ๅๆ ้ 1163 ใฉใใ simultaneous 272 ใใฆ ้้ ่ด 1164 180 ใใฆ ใใใฉใ bronze 182 ใใฆ ่ดไฝ ใฉใใใ trunk of the body mixed groups ๆด 1165 ็ญ 1166 ๆฐด็ญ ๆกๆฒน ๅ ๅ ่ทณ่บๆฟ ๆๆฆ ็บๆ ใจใใ (Chinese) wood oil 235 ใกใใใใ sign; symptom 1284 ใกใใใใใฐใ springboard; jumping board 658 ใกใใใใ challenge 237 ใกใใใผใ outlook; prospects 236 ใใฆ ๆกๆบ้ท ้ 1173 204 ใใงใฆ ๆก 1172 canteen; water ๏ฌask ใใงใฆ ็บ 1171 ใใใจใ ใใงใฆ ๆ 1170 944 ใใงใฆ ่ทณ 1169 insight ใใฆ ๅ 1168 ใฉใใใค ใใฆ ๆก 1167 181 ใใฆ ๆดๅฏ ใจใใใใใใ heaven-on-earth; Shangri-la 283 ใใฆ ้่ตฐ ใจใใใ | 147 desertion; escape 148 | remembering the kanji 2 The remaining frames of Section a are not as confusing as they look, if you take the time to study them. The two readings of the signal primitive overlap in some kanji and not in others. Some of the readings you have learned already (refer to the cross-reference number), but they are all repeated here for the sake of completeness. ๆ 1174 ๆๅ ๆไป ็ 1175 ๅ จ็ ็น็ ๅฟ ่ช ๅๅ ๅคๅฎ ่ฃๅค ไผด 1179 ๅไผด ไผดๅฅ ๅ 1180 1457 ใใใใ ใฏใใใใ in its prime; full splendor ๏ฌourishing 363 loyalty ใกใ ใใใ 362 ใธใงใฆ ๅค 1178 success achieving โBuddhahoodโ ใปใค ๅ 1177 ใใใใ ใใใใถใค ใปใค ใปใธใงใฆ ่ช 1176 361 ใปใค ใปใธใงใฆ ๅๅ inside the castle walls ใใใใชใ 1205 ใใณใปใใณ 167 ใฏใใฆใ ใใใฐใ judgment trial; hearing ใใณใปใใณ 169 ใฉใใฏใ ใฐใใใ company; companion (musical) accompaniment 1203 ใใณ 166 ใฏใใถใ half 1202 mixed groups ็ 1181 ๆน็ ไบก 1182 ๆญปไบก ไบก่ ๅธๆ ๆฌๆ ๅฟๅนดไผ ๅคๅฟ ๆพ้็ถฒ ็ฒ็ฎ ใใผใ ใปใใใ hope long-cherished desire 596 ใผใใญใใใ end-of-the-year party 618 ใใผใ very, very busy 1373 ใปใใใใใ broadcasting network 486 ใใใใ blindness 1065 ใฝใฆ ็ฅ่ญๅฑค ๅง 1189 489 ใขใฆ ๅฑค 1188 death the dead ใขใฆ ็ฒ 1187 ใใผใ ใใใใ ใกใใใใ intelligentsia 982 ใฝใฆ ็ฆ ๅง ใใใใ 1204 485 ใใฆ ็ถฒ 1186 lakeside ใใฆ ๅฟ 1185 ใใฏใ ใใฆใปใขใฆ ๅฟ 1184 168 ใใฆใปใขใฆ ๆ 1183 ใใณ | 149 Zen priest 150 | remembering the kanji 2 ๆฝ 1190 ไธญๆฝๆ น ๅข 1191 ๅขๅ ๆๅฟ Nakasone (surname) ใใใ ใใใใ ๅฏ่ด ่ดๅ ใใใ ใใใฆใ augmentation; increase 626 hatred; spite 503 donation o๏ฌering; present 1795 ใญใงใฆ ๅ ฑ็ฃไธป็พฉ ใใใใใใใ ใ 501 502 ใฝใฆใปใพใฆ ๅ ฑ 1194 ใชใใใญ ใพใฆ ่ด 1193 48 ใพใฆ ๆ 1192 ใฝ Communism As with many other signal primitives we have met, this one carries a reading only when it occupies a prominent place (above or to the right) in the character. ๆญ 1195 ๆญๆฌ ไพ 1196 ใใใใใ deference; respect 1796 ใญใงใฆใปใฏ ไพ็ตฆ ไพ้ค ๆธฏ 1197 1803 ใญใงใฆ ็ฉบๆธฏ ใใใใใ ใ ใใใ supply Buddhist โmassโ ใณใฆ 1024 ใใใใ airport 1800 mixed groups ๆดช 1198 ๅ ผ 1199 ๅ ผไปป ่ฌ่ญฒ ๅซ็ ๆฉๅซ ใใใซใ double post or appointment 1600 ใใใใใ modesty 1598 ใใใ ใใใ suspicion mood; disposition 1601 ใฌใณ ๅปๅฃฒ ้ 1203 1597 ใฑใณใปใฒใณ ๅป 1202 ๏ฌood ใฑใณ ๅซ 1201 ใใใใ ใฑใณ ่ฌ 1200 1799 ใณใฆ ๆดชๆฐด ใใใฐใ bargain; sale 1599 ใฌใณ ้ๅบ ใใใท | 151 Kamakura bakufu A rare reading, mostly of historical importance. ๆญฃ 1204 ๆญฃๆ ๆญฃ็พฉ ๆฟ 1205 379 ใทใงใฆใปใปใค ๆฟๅบ ๆๆฟ ใใใใใค ใใใ January; New Yearโs justice ใปใค ใปใทใงใฆ 1050 ใใใต ใใฃใใใ government regency; regent 381 152 | remembering the kanji 2 ๆด 1206 ่ชฟๆด ๅพ ใปใค 1477 ใกใใใใ adjustment 881 ใปใค 1207 ๅพไผ ่จผ ใใใฐใค subjugating; conquest 380 ใทใงใฆ 1208 ไฟ่จผ ็ ใปใใใ guarantee 1685 ใทใงใฆ 1209 ็ ็ ใณใใใใใ 1670 nature of a disease b. mixed groups with 2 exceptions only Unlike the mixed groups in Section a, those that follow share two characteristics: (1) they contain at least 3 kanji with a common reading; and (2) only 2 members of the group have readings di๏ฌerent from the others. Let us begin with an example: ๅ ่ฑ ใซใ 1210 ไธๅ ใใฃใใค ่ค 1211 thundering cry 453 ใซใ ่ค่ฒ ๆธ 1212 454 ใใฃใใใ brown 451 ใซใ ๆธๆฐด ใใฃใใ drought mixed groups ่ฌ 1213 ใใฃใใ ๆฒ 1214 452 ใจใ ่ฌ่ฆ interview; audience 673 ใฑใค ๆฒ็คบๆฟ ใใใใฐใ | 153 notice board It may have crossed your mind to ask why we should bother to classify these characters into groups at allโor it certainly will by the time the groups get smaller and smaller. The answer is twofold. On the one hand, if we did not, you would ๏ฌnd yourself adrift in a massive sea of disconnected readings far earlier than you need to be. On the other, since we have learned more than 800 characters up to this point by means of the signal primitives, to ignore them in cases where there are exceptions would be to cut short our understanding of how these signal primitives work in the Japanese writing system. Without some experience in the mixed groups treated in these chapters, you will not appreciate the complex blend of consistency and inconsistency that characterize the on-yomi. ๅค 1215 ๅค่ช ๆน 1216 ๆน็ archaic word; old adage 148 ใใฏใ lakeside; along a lake 333 ใณ ไบๆ ๆฏ 1218 ใใ ใณ ๆ 1217 16 ใณ ใใ accident 206 ใณ ๆฏๆทก ใใใ elegance; simplicity 154 | remembering the kanji 2 ่ฆ 1219 ่ฆๆฉ ๅฑ ไฝ ้ ใค 1221 ็ธ้ ใใใ ๅ 1644 di๏ฌerence 1643 ใค ๅๅคง ็ทฏ ใใ ใ majestic; magni๏ฌcent 1645 ใค ็ต็ทฏ ใใใ ่ก longitude and latitude 1646 ใจใค ้ฒ่ก defense ใผใใใ ้ 1225 residence ใใใใ ใ ้ 1224 1063 ใญใง 1220 1223 distress; su๏ฌering ใใฎใ ๅฑ 1222 225 ใฏ 1647 ใซใณ ้ๅฝ ่จ South Korea ใใใใ 529 ใญ 1226 ่จ่ ใใใ journalist; reporter ๅทฑ ใญใปใณ 24 525 1227 ็ฅๅทฑ ่ชๅทฑ ใกใ ใใ acquaintance oneself mixed groups ่ตท 1228 ็ด 1229 ไธ็ด ๅฟไธญ ็ๅฆ ๅฟ้ century 599 ใใกใ ใ mourning 527 ใใใฒ queen 1436 ใใใฑใ worry; concern 723 ใใณ ๆฅๅ ๅ 1234 ใใใ ใใค ๅ 1233 1354 ใ ้ 1232 source ใญ ๅฆ 1231 ใใใ ใญ ๅฟ 1230 526 ใญ ่ตทๅ | 155 ใใ ใใฏใ steep hill ใใณใปใใณใปใฟใณ 722 ๅๆ ่ฌๅ ๅ็ฉ ใฏใใใ ใใปใ ใใใใฎ animosity; antipathy conspiracy; rebellion cloth; textile The second reading is rare. The compound in the ๏ฌnal reading combines an on-yomi and a kun-yomi. ๆฟ 1235 724 ใใณใปใใณ ้ๆฟ ๆฒ็คบๆฟ ใฆใฃใฑใ ใใใใฐใ griddle; grill notice board 156 | remembering the kanji 2 ่ฒฉ 1236 ่ฒฉๅฃฒ ็ 1237 ใฏใใฐใ selling 1213 ใใณ ๅบ็็คพ ้ช 1238 726 ใใณ ใใ ใฃใฑใใใ publishing company 1294 ใใณ ้ช็ฅ ใฏใใใ Osaka and Kobe The Japanese commonly take one character from the name of two places or organizations and then turn the result into an on-yomi compound which then represents the two original words. In this example, the result is the name of a large corporation that runs a railway, a department-store chain, and a baseball team. ้ฃฏ 1239 ใ้ฃฏ 943 ใใฏใ rice; meal; dinner ่ฟ 1240 ่ฟไบ ไปฎ้ข ็ 1242 ใธใใ reply; answer ใซ 2160 ใใใ mask ็็พ ใใใ ใ contradiction 1227 ใ ไบๅ ใใ 966 1225 ใ ๅ 1243 725 ใใณ ไปฎ 1241 1473 ใใณ o๏ฌce work mixed groups ้ง 1244 ๆ 1245 ๆ้ ๆๅ ไบๅ ่ชๅ ๅคงๅ ็ฒๆซ ็ด่ญฐ ้ฐๅฒๆฐ ็ๆ ฝ ่ฒง 1251 ่ฒงไน ่ฒงๅฏ ้ 1252 ใใตใ ใใถใ ใ ใใถ ใตใใพใค ใตใใ ใตใใใ 945, 1082, 1139 1358 powder 920 dissension; controversy 2028 atmosphere; ambience ใใณ 978 ใผใใใ dwarfed โbonsaiโ plants ใใณใปใใณ 1157 ใณใใผใ ใฒใใท destitute; poor rich and poor ใฏใใท 781 ๏ฌve minutes oneself greatly; considerably 1449 782 783 ใใณ ้ ๅธ 1226 judo gentleness; mildness ใใณ ็ 1250 1007 ใใณ ้ฐ 1249 dispersion; dissipation ใใณ ็ด 1248 ใใ ใใฉใ ใซใ ใใ ใใณใปใใณใปใ ็ฒ 1247 ใใใ ใธใฅใฆใปใใฅใฆ ๅ 1246 1228 ใ ้งๆฃ | 157 distribution 158 | remembering the kanji 2 ๆ ๅ ถ ใญ 1253 ๅฝๆ ใใฃใ ๆฃ 1254 ๅฐๆฃ 1763 ใใใใ ๅบๆฌ ๅญฆๆ ๆฌบ 1767 ใใปใ fundamental ใญ 2158 ใใฃใ academic term ่ฉๆฌบ ็ข 1258 ๅฒ็ข ใใ fraud ใด 1131 ใใ Japanese checkers ๆต ่ช ใปใณ 1259 ๆต ๅญฆ ใใใใ ้ญ ่ทต 1261 ใใใใ shallow or super๏ฌcial learning 368 cash; money 1286 ใปใณ ๅฎ่ทต ใใฃใใ 1766 369 ใปใณ ้้ญ 1765 1762 ใฎ 1257 1260 Japanese chess ใญ ๆ 1256 national ๏ฌag ใญ ๅบ 1255 1764 praxis; practical mixed groups ๆก 1262 367 ใตใณ ๆกๆฉ ใใใฐใ | 159 pier; landing-wharf The exemplary compound includes a kun-yomi. ๆฎ 1263 ๆฎๅฟต ใถใณ 1114 ใใใญใ โWhat a pity!โ ๅฐ ใฟใค ใปใใค 1070, 1088 744 1264 ๅฐๆนพ ไธๅฐ ใใใใ ใใใ ใ Taiwan 3 (vehicles) ๆ 1265 ่ 1266 ใใใใใ ๆฏ่ ใผใใ ๆๆฒปๆไปฃ ๆฒปๅฎ ๅง 1268 748 matrix ใธใปใ 1099 ใใใใใ ใ ใกใใ Meiji Era (1868โ1912) law and order ๅๅง็ ๆฐๅนน็ท ใใใใฆใ 747 747 ใท ๅนน 1269 sloth; indolence ใฟใค ๆฒป 1267 745 ใฟใค ๆ ๆฅญ 808 primitive ใซใณ 1060 ใใใใใใ Japanโs superexpress โBullet Trainโ 1654 160 | remembering the kanji 2 ๅนฒ 1270 ๅนฒๆฝฎ ๅ 1271 ้ฑๅ ๆฑ้ก ่่ฆ ไบ่ป ๅฒธ 1275 ๆตทๅฒธ ๅ 1276 1650 ใใ ใใใ weekly (magazine) 1651 ใใใใ perspiration 1649 ใซใณ ่ป 1274 low tide; ebb tide ใซใณ ่ 1273 ใใใกใใ ใซใณ ๆฑ 1272 1648 ใซใณ ใใใใ essential ใฑใณ 1090 ใใใ 5 (houses, buildings) ใฌใณ 1147 ใใใใ seashore ใตใใ ใใใใ ใ 1653 103 ใฑใค ใปใญใงใฆ ็ถๅ ๅ ๅผ 1652 father and elder brother(s) brothers (and sisters) Note that the primitive element ่ does not ๏ฌgure as a member of this group, but is used later as a signal primitive from frame 1390. ็ซถ 1277 434 ใฑใค ใปใญใงใฆ ็ซถ้ฆฌ ็ซถไบ ใใใฐ ใใใใใ horse racing competition mixed groups ๆณ 1278 ็ฅ 1279 ็ฅ็ฆ ็ฅๅ ๅ 1280 145 ใญใงใฆ ๆฆๆณ ใใใใใ general conditions ใทใฅใฏ ใปใทใฅใฆ 1089 ใใ ใใตใ ใใ ใใ blessing celebration 104 ใณใฏ ๅ ๅทฑ ใใฃใ | 161 self-denial The ๏ฌnal six frames of Section b merit careful study. Some of the readings were learned earlier. A few of them will be met with only rarely. In any event, the complete list is presented here. ็ 1281 ใปใค ใปใทใงใฆ ๅ ็ ไธ็ ๅง 1282 ใปใค ใปใทใงใฆ ๅงๅ ็พๅง ๆง 1283 ใใใใ ใฒใใใใใ ใปใค ใปใทใงใฆ ๅฅณๆง ๆงๅ ๆ 1284 ใใใใ ใใฃใใใ ใใใใ ใใใใถใ ใปใค ใปใทใงใฆ ๆๅบง ๆๆ ใใใ ใฟใใใใใ 704, 983 1555 teacher oneโs life; lifetime 707 1557 oneโs full name farmer; peasant 705 1558 woman nature; disposition 706 a โsignโ of the zodiac Venus; morning star 1556 162 | remembering the kanji 2 ็ฃ 1285 ไธๅ็ฃ ็ฒ 1286 ็ ็ฒ ใตใณ 709 ใตใฉใใใ real estate ใปใค 708 ใใใ sacri๏ฌce 1560 1569 c. remaining mixed groups As indicated earlier, this ๏ฌ nal class of mixed groups is by far the most di๏ฌcult andโunfortunatelyโthe most numerous. Despite the many exceptions, it pays to learn these characters in their respective groups. Fortunately, a good number of the characters included for the sake of completeness have already been learned under another rubric. As before, characters that have more than one standard reading are treated in full here with exemplary compounds provided for each of their readings. ๅฐ 1287 ๅฐๅณ ๅฐ้ ๆฑ 1288 ้ปๆฑ ใกใ ใใใ map earthquake 515 516 ใงใใก battery 1045 ใทใปใป ๆฝ่ก ๅธๆฝ ไน 1290 956, 1004 ใ ๆฝ 1289 ใใปใธ ไนๅฏธๅฟ ใใใ ใตใ enforcement; excecution alms; o๏ฌering (to a priest) ใค 38 ใใใ Yasushi (personal name for a man) mixed groups ไป 1291 ไปไบบ ็ง 1292 ็งๅฏ ๆณ 1293 ๆณๅฐฟ ๅๆณ ๅฟ ่ฆ ๅ 1295 1132 ใใซใ outsider; stranger ใ 998 ใฒใฟใค secret ใฒใซใใ ใถใใดใค ใใ 999 ใฒใคใใ necessary; need ใใ ใใต 904 urination; urinary secretion 635 718 ใทใฅใฏ ๅ็ถ 961 636 ใใปใใ ๅฟ 1294 ใฟ | 163 uncle The exemplary compound is normally read ใใ. ๆท 1296 ่ฒๆท ็ฃ 1297 ใฆใใใ ใ chastity 719 ใใฏ ็ฃ็ฃ ๅฏ 1298 721 ใทใฅใฏ ใใใจใ coach; director 720 ใธใฃใฏ ใปใปใญ ้ๅฏ ๅฏ้ ใใใใใ ใใใใ retreat into silence retreat into silence 164 | remembering the kanji 2 ้ป 1299 ้ณ้ป ้ณ 1300 ้ณๆฅฝ ็ฆ้ณ ๆ 1301 ๆ่จ ๆตทๅฒธ ๆ 1303 ๅพๆ ๆฏๆฅ ๆข 1305 ๆข ่ฑ ใชใณใปใคใณ 1022 ใใใใ ใตใใใ music Gospel ใใใ 1101 ใใใใ seashore ไพฎ่พฑ remorse 1031 ใพใใซใก every day ใถใใใ ใณใใใ 458 460 plum blossoms 989 humiliation; disgrace 459 ใใณ ๆ้ 461 625 ใใค ใฐใใ 479 memorization ใซใค ใใใใ 481 480 ใ ๆ 1307 phoneme ใใค ไพฎ 1306 ใใใใ ใซใค ๆฏ 1304 840 ใขใณ ๆตท 1302 ใคใณ brisk; prompt mixed groups ็น 1308 1337 ใใณ ็นๆ | 165 prosperity ใฏใใใ Pay special attention to the following group of 12 kanji, made up of 2 readings and 2 exceptions. This is a unique group whose mastery now will save you much confusion later. Be careful not to include frames 508โ509, where the present signal primitive ๏ฌgured as part of a larger signal primitive. ้ฒ 1309 ้ฒ่ก ็ดก 1310 ็ดก็ธพ ๅไธป ๅใกใใ ๅฆจๅฎณ ใผใใใ spinning (cloth) 492 ใผใใ ใผใฃใกใใ Buddhist priest; bonze young master; greenhorn 491 ใผใใใ interference; obstruction 494 ใใฆ ่่ช ๅ 1314 1357 ใใฆ ่ช 1313 defense ใใฆใปใใ ๅฆจ 1312 ใผใใใ ใใฆ ๅ 1311 1302 ใใฆ ใใผใ fat 1015 ใใฆ ๅ็ท ใผใใใ marks indicating emphasis, similar to italics in Western typesetting 166 | remembering the kanji 2 ๆฟ 1078 ใใฆ 1315 ๅฎๆฟ้ท ใใใผใใกใใ ๆน 1316 ๆน้ข ใปใใใ ่ณๅฟ ใปใใ ่จชๅ ใปใใใ ๆๆฟ ใใใใ ๆท 495 formal visit 497 deeply felt emotion 1883 ใ 1320 ๆท่จญ ๅค ใตใใค laying out (e.g., rails) 978 ใ ไพกๅค ็ฝฎ ใใก value; worth 832 ใ ๆพ็ฝฎ ๆฎ 1323 your kind o๏ฌer ใฒใญ 1319 1322 493 ใใฆ ๆฟ 1321 direction ใใฆ ่จช 1318 490 ใใฆ ่ณ 1317 secretary general ใปใใก neglect; leaving unattended 811 ใทใงใฏ ็ๆฎ ใใใใใ procreation mixed groups ๆค 1324 ใใใใถใคใใ ็ด 1325 ็ด้ข ๆญฃ็ด ๆฑไบฌ ๅ confrontation honest; frank ใกใใใใ ใใใใใ 504 ใใฆ 937 ใจใใใใ Tokyo ๅ็ต 506 ใจใใใค freezing ใฌใณ 1044 ใใใใ ใ practice ็ทด 1328 ็ทด็ฟ ้ฌ 1329 ้ฌ้่ก ใใใใใใ ใค alchemy 1301 ใใณ 1330 ้ณๅ ๆณจ ๆณจๅฐ ๆฑ display; exhibit ใกใใใค ใใฅใฆ 1128 ใกใ ใใใ injection ใงใใกใ ใ 267 268 ใใฅใฆ ้ปๆฑ 1343 2030 ใฌใณ ้ณ 1332 73 ใใฆ 1327 1331 botanical garden ใใงใฏ ใปใธใญ ๆฑ 1326 205 ใทใงใฏ ๆค็ฉๅ | 167 telephone pole 168 | remembering the kanji 2 ้ง 1333 ้ง่ปๅ ด ่จป 1334 ใกใ ใใใใใใ ่จป 1335 ใกใ ใ ไธปไบบ ๅไธป ไฝ 1336 ไฝๆ ๅพ ใทใฅใปใน 977 ใใ ใใ ใผใใ oneโs husband Buddhist priest ใธใฅใฆ 995 ใใ ใใใ address; residence ๅพๅพฉ ใใใตใ ่ฃณ ่พ ใทใงใฆ 1338 ่กฃ่ฃณ ใใใใ ่ณ ๆธ่ณ ใใใใใ ๆ ใฐใใใใ 800 dress; costume [rare] 796 reward or prize 985 indemnity; compensation 801 ใทใงใฆ ่ปๆ ใใใใใ 954 round trip ใทใงใฆ ่ณ ๅ 266 880 ใทใงใฆ ๅ 1341 notes; endnotes ใชใฆ 1337 1340 parking lot ใใฅใฆ ไธป 1339 1982 ใใฅใฆ conductor (on a bus or train) | 169 mixed groups ๅธธ 1342 ้ๅธธ ๅ 1343 ้ฃๅ ๅ 1344 ไธๅ ็ฑๆฅ ่ช็ฑ ๆฒน 1346 ็ณๆฒน 1040 ใใใใฉใ dining hall 798 797 ruling political party ใใใ ใใใ reason; origin freedom; free ใฆ 1039 ใใใ oil ๅฎๅฎ ใใกใ ใ 1109 universe; space 1106 ใใฅใฆ ๆฝ่ฑก ใกใ ใใใใ abstraction 1112 ใธใฏ ่ป่ปธ ใใใใ ใทใฅใฆ ่ขๆ ใใ ใใใ 1105 1107 ใใฅใฆ ่ข 1350 ใใฆ 14, 1006, 2163 ่ปธ 1349 extraordinary; emergency ใฆใปใฆใฆ ๆฝ 1348 ใฒใใใ ใใจใ ๅฎ 1347 983 ใใฆ ็ฑ 1345 799 ใธใงใฆ axle; wheel 1108 hands-in-oneโs-sleeves 170 | remembering the kanji 2 ๅ 291 ใซใฏ 1351 ๅ่ช ๆ ผ 1352 ๆงๆ ผ ้ฃ ใใใ each one; each person ใซใฏ 2159 ใใใใ character; nature 292 1624 ใซใฏ 1353 ๅ ้ฃ ใชใใใ ๅฎข ใญใฃใฏ ใปใซใฏ 1354 ใๅฎขใใ ๆ ๅฎข ใใใใใใ ใใใใ ็ตก 1355 ่็ตก ่ฝ่ช ้ ช่พฒ ็ฅ่ช ้ก 1359 1350 (logical) coherence 299 ใใใ comic storytelling 1433 ใฉใฏ ็ฅ 1358 ใฟใใใใ ใใใฎใ dairy farming ใชใฃใฏ 570 ใใใใ abbreviation ใใใใ 293 295 ใฌใฏ ๅ จ้ก 294 guest passenger; tourist ใฉใฏ ้ ช 1357 1097 ใฉใฏ ่ฝ 1356 (government) cabinet sum total | 171 mixed groups ่ 1360 ๅป่ ็ ฎ 1256 ใทใฃ 936 ใใใ doctor 1257 ใทใฃ 1361 ็ ฎๆฒธ ใใใตใค ็ฝฒ 1362 ่ญฆๅฏ็ฝฒ ๆฎๆ ่ซธๅฝ ่่ ็ชๅ ไธ็ท ๆ ็ท ้ฝ 1368 ใใใใ โIndian summerโ 1261 ใใใใ (various) countries 1258 ใกใใใ author 1262 ใใง ็ท 1367 1260 ใใง ็ช 1366 police station ใทใง ่ 1365 ใใใใคใใ ใทใง ่ซธ 1364 1259 ใทใง ๆ 1363 boiling ไบฌ้ฝ ้ฝๅ ใกใใใ foolhardy courage ใทใง ใปใใง 966 ใใฃใใ ใใใใกใ together heartstrings; emotionalism ใ ใปใ 990, 1074 ใใใใจ ใคใใ Kyoto conditions 1344 1846 172 | remembering the kanji 2 ่ณญ 1254 ใ 1369 ่ณญๅ gambling ใจใฐใ ้ฝ ๆ ใจใฆ 1150 1370 ๅคช้ฝ ใใใใ sun 1300 The signal primitive at play in this and the following frames has its own reading, as was learned back in frame 1137. ๆ 1371 ๆฒๆ ่ ธ 1372 ๅคง่ ธ ็ฑๆนฏ ๅทฅๅ ด ๅท 1375 ๅทๅฎณ ๅฐไธ้ ่ฟญ 1377 544 colon; large intestine ใ ใใกใใ 546 ใญใฃใจใ boiling water ใธใงใฆ 1020 ใใใใใ factory wound; injury ใใใใใ ใใ 958 ใกใใฆใค subway train ใใใฆใค 846 847 ใใ ๆด่ฟญ 545 996 ใทใงใฆ ้ 1376 hoisting; raising ใใฆ ๅ ด 1374 ใใใใ ใใงใฆ ๆนฏ 1373 664 ใจใฆ change; shakeup mixed groups ๅคฑ 1378 ๅคฑ็คผ ใทใ 1061 ใใคใใ discourtesy ็งฉ ็งฉๅบ ่ ใใฏ ใปใใฏ 1380 ๅๆ ่ณญๅ ใฏใใใ ใจใฐใ ่ ใใฏ 1381 ่่ท ็ธ 1382 ๆ็ธ ็ฐฟ่จ ๅๅบ่ก ่ก้ ใฏใฃใ peppermint 1376 ใใใฐใ restraint; restriction 949 ใผใ bookkeeping 890 ใใใใฆใใใ ใใใฉใ shopping street thoroughfare; highroad 157 ใฌใค ็ๆถฏ ๆก 1386 227 ใฌใค ใปใซใค ๆถฏ 1385 philanthropy gambling ใ ่ก 1384 47 ใใฏ ็ฐฟ 1383 order; discipline ใกใคใใ ๅ ใใใใใ lifetime; oneโs life 198 ใฑใค ๆก็ฎ 845 903 ใใ 1379 | 173 ใใใฒ cinnamon 174 | remembering the kanji 2 ๅญ 1387 ๅญๅญ ไฝณไฝ ๅฐ็ญ ๅฐๅปบ ่ ใจใ 1390 ้ฒ่ฆงๅฎค ใใคใใใใค ๆฆ envelope feudalism ใตใใจใ ใปใใใ ้ฒ 1618 reading room 619 ใจใ ๆบๆฆ ่ชฌ ่ชฌๆ ็จ ็จ้ ้ญ ใพใใใค delighted; satis๏ฌed ใปใ 1058 ใใคใใ explanation ใผใค 577 ใใใใ taxes ้ญๆ ใใใณใ ใ ใคใใ 895 acute; sharp-witted 498 ใใ ่ฑ็จ 499 500 ใจใค ่ฑ 1395 156 ใใฆใปใใฆ 1389 1394 excellent piece of work ใใใ ๅฐ 1393 970 ใซ 1388 1392 Keiko (personal name of a woman) ใใใ ไฝณ 1391 155 ใฑใค tax evasion | 175 mixed groups ๆ น ่ฎ ใณใณ 1396 ๅคงๆ น ใ ใใใ ๆจ 1397 ๆๆจ ใใใใ ็ก้ ใใใ ็ผ็ ้็ผ ้่ก ้ 1401 ๆค้ ๆฏๅบ 1467 ใใใใ ใ ใใใใ eyeball Buddhist ceremony for consecrating a new image ใฎใณ 974 ใใใใ bank ใฆใฃใใ 1459 1465 withdrawal; retreat 711 ใใฆใ branch o๏ฌce or store 713 ใท ๆ่ ่ข 1404 in๏ฌnity ใท ๆ 1403 1466 ใฟใค ๆฏ 1402 regret; remorse ใฌใณใปใฒใณ ้ 1400 1460 ใฒใณ ็ผ 1399 large garden radish ใณใณ ้ 1398 1461 ใใใ branch and leaf; nonessentials 714 ใท ่ขไฝ ใใใ limbs; members 176 | remembering the kanji 2 ๆ 1405 ๆ่ฝ ๅฒ 1406 ๅฒ่ทฏ ๅฐๅนด ไบคๆธ ใใใใญใ child; juvenile 372 ใใใใใ negotiations 647 ใทใงใฆใปใปใค 1125 ๆ็ง็ ใใใใใใ ๅ็ ใฏใใใ Ministry of Science and Education re๏ฌection; consideration ็ ็ณ ไบ็ง ๅฆ 1413 106 selection; excerpt ็ง 1412 forked road ใใใใใ ๆ้ฒ ็ 1411 ใใ ใทใงใฆ ็ 1410 772 ใทใงใฆ ๆ 1409 technical skill ใทใงใฆ ๆธ 1408 ใใฎใ ใญ ๅฐ 1407 712 ใฎ ใต 1049, 2153 ใใจใ sugar ใใงใฆ 1139 ใใณใใ 5 seconds ใใฟใใ 117 899 123 ใใงใฆ ๅฅๅฆ 124 queer; curious | 177 mixed groups ๆญฉ 1414 ๆญฉ้ ๆญฉๅ ๆญฉ ๅฃ 1127 ใปใฉใ ใถใใ ใต sidewalk rate; ratio a pawn (in Japanese chess) 862 ใฌใ 1415 ๅฃ็ญๆ 371 ใใปใใปใ inferiority complex ใใฃใจใใใ Although the readings in the following group will both be familiar, it is helpful to see them together. ็ฌฌ ่ ใใค 1116 1416 ็ฌฌไธ ใ ใใใก No. 1 ใใปใใค 544 ใงใ ใใใใ ใ disciple brothers (and sisters) ๅผ 1417 ๅผๅญ ๅ ๅผ ็ฎ 1418 ่ขซ 1419 sarcasm 807 ใ ่ขซๅฎณ ๅฝผ 1420 ใฒใซใ ใฒใใ damage; harm; injury 883 ใ ๅฝผๅฒธ ใฒใใ 1240 802 ใ ็ฎ่ 1239 equinox 178 | remembering the kanji 2 ็ฒ 1421 ็ฒๅด ๆซ 1422 ๆซ้ฒๅฎด ็ ด็ฃ ้ปๆณข ๅฉ 1425 ่ๅฉ ไฟณๅฅ ๅ ่ผฉ ๆๆฐด็ฎก ้ๅธธ ๆฒ 1430 806 ใฏใใ bankruptcy ใ 18 ใงใใฑ radio waves; air waves 803 804 ใใใฐ old woman 1633 ใฏใใ haiku poem 1637 ใใใฑใ oneโs senior 1634 ใใค ้ 1429 wedding reception ใใค ๆ 1428 ใฒใใใใ ใใค ่ผฉ 1427 805 ใ ไฟณ 1426 fatigue ใ ๆณข 1424 ใฒใใ ใ ็ ด 1423 1688 ใ ใฏใใใใใ water pipe; conduit 983 ใฒใใใ emergency; extraordinary 1635 ใ ๆฒ่ฆณ 1653 ใ ใฒใใ pessimism mixed groups ๆ 1431 ใใใด ็ฝช 1432 ๆ็ฝช ๅฏบ 1433 ๅฏบๅ ๆฏๆ ไพๅพ ๆ้ ่ฉฉ 1437 ่ฉฉไบบ ๆๅพ ็ญ 1439 guilty ๅฃ็ญ ็นๅฅ 1636 158 ใใชใ within the temple precincts 660 ใใ backup; support 976 ใใใ ใ chamberlain ใธ 970 ใใใ time 159 346 ใใใ poet ใฟใค 1034 ใใใใใ invitation 879 945 ใใฆ ็น 1440 ใใใใ ใท ๅพ 1438 983 ใธ ๆ 1436 ใถใค ใธ ไพ 1435 doors (of a gate) ใธ ๆ 1434 1638 ใ ้ๆ | 179 ใใฃใจใ inferior ใใฏ 1065 ใจใในใค special 246 180 | remembering the kanji 2 ่ฑ 1441 ่ฑ่ ๅคง่ฑ ็ 1442 ๅคฉ็ถ็ ๆฆ้ ็ป้ฒ ็ปๅฑฑ ๅ ้ ญ ้ณ้ ญ ้ ญ็ ่ฑ 1446 ่ฑๅนด ๆธ ๆพ 1629 ใใใจใ battle 1703 ใจใใใ ใจใใ registration mountain climbing ใใฆใป ใ ใปใบ 1081 ใใใจใ ใใใฉ ใใคใ forefront; van leading (in singing) headache ใปใใญใ ใใใกใใ ็ญๆฐ ใใใ bumper year 1704 limpid; clear 1442 short temper 547 ใจใฆ ็พๆฏ ใใใใ 1441 1443 ใฟใณ ็พ 1449 smallpox ใใงใฆ ็ญ 1448 ใฆใใญใใจใ 1440 1684 ใใฆ ๆพ 1447 bean curd; tลfu soybeans ใใฆใป ใ ้ ญ 1445 ใจใใต ใ ใใ ใใฆ ็ป 1444 1153 ใใฆ ้ 1443 ใใฆใปใบ wool mixed groups ๆด 1450 ่ฅฟๆด ๆง 1451 ๆง็ธ ไผ้ค ็ชฏๆฅญ ็บ็ฅฅๅฐ ่ฉณ็ดฐ ๆฐ้ฎฎ ๆฐ็พ ็พไบบ ไธ 1458 1479 ใใ ใใใ rest and recuperation 1325 ใใใใใ ceramics manufacturing 1088 ใฏใฃใใใใก cradle; birthplace 550 ใใใใใ details; particulars 551 ใปใณ ็พ 1457 aspect; phase ใทใงใฆ ้ฎฎ 1456 ใใใใ ไธๅฏง ไบไธ็ฎ 549 933 ใทใงใฆ ่ฉณ 1455 the West; Occident ใจใฆ ็ฅฅ 1454 ใใใใ ใจใฆ ็ชฏ 1453 1047 ใจใฆ ้ค 1452 ใจใฆ | 181 ใใใใ fresh ใ ใป ใ 45, 1111 ใซใใฟ ใณใใ Niimi (surname) beautiful woman ใใค ใปใใงใฆ 1064 ใฆใใญใ ใซใกใใใ civility; courtesy city block no. 2 548 91 182 | remembering the kanji 2 ็บ 1459 ็บไบบ ้ 1460 ้ ็น ็ๅบ ่ฒฏ้ ้ป็ฏ ่จ 1464 ่จๆญฃ ๆๅ ๅๆจ ใใใกใใ prefectural o๏ฌce 194 ใกใใใ (bank) savings ใใฆ 1134 ใงใใจใ electric light ใฆใใใ ใ ใจใ ใใ ใใ ่ถฃๅณ ใใ ใฟ correction; revision 653 a fall (from power) 819 adoption or rejection 820 hobby; pastime 821 ใตใค ๆๆฐ ใใใใ 165 339 ใทใฅ ๆ 1468 591 ใทใฅ ่ถฃ 1467 apex; summit ใ ๅ 1466 ใกใใใฆใ ใใค ๆ 1465 94 ใใง ็ฏ 1463 merchant (class) ใใงใฆ ่ฒฏ 1462 ใกใใใซใ ใใงใฆ ๅบ 1461 92 ใใงใฆ latest; newest mixed groups ๆฎ 1469 ๅบ 1470 ๅฐๅบ ๅ ้ง ๆฌงๅท ๆฎดๆ ๆข่ปธ ็ดๆ ้ 1476 ้ซ้้่ทฏ ๆด 1477 region 1983 ใใใ harbinger; forerunner 1699 ใใใใ ใ Europe 1698 ใใใ blow; assault 1697 ในใฆ ๆ 1475 ใกใ ใชใฆ ๆข 1474 1696 ใชใฆ ๆฎด 1473 photographing ใฏ ๆฌง 1472 ใใคใใ ใฏ ้ง 1471 822 ใตใ ๆฎๅฝฑ ่ชฟๆด | 183 ใใใใ pivot ใฝใฏ 1068 ใใใใ promise ใฝใฏ 1023 ใใใใใฉใใ highway; expressway ใปใค 1206 ใกใใใใ adjustment 1664 1669 1670 184 | remembering the kanji 2 ๅ 1478 ่ฉๅ ็ 1479 ็ๅค imperial proclamation 1668 ใใใ alienation 1665 ใฉใค ไฟก้ ผ ๆพ 1481 ใใใใกใใ ใฝ ้ ผ 1480 1667 ใใงใฏ ใใใใ reliance; trust 785 ใทใงใฆ ๆพ็ซนๆข ใใใใกใใฐใ pine, bamboo, and plum A word of explanation about the explanatory compound in this frame: because of their resistance to the winter cold, the pine, bamboo, and plum often appear together in end-of-the year decorations. From there, they have come to be associated with festive occasions in general. ่จ 1482 ่จด่จ ๅ ฌ 1483 ๅ ฌๅ ็ฟ 1484 ใใใใ legal suit ใณใฆ 1015 ใใใใ public park ่็ฟ ใใใใ venerable old man 665 ใใค ๆๆก ใฆใใใ 784 786 ใชใฆ ๆ 1485 787 ใทใงใฆ proposal; proposition mixed groups ๅ ค 1486 ๆฏ 1487 ๆฏ้ ้ก 1488 ๅ้ก ๆฌฒ ๆฌฒๆ ๆตด ใจใฏ 1490 ๆตดๅฎค ่ฐท ๅนฝ่ฐท ไฟ่ช ่ฃ 1493 ใผ 576 ใใฒ absolutely; by all means ใใค 1038 ใใใ ใ problem ใใใผใ ไฝ่ฃ 389 craving; appetite; ambition 789 ใใใใค bathing room 788 ใใใใ deep ravine; glen ใพใฏ 1143 ใใใ slang; vulgarism ใใใ ใใใใค ใใใใใ 968 793 surplus; breathing room 1184 ใปใญใปใทใฃใฏ ๆๆฅ ไปๆ 388 792 ใฆใฆ ๆ 1494 dike ใณใฏ ไฟ 1492 ใฆใใผใ ใจใฏ 1489 1491 390 ใใค ๅ ค้ฒ | 185 bygone days past and present 186 | remembering the kanji 2 ็ฑ 1495 ๆธ็ฑ ๆ 1496 ๆๆ ้ฏ่ชค ๅ้ ๆช็ฝฎ ็ๆดป ๆฌ 1501 ๅ ๆฌ ๅผ่ ้ป่ฉฑ ่พ 1504 1185 ใใใ mix-up; mistake 1186 ใใใฃใใ debt; liability 1188 ใใก measures; steps ใซใ 1054 ใใใใค life; livelihood ใปใใใค ่พๅ ธ 143 661 all-embracing; comprehensive 41 ใผใ ่ฉฑ 1503 narrow defeat ใซใ ่ 1502 ใใใฏใ ใฝ ๆดป 1500 1187 ใทใฃใฏ ๆช 1499 census registration ใตใฏ ๅ 1498 ใใใ ใปใญ ้ฏ 1497 1567 ใปใญ ในใใใค eloquence ใฏ 947 ใงใใ telephone ใธ 988 ใใฆใ dictionary 344 1497 mixed groups ๆฉ 1505 ไบ 1506 ไบ็ด ้ 1507 ้ ้ ๅบๆ ้็ ้ค 1510 ้คๅค ๆ้ค ๅ 1511 ๅไบ่ฉฉ 1133 ใใใ reservation ๅพ่ก ใใใ deposit (in a bank) 1594 ใใใถใ preface (to a book) ใค 954 ใใใ ใ baseball ใธใง ใปใธ 1027 ใใใใ ใใใ exception; exclusion cleaning ใใใใ ใใใใ ใจใใ 1596 1658 1660 epic 1659 โGo Slowly!โ 1663 ใ ๅก่ฃ 1593 1595 ใธใง ๅก 1513 ใจ ใธใง ๅพ 1512 recess; rest ใธใง ้ 1509 ใใ ใใใ ใจ ๅบ 1508 611 ใฑใค ไผๆฉ | 187 painting; coating 188 | remembering the kanji 2 ้ 1514 ้ไธญ ใจใกใ ใ ไฝ ไฝ็ฝ ๆ ๅๆ ่ฒก็ฃ ่ฒกๅธ ใถใค ใปใตใค 1046 ใใใใ ใใใต oneโs possessions or wealth wallet ๅคฉๆ ้ๅบ ๆๆฎ่ ใฆใใใ genius ใธใใฆใ ๅ ่ผ 681 closing time (of a shop) 662 ใใใใ conductor (of an orchestra) 302 ใใใ splendor; dazzling brilliance 301 ใฐใณ ๆตท่ป 682 1623 ใญ ่ป 1522 1094 ใญ ่ผ 1521 ใตใค ใใค ๆฎ 1520 683 gathering data or material ้ 1519 empty space (in a painting) ใใฏใ ใใ ใใ ๆ 1518 1657 ใถใค ่ฒก 1517 halfway; on the way ใจ 1515 1516 1661 ใ ใใใใ navy mixed groups ้ 1523 ้ๅ ้ 1524 ้ๅนด ็ท้ ็ฒพ ใฆใณ 1067 ใใใฉใ exercise; sports 78 ใใใญใ ใใใใใ youth verdigris; green rust 1535 ใปใค ใปใทใงใฆ 1525 ็ฒพ็ฅ ไธ็ฒพ ๆธ ใปใค ใปใทใงใฆ 80 1539 1526 ๆธ ๆฝ ๆธ ๆต clean purity; innocence ใใใใค ใใใใใใ ่ซ 1527 ็ณ่ซ ๆฎ่ซ ๆด 1528 ๆดๅคฉ ้ 1529 ้ๆญข ๆ 1530 ๆๆ 303 1534 ใปใค ใปใทใงใฆ ใใใใ ใถใใใ | 189 mind; psyche indolence; sloth 1536 ใปใค ใปใทใณ 83 ใใใใ ใตใใ application; petition building; construction ใปใค 81 ใใใฆใ clear skies ใปใค 82, 834 ใใใ standstill; stationary 1538 ใธใงใฆ 84 ใใใใใ feelings; emotions 1540 1537 190 | remembering the kanji 2 ่ชฟ 349 ใใงใฆ 1531 ่ชฟๅญ ๅฝซ ใใงใฆ 1532 ๅฝซๅ ๅจ ใกใใใ condition; state 1710 ใกใใใใ sculpture; statue 317 ใทใฅใฆ 1533 ๅๅจ ้ฑ 1534 ้ฑ้ ใใใใ ใ circumference ใทใฅใฆ 1018 ใใ ใใใ week ่ฉฒ ไบฅ ใฌใค 1535 ่ฉฒๅฝ ใใใจใ 318 1522 pertinent; relevant The signal primitive above has no Chinese reading, as we learned back in frame 640. ๅพ 1536 1523 ใฌใค ๅผพๅพ ๆ ธ ใ ใใใ impeachment 1520 ใซใฏ 1537 ๆ ธๅฟ ๅป ใใใใ nucleus 1521 ใณใฏ 1538 ๆๅป่กจ ใใใใฒใใ ๆธ ่ ใตใค 1539 ็ตๆธ ใใใใ timetable 1731 economy; economics mixed groups ๆ 1540 ๆ 1541 ใใใใ private study; library 1729 ใปใค ๆๅฑ ๅค 1542 1732 ใตใค ๆธๆ ใใใใใ homophony 1730 ใถใค ๆดๅค ใใใใ | 191 cleanser; laundry soap chapter 8 Readings from Useful Compounds We have done everything we can with the signal primitives but are still left with 701 frames to complete our study of the Chinese readings. Now we return to the procedure followed in Chapter 6, focusing on the exemplary compounds. Many of the words that appear in the following 237 frames are not common to everyday conversation, but they are all words that you will meet frequently in everyday reading materials such as newspapers, magazines, billboards, street signs, and menus. If you have studied the language formally for a half a year or more, you will probably know at least a third of them already. ็บ 1543 ็บ้ณ ๅทฅ 1544 ๅคงๅทฅ ้จ 1545 ๆข ้จ pronunciation ใฏ 114 ใ ใใ carpenter ใฐใใ ่ๆก ใใใใ Japanโs โrainy seasonโ 1252 plan; idea being considered 1554 ใฑใณ ๆฒๆณ ใใใฝใ 76 422 ใณใฆ ๆฒ 1547 ใฏใคใใ ใฆ ่ 1546 1705 ใใ (national) constitution readings from useful compounds ่ฅฟ 1548 ้ข่ฅฟ ่ฑ 1549 ่ฑใซใ ่ฟทๆ ๅฏฉ 1551 ้ชๅฏฉ ่ฒทๅ pork cutlets ใกใค 924 ใฏใฏ 614 ใใใใ trouble; inconvenience 1910 ใฐใใใ jury 831 1510 ใฐใใใ ใ bribery; buying o๏ฌ 522 ใใฏ ็ฌ็ซ ใชใ 2104 ใฉใใใค independence ๅปๆญข ๅๅฐ 431 1796 ใใค ๅ 1555 ใจใใใค 1602 538 ใทใฅใฆ ๅป ๆญข 1554 the โKansaiโ district ใใค ็ฌ ็ซ 1553 ใใใใ ใทใณ ่ฒท ๅ 1552 1047 ใใณ ่ฟท ๆ 1550 ใตใค | 193 ใท 20 ใฏใใ repeal; abolition ใ 987 ใจใก tract of land 370 150 194 | remembering the kanji 2 ๅฃ 1556 ไบบๅฃ ็ 1557 ๅคฉ็ ๆด ๅฉ 1558 ๆดๅฉ ไบ ๆต 1559 ไบๆต ๆดพ้ฃ ๅ ฅ 1561 ๅ ฅ้ข ๆๆฅ ๅ ็ฒง 1563 ใใใใ population ใชใฆ 1632 ใฆใใฎใ (Japanese) Emperor 261 1951 ใธใง 1782 ใใใใ assistance; ๏ฌnancial aid 757 ใฑใค 31 ใใใ reciprocal 612 ใ 1855 ใฑใณ 1773 ใฏใใ dispatching (e.g., a delegate) 779 ใซใ ใใใ admittance into a hospital ใใงใฆ 436 ใฟใใใซใก the morrow ใฑ 110 ใใใใใใค 20 1008 923 ใทใงใฆ ๅ็ฒงๅฎค 11 ใจใณ ใใฅใฆ ๆ 1562 2098 ใด ๆดพ ้ฃ 1560 ใณใฆ โpowder roomโ readings from useful compounds ๅคซ ๅฉฆ 1564 ใใฆ ๅคซๅฉฆ ้ฆ็ธ ่กฃ้ก ไธๆญณ ๆ 1568 ๆๆณ ่ฟ ้ ใใ ใใใ prime minister ใค 23 ใใใ clothing (generic term) ใใณ 973 ใฐใใใ โHip, hip, hurray!โ ใใใ ๅนณๅ 64 thought; ideas 280 ใใใใ speedy; prompt ใใค 2038 1484 160 ใธใใใ an average ใธ 2041 ใใฉใ 396 605 58 436 ใใฆ ๅ ็ซฅ 209 931 ใญใณ ๅ ็ซฅ 1571 2063, 2088 ใธใณ ๅนณ ๅ 1570 ใทใงใฆ ใท ่ฟ 1569 70 ใซใค ไธ 1567 man and wife; couple ใทใฅ ่กฃ ้ก 1566 ใตใใต 838 1151 ใ ้ฆ ็ธ 1565 824 | 195 child; juvenile 196 | remembering the kanji 2 ่งฃ ้ 1572 ใซใค ่งฃ้ ๆๅฅ ไผๆฅ ๅฝน 1575 ๅธๅฝนๆ ้ 1576 ๅ้ ็ฝฐ้ ไฝ 1578 ๅฐไฝ complaint ใญใฅใฆ 965 ใธใ 561 ใใ ใใใค holiday; day o๏ฌ ใคใฏ 2156 ใใใใใ city hall ใผใใ ใ recruiting ใใ 2119 ใฐใฃใใ ๏ฌne; penalty ใกใ ็ดๆฅ ไธ้ 884 559 833 955 position; status 672 ใปใ ้ 1580 ใใใ ใค ๆฅ 1579 65 ใทใฅใฆ ็ฝฐ 1577 interpretation ใฏ ไผ ๆฅ 1574 ใใใใใ 1814 1908 ใทใฃใฏ ๅฅ 1573 2231 ใกใใใใค direct; immediate ใฑใณ 396 ใใใ public world; society 1620 readings from useful compounds ๆญ 1581 ๅ 1582 ไบๅ็จๅ ไบไธ ๅณถ 1584 ๅๅณถ ็ฌ้ ้ฒ่ก ๅฝขๅผ ๅฎๆ ๆป 1589 o๏ฌce supplies ใปใค 7 ใซใใ second generation ใฏใใจใ ใใ ใใใ peninsula 817 instant; blink of the eye 561 ใใใใ advance; progress ใฑใค 1032 ใใใใ form; formality ใทใฅใฆ 2110 ใใ ใใใใ religion ใกใใใ 1711 353 1100 1781 ใต ่ชฟๆป 28 1948 ใทใญ ๅฎ 1588 ใใใใใฒใ ใทใณ ๅฝข ๅผ 1587 23 ใทใฅใณ ้ฒ 1586 decision ใใฆ ็ฌ 1585 ใฏใใ ใ ใใณ ไธ 1583 1136 ใใณ ๅคๆญ | 197 investigation; research 198 | remembering the kanji 2 ่ด 1590 ๅ ฌ่ดไผ ๆ 1591 ็บๆ ไธญ็ถ ๅคง่ฃ ้ 1594 ๆ้ ๅฝฑ้ฟ ๅปถๆ ๆผ่ชฌ ๅพฉ่ ่จ 1599 1370 ใกใ ใใใ (television or radio) relay ใทใณ 2206 ใ ใใใ cabinet minister ใ ใใ 848 1622 break (in a deadlock) 1712 ใใใใใ in๏ฌuence 392 ใใใ postponement; adjournment 2007 ใจใณ ่ 1598 towns and villages ใจใณ ๆผ 1597 ใกใใใใ ใจใค ๅปถ 1596 208 ใซใค ๅฝฑ 1595 public hearing ใฑใค ่ฃ 1593 ใใใกใใใใ ใฝใณ ็ถ 1592 827 ใใงใฆ ่จๆ ใใใใค address; speech ใณใฆ 1604 ใตใฃใใ revival; rehabilitation ใฒใณ 1764 ใใใใ (press) statement 1426 335 | 199 readings from useful compounds ็ฏ 1600 ็ฏๅฒ ไบ 1601 ็ตไบ ๆฑบๅ ้ปๆฟ ่ๅณ ๆง 1605 ๅพฉๆง ่ฒ ๆ ๅๆธ ๅผท็ ๆฎบ 1609 1641 ใใฃใใใ decision (of a contest) 174 ใใใฐใ blackboard ใญใงใฆ 1598 ใใใใฟ interest; appeal 1426 35 ใตใฃใใ ใ restoration; restitution 63 ใตใใ charge; burden; responsibility 366 ใฒใณ ๅผท 1608 conclusion; ending ใ ๆธ 1607 ใใ ใใใใ ใญใฅใฆ ่ฒ 1606 97 ใณใฏ ่ 1604 sphere; range ใฑใ ้ป 1603 ใฏใใ ใชใงใฆ ๆฑบ 1602 1413 ใใณ ่ชๆฎบ ใใใใ reduction; curtailment ใดใฆ 952 ใใใจใ armed robbery ใตใ 2116, 2225 ใใใค suicide 1235 1493 200 | remembering the kanji 2 ๅข 1610 ๅงฟๅข ๆผ 1611 ๆผๆฅญ ็ด 1612 ๅ็ด ๆจน 1613 ๆจน็ซ ่กๆฟ ็ฏ 1615 ็ฏไบบ ๅปบ่จญ ๅปบ็ฏ ใใใใใ ๏ฌshing industry ใใฆ 2020, 2040, 2168, 2170 ใใ ใใฎใ receipts; harvest (of crops) ่ฅๆ ๆฌกๅ 172 1356 1446 ใใ ใใค establishment; creation ใฎใงใฆ 974, 2234, 2238 ใใใใใ (governmental) administration ใฏใใซใ ใใใใค ใใใกใ 873 1414 criminal; o๏ฌender 708 large-scale construction 950 small-scale construction 1756 ใ ๆฌก 1619 2117 ใใฏ ่ฅ 1618 ใฎใง ใปใ ็ฏ 1617 position (on an issue) ใใณ ่จญ 1616 ใใใ ใธใฅ ่ก 1614 1515 ใปใค ใฒใใใ fertilizer ใธ 666 ใใใ dimension 471 readings from useful compounds ่บซ 1620 ๅฑ 1621 ็บๅฑ ๅค็ง ๅพ 1623 ๆๅพ ๆฏๆฐ ้ 1625 ้่ฆ ่ฉ 1626 ่ฉ่ซๅฎถ ไพ้ ผ ๅฆ 1628 ใฏใฃใฆใ development; expansion ใฒ 962 ใใ surgery ๅฆๅฎ ใใใจใ income; earnings ใฑใค 1130 ใใใ (economic) boom ใธใฅใฆ 1720 ใใ ใใใ important; weighty critic; commentator ใค 2226 ใใใ dependency ใใใค 1675 971 1218 denial; negation 1572 ใธใ ไบๅฎ 314 1487 ใฒใใใใใ ใฒใฆใ 111 876 ใ ๅฎ 1629 1925 ใใงใฆ ไพ 1627 oneself; personally ใใฏ ๆฏ 1624 ใใใ ใใณ ๅค 1622 1248 ใทใณ ่ช่บซ | 201 fact 202 | remembering the kanji 2 ็ถญ 1630 ๆๆฒป็ถญๆฐ ๆน ้ฉ 1631 ๆน้ฉ ็ 1632 ็ๅฑ ๆ ่ก 1633 ๆ่ก ็ค 1634 ๅบ็ค ๅฎฃไผ ๆบ 1636 Meiji Restoration ใซใค 528 ใซใฏ 1893 ใใใใ reform; reformation ใณใฆ 1557 ใใใใ Imperial Palace ๆบ้ ๅนผ็จๅ 261 ใปใ 1130 ใทใงใฆ 1680 ใใฃใใใ negotiations 394 ใใ foundation; basis ใใณ 1136 ใใใงใ publicity; propaganda ใพใใใ 963 1169 ใใณ ๅนผ ็จ 1637 ใใใใใใ ใฝ ไผ 1635 1341 ใค in full bloom ใจใฆ 1378 ใ 896 ใใใกใใ kindergarten readings from useful compounds ๆ ไน 1638 ๅ ๅกฉ 1639 ้ฃๅๅกฉ ๆ 1640 ๆปๆ ๅฉ็ ่ฟฝ 1642 ่ฟฝๆฑ ่ฒป็จ ๆ 1644 ้ๆ permanence; perpetuity ๆบๅธฏ ๆฐ่ฑก 1016 ใฟใฏ 51 ใจใณ 1458 ใใใใใใใ table salt 709 ใใใใ attack ใจใญ 2223 ใใใ pro๏ฌt; gains ใคใใใ ใ 1881 1268 pursuit ใ 1238 ใจใฆ 1181 ใฒใใ expenses 651 ใใใใ reclamation (of wasteland) 687 ใฑใค ่ฑก 1646 ใใใใ ใ ใฟใฏ ๆบ 1645 43, 2157 ใใค ่ฒป ็จ 1643 ใญใฅใฆ ใฒใญ ็ 1641 620 ใณใฆ ๆไน | 203 ใใใใ portable ใทใงใฆ 488 ใใใใ weather 1976 204 | remembering the kanji 2 ๆทท 1647 ๆททไนฑ ๆก 1648 ๆก็ด ไบไปถ ๆๅ ๅ็ญ ๅฅ็ด ่ตท่จด ่จฑๅฏ a๏ฌair; matter 183 ใใใ intention; inclination 947 ใใใจใ reply; answer 1549 ใใใใ contract; agreement 1139 ใใ indictment 569 ใใใ permission 340 ใใฆ ่จ่ญฐ ่จบ 1656 ใใใ ใญใง ่จ 1655 959 ใฝ ่จฑ 1654 treaty ใฑใค ่จด 1653 ใใใใใ ใใฆ ๅฅ 1652 298 ใณใฆ ็ญ 1651 disorder; confusion ใฑใณ ๅ 1650 ใใใใ ใธใงใฆ ไปถ 1649 450 ใณใณ ใจใใ debate; discussion 1724 ใทใณ ่จบๅฏ ใใใใค medical examination readings from useful compounds ไธ 1657 ไปฅไธ ็จฎ 1658 ็จฎ้ก ๆฃๆจฉ ๆ้ขจๆฉ ๆฅๆฌ้ ็ง็ซ ๆฐๅญฆ ๅฌ 1664 ไธปๅฌ ใใใ abstention (from voting) 1079 ใใใทใใ electric fan 1428 ใซใปใใใ Japanese saké 902 ใใใค privately owned and run ในใฆ 2097 ใใใใ mathematics ใใ ใใ ๅฎไพก ใฆใใ sponsorship; promotion 1603 ๏ฌxed price 1044 ใฆใฆ ้่ ใใใใ 929 987 ใซ ่ 1666 758 ใตใค ไพก 1665 kind; type ใท ๆฐ 1663 ใใ ใใ 49 1679 ใทใฅ ็ง 1662 above; more than ใปใณ ้ 1661 ใใใใ ใญ ๆ 1660 2220 ใทใฅ ๆฃ 1659 ใธใงใฆ | 205 monetary circulation; credit 206 | remembering the kanji 2 ๅญฃ 1667 ๅๅญฃ ่ 1668 ้ค่ ไบ็ฎ ๆ็ดข ็ 1671 ๅฐ็ ้ฃ ้ฆ 1672 ้ฃ้ฆ ๅฐ ้ฃ 1673 ๅฐ้ฃ ๆฃฎ ๆ 1674 the four seasons 523 ใใใใ sericulture; raising silkworms 946 ใตใณ ๆ ็ดข 1670 ใใ ใตใณ ็ฎ 1669 912 ใญ ๆฃฎๆ ใใใ budget ใฝใฆ 1120 ใตใฏ 1365 ใใใใ manhunt; search ใใฃใฏ 2131 ใจใใกใใ arrival (of a plane, train, etc.) 555 ใฌใณ 287 ใใฆ 1848 ใใใฝใ union; federate state ใณใณ 579 ใใณ 1580 ใใใชใ distress; di๏ฌculty ใทใณ 197 ใชใณ 196 ใใใใ woods and forests readings from useful compounds ็ช 1675 ๆฑ ๆ 1676 ๆฑๆ ็ดฏๅข ๆ็ฅจ ้ฎๆ ่ฝ็ ๅ จ็ผ 1364 ใใใใ spiraling; continuous increase 706 ใจใใฒใใ voting; poll 1160 ใใใป arrest; apprehension ใชใ 525 ใฎใใใค e๏ฌciency ใใใใใ ็ฝๅฎณ ๆณๅพ 1737 1200 entirely destroyed by ๏ฌre 167 ใตใค ๅพ 1683 pollution ใทใงใฆ ็ฝ 1682 ใใใ ใฟใค ็ผ 1681 509 ใใฆ ็ 1680 1245 ใซใค ้ฎ 1679 breakthrough; surmounting ใปใณ ๆ 1678 ใจใฃใฑ ใช ็ดฏ 1677 1319 ใใ ็ช็ ด | 207 ใใใใ calamity; disaster ใชใ 566 ใปใใใค the law 874 208 | remembering the kanji 2 ๅ 1684 ๅ้ ็ฌ 1685 ๆ็ฌ ้้ญ้ข ็ฉๆฅต ็ตถ 1688 ็ตถๅฏพ ๅฐฑ่ท ๆ 1690 ๆ ๅบฆ ็ๅญฆ ๅ 1692 pet dog 171 ใใใใใฐใก gold๏ฌsh bowl ใญใงใฏ 1797 ใใฃใใใ positive ๆๅ ใใฃใใ absolute; unconditional ใทใฅใฆ 2086 ใใ ใใใใ taking up a job attitude; manner ใชใฅใฆ 17 ใใ ใใใ studying abroad ใใใใ ใ 1423 404 ๏ฌrst; initial 1114 ใชใฆ ๆผๅ 1969 2005 ใใใฉ ใใใใ 1903 1754 ใทใง ๆผ 1693 ใใใใ 1815 238 ใฟใค ็ 1691 reopening; resumption ใผใ ๅฐฑ 1689 ใใใใ ใฎใง ๆฅต 1687 1769 ใฑใณ ้ญ 1686 ใตใค con๏ฌscation; forfeiture readings from useful compounds ็ฏ 1694 ๅญฃ็ฏ ็ญ 1695 ๆฟ็ญ ๅนธ็ฆ ๆฌ ็น ๅ็ ๅ ๆ ่จๆ ้่ปข happiness 466 ใใฃใฆใ defect; negative point 125 ใใใใ public welfare 326 ใใใใ glory; honor 854 ใใใ special; extraordinary 1959 ใใใใฆใ reversal; turnabout 1093 ใท ่ฆๅฏ ็ง 1703 ใใใตใ ใฎใฃใฏ ่ฆ 1702 1505 ใชใณ ้ 1701 (government) policy ใจใค ่จ 1700 ใใใใ ใใใค inspection 329 ใใฏ ็งๅธซ ใผใใ 1464 948 ใณใฆ ๆ 1699 season ใฑใ ๅ 1698 ใใใค ใณใฆ ๆฌ 1697 2089 ใตใฏ ๅนธ 1696 ใปใ | 209 (Protestant) pastor 210 | remembering the kanji 2 ๆช 1704 ๆช้ญ ๆ 1705 ๅฎนๆ ๅง 1706 ๅงๅกไผ ๅคฉไบ ๅฅฅ 1708 ๅฅฅใใ ็ณ 1709 ๅ ซ็ณ ็ฌๅ ๆนๆญๅฃ 1137 ใใใ easy; facile ใใใใใ committee ใทใงใฆ 44, 1951 ใฆใใใใ ceiling ใชใฏ 2132 ใใใใ wife (form of address) ใฏใกใใใ ใฉใใใ ใใใใคใใก ๅคฑๆ ใใคใใ ใใใใต 1051 1806 928 1784 8 (tatami) mats in size 48 monopoly 212 ticket checking or punching 1748 lovelorn; unrequited love 638 ใซใณ ็่ญทๅฉฆ 1810 913 ใฌใณ ็ 1713 ใค ใตใ ๆ 1712 devil ใปใณ ๆญ 1711 ใใใพ ใธใงใฆ ๅ 1710 2108 ใค ไบ 1707 ใขใฏ nurse | 211 readings from useful compounds ้ฆ 1714 ็ท้ฆ ๅฒ 1715 ๅฒๅญฆ ๆญ่ฟ ไธ้ป ๆๅ ๆฃ่ ๅฐ้ 1702 ใใใใ welcome 699 ใใฃใใ one vessel (counter for ships) 1085 ใฏใใใ Dear Sir/Madam: (formal letter salutation) 604 ใใใใ a patient 1439 ใใงใฆ 1625 ใใใกใใ esteem; respect ๅฐ็ ่้ 1675 338 ใดใฏ ้ 1722 (Western) philosophy ใฝใณ ็ 1721 ใฆใคใใ ใซใณ ๅฐ ้ 1720 1131 ใฑใค ๆฃ 1719 incense 911 ใปใญ ๅ 1718 ใใใใ ใฒใค ้ป 1717 2095 ใใ ่ฟ 1716 ใณใฆ ใใใ hell ใฌใค 2135 ใใใใ Holy Spirit 1791 212 | remembering the kanji 2 ๅฎด 1723 ๅฎดไผ ๅญ 1724 ๅญๅญ ๆน้ ็ฝๅขจ ๆฒ้ป ็ 1728 ็ฉ็ ๅฅด้ท 274 ใปใใใ course of action; policy 175 ใฏใใผใ chalk ใใณ 1888 ใขใฏ 240 ใกใใใ silence 1940 ใใ ใใใ game hunting 2036 ใฉใใ slave 1456 ใขใฆ ็็ฌ ๅฐ ๅท 1731 Confucius ใฌใค ็ 1730 ใใใ ใชใงใฆ ้ท 1729 96 ใใฏ ๆฒ ้ป 1727 banquet ใทใณ ๅขจ 1726 ใใใใ ใณใฆ ้ 1725 191 ใจใณ ๅฐๅท ใใใใ โBeware the Dog!โ ใคใณ 1425 ใตใ 1069 ใใใใค printing readings from useful compounds ๅฒฉ ็ณ 1732 ๆ 1733 ๆๆฟ ๅฏ้ขจ ็ณ็ญ ๆนฟๆฐ ็ฅ้ ็ขบ 1738 ็ขบๅฎ heating 1526 ใใใทใ cold wind 771 ใใใใ coal 1788 ใฑ 410 ใใฃใ humidity ใใฆ 334 ใใใจใ Shinto ใใใใค ไผๆฅญ ใใใใ ใใใใ 277 certitude 375 (business) enterprise 843 ใตใณ ่ณๆ 1885 567 ใญ ่ณ 1740 ใ ใใผใ 113 1949 ใซใฏ ไผ 1739 crags; rocks ใทใ ้ 1737 ใใใใ ใฟใณ ๆนฟ ๆฐ 1736 2018, 2196 ใซใณ ็ญ 1735 ใปใญ ใใณ ๅฏ 1734 770 ใฌใณ ๅฒฉ็ณ | 213 approval; agreement 214 | remembering the kanji 2 ๅฃฐ 1741 ๅฃฐๆ ๆฌพ 1742 ๅๆฌพ ๆญปไบก ๆ็คบ ๅท 1745 ๅท่ก ๅฆ 1746 ๅฆๅ ๆฟ่ช ๆๅฑ ๅคง่ก ็ญ 1750 loan 815 ใใผใ death ใธ 2023 ใใ indications ใทใ 2131 ใใฃใใ enforcement; carrying out ใใใถใ ใใใใซใ 1901 acknowledgement; recognition 1953 ใใใใ attached to; belonging to ใทใฅใฆ 2239 ใใใใ ใ the masses ใฏใใกใใ 1506 taking care of; disposal 1857 1229 ใใณ ็ญ้ท 1086 297 ใพใฏ ่ก 1749 ใใใฃใใ 1896 1097 ใทใงใฆ ๅฑ 1748 declaration; communiqué ใทใง ๆฟ 1747 ใใใใ ใท ็คบ 1744 2109 ใซใณ ๆญป 1743 ใปใค squad or section leader readings from useful compounds ็ฅ 1751 ๆจ ่ฆ 1752 ๆจ่ฆ ่ช ๆ 1753 ่ชๆ ๅณ ็ฟผ 1754 ๅณ็ฟผ ้ฃ็ถ ๅพๅ 663 ใปใณ 2000 ใใใใ recommendation ใฆใฆ 916 ใซใค 656 ใใใใ kidnapping ใฆ 1934 ใใใ ใใใใ ๆป่ตฐ่ทฏ right wing 1345 continuation 1011 ใใใใ tendency; inclination ใซใ 423 ใใฃใใใ ใฏใใ 1289 384 a runway 1895 ใ ่ฆๆจฉ 78 1798 ใฝใฆ ่ฆ 1758 ในใค ใฑใค ๆป ่ตฐ 1757 (social) welfare ใพใฏ ๅพ 1756 ใตใใ ใจใฏ ็ถ 1755 1091 ใท ็ฆ็ฅ | 215 hegemony; championship 216 | remembering the kanji 2 ๆ 1759 ๆถ็ซๆ ่ซพ 1760 ๆฟ่ซพ ๆๆฅ ็ด ๆต ่ฅฒ 1763 ่ฅฒๆ ้บ่จ ๆข 1765 ๆขๅต consent 1138 ใฏใใใ ostracizing; boycott; exclusion ใน 1974 ใใฆใ splendid; swell; neat ่ฏๅฎ ๆบๅ 1532 2025 ใใ ใใใ raid; assault ใฆใค 1813 1772 ใดใณ 1599 335 ใใใใ last will and testament 1327 ใใใฆใ detective 374 ใณใฆ ๆบ ๅ 1767 ใใใใ ใ ใฟใณ ่ฏ 1766 351 ใทใฅใฆ ้บ ่จ 1764 ๏ฌre hydrant ใปใญ ็ด 1762 ใใใใใใ ใใฏ ๆฅ 1761 264 ใปใณ ใใใฆใ a๏ฌrmation ใธใฅใณ 564 ใ 1183 ใใ ใใณ preparations readings from useful compounds ไฟฎ 1768 ไฟฎ็ ๅ 1769 ๅๆฅๅนด ็ดฐ 1770 ่ฉณ็ดฐ ่จ็ทด ๅธฐๅฝ ๅ ต้ ๅไบบ ใใใใญใ the year after next ใใใใใ ใใใใ 341 drill; training 1230 returning to oneโs country ใใค 2105 ใใใใ ็งปๆฐ ใใฟใ ใ ใจใ 1331 1306 soldiers; army 704 friend 898 emigrants; immigrants 728 ใ ๅฆฅๅฝ 1815 details ใใใ ใธใใใ 1722 1363 ใค ๅฆฅ 1776 1684 ใฆใฆ ็งป 1775 ใต ใฟใค ๅ 1774 repairs ใญ ๅ ต ้ 1773 ใใ ใใ ใฏใณ ๅธฐ 1772 2234 ใตใค ่จ 1771 ใทใฅใฆ | 217 proper; suitable 218 | remembering the kanji 2 ไปฐ 1777 ไฟกไปฐ ๅ 1778 2149 ใใใใ faith ๅไบบ ใใ ใใใ prisoner 2004 ใใฆ ่ธ่ฝ็ ใใใฎใใใ 1701 1018 ใทใฅใฆ ่ฝ 1779 ใณใฆ entertainment world chapter 9 A Potpourri of Readings The main thing the kanji of this chapter have in common is that they do not ๏ฌt the previous categories and are a bit too common to leave for the ๏ฌnal chapter. It is arguable that a few of the compounds might have been included in the last chapter, and some left for the next. But there is no getting around the fact that we have come to the point where we must enlist the full assistance of brute memory. To make the leftovers a little less formidable, I have cooked up a potpourri of exemplary compounds that I hope you ๏ฌnd interesting or instructive enough to hold your attention while you are learning them. In some cases this has meant choosing an unusual compound; the readings, in any event, are commonly used. The peculiarly Japanese wooden clogs worn for festive occasions and occasionally still in everyday use have been assigned characters meaning โbelowโ and โpack horse.โ The more common reading of the latter character appears in the second exemplary compound. ไธ ้ง 1780 ใฒ 958 1986 ใฟ ใปใ ไธ้ง ็ก้ง ใใ ใใ 50 wooden clogs useless; in vain The same character ไฝ is used to form the words for solid (ๅบไฝ,ใใใ), gas (ๆฐไฝ,ใใใ), and liquid. ๆถฒ 1781 1038 ใจใญ ๆถฒไฝ ใใใใ liquid 220 | remembering the kanji 2 The Darwinian principle of the survival of the ๏ฌttest comes out in Japanese as โthe weak, the meat; the strong, the eaters.โ ๅผฑ 1782 1236 ใธใฃใฏ ๅผฑ่ๅผท้ฃ ใใใใซใใใใใใใ survival of the ๏ฌttest Appropriately, the word for smile is drawn in kanji as a โdelicate laugh.โ ๅพฎ ็ฌ 1783 ๅพฎ็ฌ ใ 889 ใทใงใฆ 938 ใณใใใ smile A common English expression for a close resemblance is โa spitting image.โ No less odd is the Japanese equivalent, which reads literally โa cruel remembrance.โ ไผผ 1784 1029 ใธ ้ ทไผผ ใใใ close resemblance Though it is a perfect homonym for the Japanese kanji for u. s. a. (็ฑณๅฝ), this compound means rice. ็ฉ 1785 917 ใณใฏ ็ฑณ็ฉ ในใใใ rice (as a grain) The standard reading of the compound in this frame has fallen into disuse in favor of the imported word for โbarley brewโ: ใใผใซ. ้บฆ 1786 1533 ใใฏ ้บฆ้ ใฐใใใ beer You will often see public signs strictly prohibiting one thing or another. They usually contain the following compound. a potpourri of readings ๅณ 1787 ๅณ็ฆ ใฒใณ 2230 ใใใใ โStrictly Prohibited!โ | 221 1936 The term used in chemistry for acids of all sorts is this compound. ้ ธ 1788 1437 ใตใณ ็กซ้ ธ ใใ ใใใ sulfuric acid Like the English word iceberg, which brings together two Norwegian words meaning โmountain of ice,โ the Japanese gives a precise equivalent by using two Chinese characters. ๆฐท 1789 131 ใใงใฆ ๆฐทๅฑฑ ใฒใใใใ iceberg As you no doubt realized when you ๏ฌrst learned to write the character for โcourage,โ the myth of male supremacy is built into it. Here is the most common compound in which that character is used. ๅ 1790 1407 ใฆใฆ ๅๆฐ ใใใ bravery; โmanhoodโ The counter for volumes in a collection of books can use either the Japanese reading (ใพใ, as in ๅทปไธ) or, more commonly today, the Chinese. ๅทป 1791 1207 ใซใณ ็ฌฌไธๅทป ใ ใใใฃใใ Vol. 1 The full and proper name for Christmasโlong since yielding to the more popular katakana word ใฏใชในใในโis given here. ้ 1792 1308 ใณใฆ ้่ช็ฅญ ใใใใใใ Christmas 222 | remembering the kanji 2 The long and famous Edo Period, which ran from 1603 until 1867, is also named after the longest of the shogunates. ๅพณ 1793 885 ใใฏ ๅพณๅทๆไปฃ ใจใใใใใ ใ Tokugawa Period The common Japanese euphemism for prostitution is โselling spring.โ In fact, the word spring is used in a number of expressions related to the world of erotic pleasures and favors. ๆฅ 1794 1568 ใทใฅใณ ๅฃฒๆฅ ใฐใใใ ใ prostitution Among the many traditional phrases Japanese has for ladies who โsell springโ (see the frame above) is the following, which literally means โplaygirl.โ ้ 1795 ้ๅฅณ ใฆใฆ 2107 ใใใใ harlot 1047 Those who are brought up in strict controls are referred to in Japanese as having been โkept in a boxโ orโas in the following exampleโ raised in a โsecluded inner room.โ ๆทฑ 1796 1328 ใทใณ ๆทฑ็ช ใใใใ strict upbringing Whereas English thinks in vertical terms to classify something as โtop secret,โ Japanese moves horizontally with the image of a polar extreme. ๆฅต 1797 1903 ใดใฏ ๆฅต็ง ใใใฒ of utmost secrecy a potpourri of readings | 223 The generic term for aristocracy or peerage is expressed in the following term. ่ฒด 1798 1771 ใญ ่ฒดๆ ใใใ nobility Like most Western languages, Japanese thinks of innocence and goodness as something โwhite.โ Since the white race was alienโeven โbarbarianโโto the Japanese, โwhiteโ was completely devoid of radical connotations. ๆฝ 1799 1548 ใฑใ ๆฝ็ฝ ใใฃใฑใ integrity; innocence Like the English word โtwang,โ the pronunciation of the compound for a nasal sound almost seems to reinforce the meaning. ้ผป 1800 678 ใ ้ผป้ณ ใณใใ nasal sound The Japanese term for a โbreatherโ has one literally โresting oneโs breath.โ ๆฏ 1801 610 ใฝใฏ ไผๆฏ ใใ ใใใ rest; recess As is often the case, an opaque English word is perfectly obvious in Japanese. If you meet the English word rayon for the ๏ฌrst time, you need a dictionary to ๏ฌnd out that it means โarti๏ฌcial silk.โ The Japanese is clear from the ๏ฌrst time one sees it. ็ตน 1802 1368 ใฑใณ ไบบ็ตน ใใใใ rayon 224 | remembering the kanji 2 Here is another example. Until you learned something of Latin etymology, you would have no idea from simply looking at the term hibernation what it might possibly mean. The Japanese is crystal clear, even to a young child. ๅฌ 1803 427 ใใฆ ๅฌ็ ใจใใฟใ hibernation One more example. If you look at the characters of the compound below before looking at the meaning, you should be able to understand its meaning precisely, even though you donโt know how to read it. The more familiar you get with the way Chinese compounds work in Japanese, the easier you will ๏ฌnd it to read complex material containing terms you have not learned before and understand it the way the Japanese themselves doโwithout constantly having to pull out your dictionary. ้ก 1804 1717 ใฌใณ ็ซฅ้ก ใฉใใใ boyish face The Japanese compound for troglodyte presents still another example of the transparency of Japanese. The English reader would have to be a Greek scholar to know from the ๏ฌrst what the word means. ็ฉด 1805 1316 ใฑใ ็ฉดๅฑ ไบบ ใใฃใใใใ troglodyte; cave dweller The term for attraction means literally โpulling power.โ ๅผ 1806 1232 ใคใณ ๅผๅ ใใใใใ attraction The compound in this frame is not one you are likely ever to use in conversation, though you will ๏ฌnd it written occasionally. In typical Japanese fashion, it brings together a number of kanji associated with the a potpourri of readings | 225 major rituals of life (coming-of-age, marriage, burial, and ancestral veneration) and arranges them into a single compound. ๅ ่ฌ 1807 ๅ ๅฉ่ฌ็ฅญ ใซใณ 304 ใฝใฆ 816 ใใใใใใใใ ceremonial occasions The sense of excitement is communicated aptly in Japanese by the kanji you learned for โentertainmentโ and โstirred up.โ ๅฅฎ 1808 565 ใใณ ่ๅฅฎ ใใใตใ excitement Japanese frequently creates generic terms by picking two members of the class of things that belong to it. An example is the combination of the characters for โstomachโ and โintestinesโ to create the term for bowels. ่ 1809 29 ใค ่่ ธ ใใกใใ bowels In the same way that the kanji ๆดป adds a sense of vitality to ๆดปๅ (ใใคใฉใ, activity) and ็ๆดป (ใใใใค, life), it also enlivens the kanji for cheerfulness. ๅฟซ 1810 1642 ใซใค ๅฟซๆดป ใใใใค joviality The very sound of the word shriek conjures up the piercing, shrill cry of an animal. When Japanese speaks of the sound we humans make when our voice tightens in fear, it uses the kanji for the cry of a bird in pain. ้ณด 1811 1942 ใกใค ๆฒ้ณด ใฒใใ shriek; scream 226 | remembering the kanji 2 Japanese often combines kanji of nearly the same meaning to produce a compound word of greater force. For example, โbendingโ and โfoldingโ join to create crookedness. ๆฒ 1812 1172 ใญใงใฏ ๆฒๆ ใใใใใค crookedness A compound can also reflect the various stages of a process that are hidden in the English term. For instance, the word gleanings involves a โpicking upโ and โpassing on.โ ๆพ 1813 ๆพ้บ ใทใฅใฆ 2081 ใใ ใใ gleanings 667 Like the word abnormal, the Japanese compound in this frame is ambiguousโused for praise, pity, and criticism. ็ฐ 1814 1797 ใค ็ฐๅธธ ใใใใ abnormal; exceptional In the same way that the English word discriminating can indicate a vice or a virtue, depending on its context, the Japanese term in this frame carries both meanings as well (though the former is the more common nowadays). ๅทฎ 1815 554 ใต ๅทฎๅฅ ใในใค discrimination The compound in this frame is composed of two nouns, the ๏ฌrst modifying the second. This procedure, which is common also in English, was inherited from the Chinese. ๅฅฝ 1816 99 ใณใฆ ๅฅฝ่ฉ ใใใฒใใ favorable criticism a potpourri of readings | 227 Another example of the same sort combines two kanji meaning โtoo muchโ and โspare timeโ to create a term for leisure. ๆ 1817 1882 ใซ ไฝๆ leisure ใใ Although modern Japanese writes the names of most countries outside the โkanji beltโ with katakana, it is still common to see abbreviations of the older names, especially in newspaper headlines. This frame gives two of them. ๆณฐ ไบ 1818 ๆณฐๅฝ ๆฑไบ ใฟใค 1570 ใข 1809 ใใใใ ใจใใ Thailand East Asia The two kanji in the compound shown below were learned in vol. 1 as signifying respectively โartisanโ and โexpert.โ Together they combine to mean one who has attained a high level of skill in a particular trade and has consequently become a teacher of it. ๅธซ ๅ 1819 ๅธซๅ ใท 1269 ใทใงใฆ 1693 ใใใใ master-teacher Literally the expression in this frame refers to โbuilding a roof atop a roof.โ ๅฑ 1820 1058 ใชใฏ ๅฑไธๅฑใๆถใใ ใใใใใใใใใใใ 5th wheel There are any number of Chinese characters that have come to be used on their own, without combining to form a compound. No attempt has been made to single these out in the course of this book, since they are 228 | remembering the kanji 2 better learned through direct experience of the language. One of them, a very common one, appears in this frame. ่พบ 1821 284 ใใณ ่พบ ใธใ environs; neighborhood As we noted earlier in frame 1238, Japanese likes to link the names of two places by taking one character from each and forming a new compound. Sometimes this involves putting an on-yomi where the original names use a kun-yomi, or sometimes an on-yomi. The following example shows both of these procedures at work. ไบฌ ๆต 1822 ใฑใค 938 1332 ใใณ ไบฌๆต็ท ใใใฒใใใ 312 Tokyo-Yokohama (railway) Line Another example of the same usage links the names ้ๆฃฎ (ใใใใ) and ๅฝ้คจ (ใฏใใ ใฆ) to identify the tunnel that links the two cities. ๅฝ 1823 1902 ใซใณ ้ๅฝ ใใใใ Aomori-Hakodate (Tunnel) The everyday Japanese expression for the conjunction in any case or anyhow has been assigned kanji that mean literally โhorns on the rabbit.โ The word for โrabbitโ appeared in a note to frame 1972 of vol. 1. ่ง 1824 1812 ใซใฏ ๅ ใซ่ง ใจใซใใ in any case; anyhow For festive occasions the Japanese serve a steamed glutinous rice with red beans. ่ตค 1825 ่ตค้ฃฏ ใปใญ 2113 ใใใฏใ rice with red beans 1743 a potpourri of readings | 229 English refers to the two halves of a game as โ๏ฌrstโ and โsecond,โ but Japanese speaks of โbeforeโ and โafter.โ ๅพ 1826 1379 ใณใฆ ๅพๅ ใใใฏใ the second half The opposite of pessimism (see frame 1430) is given here. The last two characters, incidentally, are the usual way of denoting an โism.โ ๆฅฝ 1827 ใฉใฏ ๆฅฝ่ฆณไธป็พฉ ใใฃใใใใ ใ 981 1735 optimism While we are at it, let us learn the terms for two more โismsโ in Japanese. ๅฎ ไบซ 1828 ไพฟๅฎไธป็พฉ ไบซๆฅฝไธป็พฉ ใฎ 1783 ใญใงใฆ 308 ในใใใใ ใ ใใใใใใใ ใ opportunism hedonism Another way of describing an โismโ is with the su๏ฌx ่ซ , which carries the particular connotation of an intellectual system of thought. Here is an example of that usage. ๅฏ 1829 ๅฏ็ฉ่ซ ใฆใค 2164 ใใใถใคใใ materialism 556 Like the English term wake, the Japanese carries the sense of staying up through the night. ้ ๅค 1830 1408 ใ ้ๅค ใค 920 ใคใ wake; vigil 1037 230 | remembering the kanji 2 Here we learn the name for the famous Japanese sword, world-renowned for its strength and precise craftsmanship. ๅ 1831 83 ใใฆ ๆฅๆฌๅ ใซใปใใจใ Japanese sword Standing alongside a ๏ฌowing river one day, it occurred to Confuciusโas it had to his Greek contemporary, Heraclitusโthat such was the state of all things: in constant ๏ฌux, never stopping. This is captured in the following phrase, literally meaning โthe cry of the river.โ ๅท ๅ 1832 ๅทไธใฎๅ ใปใณ 127 ใฟใณ 1579 ใใใใใใฎใใ โAll things are in ๏ฌux.โ English refers to an over-avid devotee as a โfanaticโ (literally, one possessed of a temple god or demon) or, more colloquially, as a โfreak.โ Here is an example of how Japanese achieves the same e๏ฌect. ่ชญ ็ 1833 ใใฏ 1105, 2205 260 ใญใงใฆ ่ชญๆธ็ ใฉใใใใใใ 348 book freak; bookworm While Mark Anthony was content to ask for the ears of his audience, Japanese asks for their eyes as well. ่ณ 1834 818 ใธ ่ณ็ฎ ใใใ oneโs attention The common term for in a hurry puts together two characters of similar meaning, a familiar device in Japanese. ๆฉ 1835 ๆฉ้ ใตใ 1836 ใใฃใใ in a hurry; at once 26 a potpourri of readings | 231 Now watch this! The repetition of two primitive-related characters takes the same meaning, except that one is for more general use and the other for a โquickโ closing to a letter. ๆฉ ่ 1836 ใฝใฆ 1835 224 ใฝใฆ ๆฉใ ่ใ ใใใใ ใใใใ 26 in a hurry; rushed โHurriedly yours, โฆโ Japanese refer to someone who doesnโt drinkโor drinks very littleโas being โunder the door.โ The tippler, logically ernough, becomes โover the door.โ ๆธ 1837 1076 ใณ ไธๆธ ไธๆธ ใใ ใใใใ teetotaler tippler The Japanese write the kanji for swan as simple โwhite bird.โ ้ณฅ 1838 1941 ใใงใฆ ็ฝ้ณฅ ใฏใใกใใ swan The fall colors, to the Japanese, are either โred leavesโ (more common) or โyellow leaves.โ The pronunciation is the same. ้ป ่ 1839 ใณใฆ 402 228 ใจใฆ ้ป่ ใใใใ 1750 fall colors 232 | remembering the kanji 2 The Japanese word for a fool brings together the kanji for a horse and a deer (the latter being an abbreviated form of the kun-yomi). The word is apparently of Sanskrit origin; the assigning of the kanji was later. ้ฆฌ 1840 ้ฆฌ้นฟ ใ 2221 ใฐใ fool 1978 The order that English uses for expressing things in pairs is often reversed in Japanese. For instance, we say โfood and drink,โ but Japanese says: ้ฃฒ 1841 1474 ใคใณ ้ฃฒ้ฃ ใใใใใ food and drink Or again, we say โnorth and south,โ but Japanese says: ๅ 1842 ๅๅ ใใณ 2235 ใชใใผใ north and south 1613 The Buddhist monk who wanders homelessly in search of the truth is likened to the โcloudsโ and โwaterโ that move ceaselessly. ้ฒ 1843 423 ใฆใณ ้ฒๆฐด ใใใใ novice (Zen) monk The character่ชcan be used as a pre๏ฌx to indicate either the sense of the English pre๏ฌx โauto-โ or to refer to โoneself.โ An example of the former was seen earlier (frame 1005). Here we see the latter usage. ็ 1844 468 ในใค ่ช็ ใใใ ๏ฌxing oneโs own meal a potpourri of readings | 233 We sometimes meet Japanese words that can only be used with negative endings, even though the meaning in English is entirely positive. ๅฆ 1845 ๅฆๆ ใธใง 2237 ใใใใ slick; smooth 100 The terms for high (and low) blood pressure are constructed exactly as in English. ่ก 1846 1448 ใฑใ ้ซ่กๅง ใใใใคใใค high blood pressure The character ็พฉ is used commonly in Japanese as a pre๏ฌx to indicate inlaws. A similar, curious usage appears in this frame. ๆญฏ 1847 1171 ใท ็พฉๆญฏ ใใ false tooth The idea of falling into oneโs own trap is expressed in Japanese as โtying oneself up with oneโs own rope.โ ็ธ 1848 1377 ใธใงใฆ ่ช็ธ่ช็ธ ใใใใใใฐใ falling into oneโs own trap This frame should give you an idea how helpful the signal primitives can be. The second kanji in the exemplary compound will be new to you, but you should be able to guess its reading from what you learned earlier (frames 704โ706). ่ฆ 1849 325 ใซใฏ ่ฆ้ๅค ใใใใใใ stimulants; narcotics 234 | remembering the kanji 2 The Roman Catholic ponti๏ฌ is known in Japanese as the โking of the law,โ a word once used for retired emperors with Buddhist names. Japanese Catholics prefer to call him the โteaching emperorโ (ๆ็). ๆณ 1850 ๆณ็ ใใฆ 1106, 2134, 2241 ใปใใใ the pope 751 The Japanese phrase for a slowdown strike is closer to the British term โwork-to-rule.โ The full word for strike is ในใใฉใคใญ, but it is commonly abbreviated to its ๏ฌrst two syllables. ้ 1851 129 ใธใฅใณ ้ ๆณ ใใ ใใฝใ a slowdown strike Japanese also has a word for a walkout strike: ็ฝท 1852 2032 ใ ็ฝทๆฅญ ใฒใใใ walkout; strike The names you see on Japanese tombstones commonly end with the character for family, the custom being for a family to share a grave site. The Chinese reading of the kanji di๏ฌers from that already learned. ๅฎถ 1853 ็ฆ็ฐๅฎถ ใฑ 281 ใตใใ ใ the Fukuda family 541 Where English speaks of getting โo๏ฌ the ground,โ Japanese speaks of โgetting on the tracks.โ ่ป 1854 288 ใญ ่ป้ใซไนใ ใใฉใใซใฎใ getting started; inaugurating a potpourri of readings | 235 The piracy which has moved from the seas into the world of illegal copies and clones has made the same linguistic shift in Japanese. ่ณ 1855 357 ใพใฏ ๆตท่ณ็ ใใใใใฐใ pirated edition The Japanese term in this frame is a nearly literal rendering of the French phrase raison dโêtre, which has found its way into English. ๅญ 1856 ๅญๅจ็็ฑ ใฝใณ 578 ใใใใใใใ raison dโêtre 684 The first two kanji of the compound below mean โempressโ and the last two are a term of respect. The term is reserved for the wife of the emperor of Japan. ๅ ้ 1857 ็ๅ้ไธ ใณใฆ 1861 ใใค 1310 ใใใใใธใใ Her Highness the Empress The Japanese equivalent of our Christmas cards are the postcards bearing New Yearโs greetings, all of which are supposed to be delivered on January 1st. ็ถ 1858 239 ใธใงใฆ ่ณ็ถ ใใใใ New Yearโs card Because the abbreviated character for โhappinessโ is written in the form of three ไธโs (่), the Japanese call the 77th birthday the โrejoicing age.โ ๅ ๅฏฟ 1859 ๅๅฏฟ ใญ 1445 ใธใฅ 1565 ใใใ oneโs 77th birthday 236 | remembering the kanji 2 Notice how Japanese uses an image nearly identical to the English in the following compound. ่ 1860 446 ใใค ่ๆฏ ใฏใใใ background; backdrop Although the Japanese now refer to their famous high-speed โbullet trainโ as the โnew trunk lineโ (see frame 1269), the English term had its origin in a precise Japanese equivalent, given here. ๅผพ ไธธ 1861 ๅผพไธธๅ่ป ใใณ 1931 ใฌใณ 44 ใ ใใใใใฃใใ bullet train Paddy ๏ฌelds under water are called simply: ็ฐ 1862 14 ใใณ ๆฐด็ฐ ใใใงใ rice-paddy ๏ฌelds All-absorbing enthusiasm is expressed in Japanese as an โinterest anchoring in every port.โ ๆดฅ 1863 328 ใทใณ ่ๅณๆดฅใ ใใใใฟใใใใ bubbling with enthusiasm Like the English word contact, the Japanese equivalent connotes a sense of touching directly. ่งฆ 1864 1813 ใทใงใฏ ๆฅ่งฆ ใใฃใใใ contact We express the idea of rising in the morning in terms of โgetting upโ or โturning out,โ but for the Japanese who sleep on the ๏ฌoor, the equivalent term is โrising from the ๏ฌoor.โ a potpourri of readings ๅบ 1865 592 ใทใงใฆ ่ตทๅบ ใใใใ | 237 getting out of bed; rising The Japanese term for a roll call is a โpoint call.โ ๅผ 1866 1485 ใณ ็นๅผ ใฆใใ roll call One of the ways Japanese expresses the su๏ฌx โ-ableโ is by the use of the kanji for โpower,โ as we see in the following example. ๆตฎ 1867 730 ใ ๆตฎๅ ใตใใใ buoyancy In the same way that the etymology of the English word excellent suggests something that rises above the rest of the pack, the Japanese compound in this frame suggests something that โexcelsโ by โdeviatingโ from the norm. ็ง ้ธ 1868 914 ใทใฅใฆ 1973 ใคใ ็ง้ธ ใใ ใใใค excellent โPrecious stonesโ become โtreasured stonesโ in Japanese. ๅฎ 1869 257 ใใฆ ๅฎ็ณ ใปใใใ precious stones Here is another example of a compound whose meaning you can decipher by recalling the key-word meanings assigned the kanji in vol. 1. ๅจ 1870 364 ใค ๅจๅง็ ใใใคใฆใ overpowering 238 | remembering the kanji 2 In English, children have to learn where cotton comes from; in Japanese, it is clear from the kanji. ็ถฟ 1871 1367 ใกใณ ็ถฟ่ฑ ใใใ raw cotton The colorful Japanese phrase for giving oneโs seal of approval has one โbanging out oneโs judgment on a drum.โ ้ผ 1872 1444 ใณ ๅคช้ผๅค ใใใใฐใ seal of approval The two compounds in this frame o๏ฌer a typical example of what a big di๏ฌerence the long vowel can make in Japanese: a slight slip of the vocal cords and a handshake turns into a foul smell. ๆก ่ญ 1873 1059 ใขใฏ 122 ใทใฅใฆ ๆกๆ ๆช่ญ ใใใใ ใใใใ ใ handshake stench; bad odor At Japanese funeral services there is often a public reading of a number of telegrams of condolence, which it is the custom to send in Japan on such occasions if one cannot be present. ๅผ 1874 1233 ใใงใฆ ๅผ้ป ใกใใใงใ telegram of condolence Japanese ๏ฌre alarms were traditionally described as a โhalf bell.โ ้ 1875 438 ใทใงใฆ ๅ้ ใฏใใใใ ๏ฌre alarm; alarm bell | 239 a potpourri of readings The Japanese expression for a skyscraper takes over the English image precisely. ๆฅผ 1876 930 ใญใฆ ๆฉๅคฉๆฅผ ใพใฆใใใ skyscraper The title of โprofessor emeritusโ in Japan bestows a โname of repute.โ ่ช 1877 1939 ใจ ๅ่ชๆๆ ใใใใใใใใ professor emeritus The compound in this frame is a good example of how the same term can be used for exactly opposite meanings. ๅ 1878 999 ใฑใ ๅไฝ ใใฃใใ masterpiece; gross blunder You will often see the following sign on a small clinic. Here again, the meaning should be obvious even before you learn how to pronounce it. ็ฃ 1879 1933 ใธใฅใฆ ็ฃๅป ใใ ใใ veterinarian Like English, Japanese uses the craft of tempering metals as a metaphor for spiritual and physical disciplines as well. ้ 1880 1860 ใฟใณ ้้ฌ ใใใใ temper; discipline The character ๆช is frequently used in Japanese as a negative pre๏ฌx close to the English โun-โ but often carrying the additional sense of โnot yet.โ ้ 1881 540 ในใค ่ชๆฎบๆช้ ใใใคใฟใใ attempted suicide 240 | remembering the kanji 2 The Japanese term for something of an ashen color comes out as โashwhite.โ ็ฐ 1882 168 ใซใค ็ฐ็ฝ่ฒ ใใใฏใใใใ ashen colored One of the expressions Japanese has for going on a spree or โpainting the town redโ is โpowerful play.โ ่ฑช 1883 543 ใดใฆ ่ฑช้ ใใใใ merrymaking; a spree The Japanese expression for a wind-bell is almost an onomatopoeia: fuuuuu for the wind and rinnnnn for the tinkle of the bell. ้ด 1884 ้ขจ้ด ใชใณ 688 ใตใใใ wind-bell 1406 Japanese abounds in reduplicated sounds, a number of which we have met already. Here are four more, beginning with the word for butter๏ฌy. ่ถ 1885 521 ใใงใฆ ่ถใ ๅฉฆไบบ ใกใใใกใใใตใใ Madame Butter๏ฌy Next, a word denoting tardiness or procrastination. ้ 1886 1067 ใ ้ ใ ใกใก late; slow Taking a mishap with quiet reserveโor โphilosophicallyโ as the English idiom goesโis expressed in Japanese by reduplicating the character for โfaint.โ a potpourri of readings ๆทก 1887 164 ใฟใณ ๆทกใ ใใใใ | 241 even-tempered And ๏ฌnally, a curious phrase for meticulous attention, meaning literally โgrain-by-grain.โ ็ฒ 1888 922 ใชใฅใฆ ็ฒใ ใใ ใใใ ใ assiduously The โvoicingโ of a kana syllable which Japanese indicates by two small lines is referred to as the โmuddyingโ of a sound. ๆฟ 1889 835 ใใฏ ๆฟ้ณ ใ ใใใ voiced sound Japanโs version of the limerickโa short, witty poemโis called a โriver willowโ and comprises three verses of 5, 7, and 5 syllables respectively. ๆณ 1890 1421 ใชใฅใฆ ๅทๆณ ใใใใ ใ satirical poem Although the baseball world has taken over numerous American terms, after adjusting them to suit Japanese tastes and sounds, there are still several expressions that retain their older form. Here is one of them. ๅก 1891 1734 ใซใค ็ๅก ใจใใใ stolen base Combining the characters for an โold manโ and โdecayedโ gives us a suitable compound for decrepit. ๆฝ 1892 1243 ใญใฅใฆ ่ๆฝ ใใใใ ใ decrepit 242 | remembering the kanji 2 Not unlike the English expression โSpit it out!โ is the Japanese expression for speaking oneโs mind. ๅ 1893 151 ใ ๅ้ฒ ใจใ speaking oneโs mind If you look at the carton of milk on your breakfast table, you will probably ๏ฌnd the following compound written on it some where, perhaps giving you a better idea of what pasteurization means than you had before. ่ 1894 918 ใญใณ ๆฎบ่ ใใฃใใ pasteurization; sterilization This character is generally used all on its own and refers to the deep blue that you see in so many of the traditional blue-and-white Japanese fabric designs. ็ดบ 1895 1758 ใณใณ ็ดซ็ดบ ใใใ navy blue Oddly, the Japanese refer to a lightning bolt as โfalling thunder.โ ้ท 1896 425 ใฉใค ่ฝ้ท ใใใใ bolt of lightning Since we have already learned most of the set, let us complete the listing of the ๏ฌrst four of the old calendar signs still used to enumerate things. ็ฒ 1897 ใณใฆ ็ฒไนไธไธ 2129 ใใใใคใธใใฆใ 1113 a, b, c, d The Old West spoke of โroping the herd with one throw,โ while the Japanese speak of โcatching something with one cast of the net.โ a potpourri of readings ๅฐฝ 1898 1071 ใธใณ ไธ็ถฒๆๅฐฝ ใใกใใใ ใใ | 243 catching all at once While English speaks of โmanual laborโ (as distinct from โclerical laborโ), Japanese speaks of โmuscle labor.โ ็ญ 1899 941 ใญใณ ็ญ่ๅดๅ ใใใซใใใใฉใ manual labor Like the straw that breaks the camelโs back or the spark that sets o๏ฌ a ๏ฌre, here is an explosion ticked o๏ฌ by a single brush of the hand. ๅณ 1900 1462 ใฝใฏ ไธ่งฆๅณ็บ ใใฃใใใใใใฏใค explosive situation A colorful expression for โranking favorably withโ someone has one โstanding up to the shoulders of โ that person. ่ฉ 1901 1077 ใฑใณ ๆฏ่ฉ ใฒใใ rank with Christian scriptural imagery has given us the expression โto sweat blood.โ Japanese has an equally graphic image: โcrying blood.โ ๆถ 1902 1082 ใซใค ่กๆถ ใใคใใ bitter tears Japanese is more direct than the English when it comes to โhenpecking.โ Note how the word for โhouseโ is often used to refer to an individual. ๆ ๅฆป 1903 613 ใญใงใฆ 1889 ใตใค ๆๅฆปๅฎถ ใใใใใใ henpecked husband 244 | remembering the kanji 2 In place of the three large golden balls that mark the pawn shops of the West, Japan uses a kanji in a circle, the full compound for which is given here. (Note that the second character uses a Japanese reading.) ่ณช 1904 ่ณชๅฑ ใทใ 1037, 2204 ใใกใ pawnshop 1137 The character featured in this frame is often used as a pre๏ฌx to carry the sense of the English su๏ฌx โ-resistant.โ ่ 1905 1164 ใฟใค ่ๆฐด ใใใใ water-resistant By making use of an outdated word for plagiarism, Japanese has the following phrase for adapting something to new use: stealing the matrix and changing the bones. ๅฅช 1906 566 ใใ ๆ้ชจๅฅช่ ใใใใคใ ใฃใใ recasting; remodeling In English we speak of something that is deep black as โjet black,โ a term that takes its name from the hard lignite called โjet.โ Japanese uses the idiom โlacquer black.โ ๆผ 1907 932 ใทใ ๆผ้ป ใใฃใใ deep black Japanese distinguishes between rice plants: those that grow in dry ๏ฌelds from those that grow in cultivated paddies. ็จฒ 1908 910 ใใฆ ๆฐด็จฒ ใใใจใ rice plant in a paddy a potpourri of readings | 245 Traditional Japanese cookery reckons ๏ฌve basic tastes, captured here in an uncommon compound. The ๏ฌrst two characters give us โsweet-andsourโ; the second and third characters refer metaphorically to the โbitter-and-sourโ disappointments of life. (The last character, by the way, is rare.) ็ ่พ 1909 ใซใณ 1757 ใทใณ 1496 ็้ ธ่พ่ฆ้นน ใใใใใใใใใ sweet, sour, hot, bitter, salty Though often a monotonous-sounding language to the untrained ear, Japanese has de๏ฌnite cadences important to the language. Naturally, it also has a word for it. ๆ 1910 1700 ใจใฏ ๆๆ ใใใใ intonation; accent Instead of short circuits, Japanese think of electrical lines โleakingโ the same way water pipes do. ๆผ 1911 1068 ใญใฆ ๆผ้ป ใใใงใ short circuit Most of us are used to thinking of the seven stars of the constellation Ursus Major not as the bear the ancients imagined but as a โBig Dipper.โ Japanese agrees. ๆ 1912 1177 ใ ๅๆไธๆ ใปใใจใใกใใ the Big Dipper The character featured in this frame refers to a part of town (in particular, the old โlicensed quartersโ). That it should be linked with the char- 246 | remembering the kanji 2 acter for โpublicโ to create the word for the cuckoo bird is due to the fact that the pronunciation of the compound is thought to approximate the sound that the bird makes, as is the English name. ้ญ 1913 1842 ใซใฏ ้ญๅ ฌ ใใฃใใ cuckoo bird โCloak and daggerโ intrigue is depicted in Japanese as a ghost hiding in the gall bladder (the seat of courage). ้ญ 1914 2021 ใณใณ ้ญ่ ใใใใ underhanded scheme Note the colorful term Japanese use for the ovary. ๅต ๅทฃ 1915 ๅตๅทฃ ใฉใณ 1422 ใฝใฆ 1927 ใใใใ ovary One of the most di๏ฌcult Japanese words to translate is the single kanji given in this frame. It combines the senses of fate, providence, and โkarmic a๏ฌnity.โ ็ธ 1916 1372 ใจใณ ็ธ ใใ a๏ฌnity; predestined connection We speak of people who โeat like a horseโ or โdrink like a ๏ฌsh.โ Japanese unites the two idioms, substituting โwhaleโ for โ๏ฌsh.โ ้ฏจ 1917 315 ใฒใค ้ฏจ้ฃฒ้ฆฌ้ฃ ใใใใใฐใใใ making a pig of oneself | 247 a potpourri of readings A showdown is often described in English as โseparating the men from the boys.โ Japanese gives its own twist in a similar idiom. ้ 1918 743 ใฆใฆ ้้ใๆฑบใใ ใใใใใใฃใใ have a showdown To be โbig onโ something or โintoxicated withโ it is described in Japanese as being โpot drunk.โ We shall take the occasion to learn the word for pottery. ้ถ ๅจ 1919 1966 ใใฆ 121 ใญ ้ถๅจ ้ถ้ ใจใใ ใจใใใ pottery fascination In sumล bouts and other sporting tournaments a special award is often presented to the athlete who shows the most โ๏ฌghting spirit.โ Here is the compound that is used. ๆข 1920 826 ใซใณ ๆข้่ณ ใใใจใใใใ award for ๏ฌghting spirit Doubts that โgnawโ at us on the inside are depicted in Japanese as devils working their dark arts in oneโs heart. ้ฌผ 1921 2019 ใญ ็ๅฟๆ้ฌผ ใใใใใใ gnawing doubt The โjaws of deathโ become the โtigerโs mouthโ in Japanese. ่ 1922 1990 ใณ ่ๅฃ ใใใ the jaws of death 248 | remembering the kanji 2 The following compound combines wind and lightning to create an image of extraordinary speed. ็พ 1923 1686 ใทใ ็พ้ขจ่ฟ ้ท็ ใใฃใทใใใใใใฆใ lightning fast The watch stem is slowly fading from everyday life, as is this colorful word for it. ็ซ 1924 536 ใชใฅใฆ ็ซ้ ญ ใใ ใใ watch stem Although the kanji suggest someone serving as a mediator by serving drinks, the actual meaning is quite di๏ฌerent. ้ 1925 1429 ใทใฃใฏ ๅช้ ็ตๅฉ ใฐใใใใใใฃใใ arranged marriage Japanese expresses the idea of โrunning here, there, and everywhereโ by characters meaning โrunning east, ๏ฌeeing west.โ ๅฅ 1926 1196 ใใณ ๆฑๅฅ่ฅฟ่ตฐ ใจใใปใใใใใ run helter-skelter Japanese depicts a shining example of something as a โturtle pattern.โ The image comes from the fact that the character for โturtleโ once referred to a kind of tool used for making o๏ฌcial seals. ไบ 1927 534 ใญ ไบ้ ใใใ paradigm; shining example a potpourri of readings | 249 The lights that English likens to the opening of a ๏ฌower, Japanese likens to the glow of a lightning bug. ่ 1928 518 ใฑใค ่ๅ ้ป็ฏ ใใใใใงใใจใ ๏ฌuorescent light bulb The darkish, brown tea you are often served at Chinese restaurants in Japan, as throughout the Orient, comes from Taiwan, where it got its name as โcrow and dragon tea.โ In order to give a โChineseโ ๏ฌavor to the sound, the on-yomi for โcrowโ is lengthened and that for โdragonโ given a reading approximating the original. ็ 1929 1944 ใฆ ็็ซ่ถ ใใผใใใกใ dark Chinese (oolong) tea The โfaceโ that Orientals are said to want to save and to avoid losing is written in Japanese like this. ็ฎ 1930 ้ข็ฎ ใใฏ 1129 ใใใผใ face; honor 15 Japanese contrasts temperaments that are cheerful and bright with those that are dark and gloomy by using kanji that the Chinese used to distinguish light from darkness, sun from shade. These are none other than the words popularly known in the West as yang and yin respectively. ้ฐ 1931 1592 ใคใณ ้ฝๆฐ ้ฐๆฐ ใใใ ใใใ cheerful gloomy The ages of 25, 42, and 62 for men, and 19, 33, and 37 for women have traditionally been regarded as bad-luck years in Japan. Though not all the numbers are remembered by people today, no one is likely to forget 42, and no woman 33, especially as those years draw close. (Note that the second character is read with its kun-yomi.) 250 | remembering the kanji 2 ๅ 1932 1415 ใคใฏ ๅๅนด ใใใฉใ bad-luck year There are two words among all the on-yomi that are virtually identical to English in sound and meaning. One of them we learned already in frame 931. Here is the other. ็ผถ 1933 1965 ใซใณ ็ผถ ใใ can chapter 10 Supplementary Readings the final chapter dealing with the Chinese readings falls into two parts of roughly equal length. In the ๏ฌ rst part I have included what seem to me the most useful of the remaining readings to knowโor at least, those least unusual. The second half of the chapter picks up all the leftovers, uncommon and close to obsolescence as some of them may be. Without wishing to slight the reasons which the Ministry of Education and Science has for deciding that all of these readings belong to the โgeneral-useโ kanji, the fact remains: if there is one part of the book you would be justi๏ฌed in skimming over lightly and not cracking your skull to master at this stage of your language study, it is this last section. a. common supplementary readings ๅณ 1934 ๅทฆๅณ ๆฌ 1935 ๆฌๅค ใใใ right and left; both sides ใใใใ ่กจ่ฃ ใฒใใใ margin (of a printed page) 399 front side and back 1438 ใฆใฆ ็ถไบ ใใใ 78 1628 ใช ็ถ 1937 1754 ใฉใณ ่ฃ 1936 ใฆใฆ postponement 252 | remembering the kanji 2 ไธฆ 1938 ไธฆ่ก ็ฎ 1939 ็ฎ่บซ ็ 1940 ็ๅณ ่ๅฝ ้ๅฝ ๆญ็ ้ ปๅบฆ devotion; commitment ใกใใฟ delicacy (food) ใญใง 2144 ใใใ ใใใ ใ ใใบใ ใฒใใฉ ๆฟๅ ฅ ใใใซใ ใ ใใใใผ 1993 1919 falsehood; untruth 1937 national isolation 1212 piece; fragment 373 frequency 1116 insertion 1518 ใชใงใฆ ้ตๅข 1615 1723 ใฝใฆ ้ต 1946 ใใใใ ใใณ ๆฟ 1945 2167 ใใณ ้ ป 1944 ใฑใณ ใต ็ 1943 parallel ใฎ ้ 1942 ใธใใใ ใใณ ่ ๅฝ 1941 1785 ใใค imperial mausoleum supplementary readings ่ณ 1947 ๅทก 1948 ๅทกๅ ่ฃ ้ฃพ ๅถๅพก ไบ 1951 ๆฒนไบ ๅฆ 1952 ๅฆๆณ ็พ 1953 ็ถฒ็พ ่ตดไปป patrol; rounds 1477 ใใใใใ ornamentation ใฎใง 943 ใใใใ regulation; controls ใปใค 44, 1707 ใใใ oil well ใขใฆ 2186 ใใใใ fantasy; delusion ใใใ ใตใซใ ่พฒ่ ใฎใใใ ใใใใ 1806 487 embrace; cover; comprise 386 post; assignment 1808 agriculture 654 ใณใฆ ๆๆ 1398 1342 ใณใฆ ๆ 1956 ใใ ใใใ ใ ่ 1955 285 ใฉ ่ตด 1954 propriety; reasonableness ใทใงใฏ ๅพก 1950 ใใจใ ใธใฅใณ ้ฃพ 1949 753 ใท ่ณๅฝ | 253 constraint; restraint 254 | remembering the kanji 2 ๆ 1957 ๆ นๆ ่ฒ 1958 ็น่ฒ ๆ 1959 ๆฃ 1960 ็ ๆฃ ๆนๅ ่ฅๅนฒ ้ฎ 1963 ้ฎๆญ ่ธ็บ ๅนณๅก ่จ 1966 1130 ใจใใใใ characteristic; distinctive feature ใใใใ ใณใใใจใ perfect composure 505 hospital ward 560 ใฒใใ ใ rati๏ฌcation ใธใฃใฏ 563 ใใใฃใใ few; small number ใใใ ใ quarantine 1900 ใใใใฏใค evaporation ใใณ 342 ใธใใผใ commonplace; ordinary ใผใใกใใ 223 1192 62 1719 ใใฆ ่จๅผต 1753 958 ใธใงใฆ ๅก 1965 ใทใงใฏ ใทใฃ ่ธ 1964 basis; foundation ใธใฅใณ ่ฅ 1962 ใใใใ ใใฆ ๅ 1961 2006 ใฆใฆ ๆ ็ถ 669 ใญใง in๏ฌation; bloating supplementary readings ็ซฏ 1967 ็ฒ 1968 ็ฒๅ ๆๅ ็ฉๅ ๅ่กก ่ณๅฎข ่ถ ่ถ ่ณช็ด ๆธ 1975 ใใใใ circling 1147 ใใใ moderate (as in politics) 891 ใใใใ balance 511 ใฒใใใใ guest of honor 387 ใกใใใใค transcendence ใฝ 1762 ใใฃใ simple; unadorned ๆธๆป ใใ ใใใ (tra๏ฌc) jam; delay 2020 ใทใฅใฆ ็พ้ ใณใใ ใ 1532 1738 ใธใฅใฆ ้ 1976 1046 ใจใ ็ด 1974 clay ใใณ ่ถ 1973 ใญใใฉ ใณใฆ ่ณ 1972 921 ใชใณ ่กก 1971 radical; extreme ใปใณ ็ฉ 1970 ใใใใใ ใใณ ๆ 1969 1167 ใฟใณ ๆฅต็ซฏ | 255 beauty or ugliness; personal appearance 256 | remembering the kanji 2 ่ช 1977 ่ชๅผต ้ฃ 1978 ๅบ้ฃ ๅดๆ ้ฃไบบ ๅฎฃ่ช ็ตฑๅธฅ ๆฑๆ ้ๅนด ๅๅฎฟ ้ก 1986 ใใใฏใ worship; veneration 1311 ใใใใ oneโs neighbor 1133 ใใใใ vow; oath 1270 ใจใใใ supreme command 1387 ใปใใใ hug; embrace 1312 ใซใฏ ๅ 1985 1101 ใจใฆ ้ 1984 advance into battle ในใค ๆ 1983 ใใ ใคใใ ใปใค ๅธฅ 1982 1305 ใชใณ ่ช 1981 bombast; exaggeration ในใฆ ้ฃ 1980 ใใกใใ ใธใณ ๅด 1979 1244 ใณ ใใใญใ every other year ใฌใ 2078, 1074 ใใฃใใ ใ overnight outing; camp 1789 ใฑใณ ้กๅพฎ้ก ใใใณใใใ 253 microscope supplementary readings ๅก 1987 ๆง 1988 ๆง่จด ๆทปไป ไผดๅฅ ็ด้ ๅซๅ ้จๅ ๆทๅ appendix; addition 1571 ใฐใใใ (musical) accompaniment 1494 ใใ ใใใ solid gold 1508 ใใใใใ scream; holler 1985 ใใใฉใ row; agitation 1255 ใใใใ torture 179 ใใค ๅๆฒก ๆ 1996 ใฆใใท ใดใฆ ๅ 1995 634 ใฝใฆ ๆท 1994 (legal) appeal ใญใงใฆ ้จ 1993 ใใใ ใธใฅใณ ๅซ 1992 1318 ใฝใฆ ็ด 1991 mass (of something) ใใณ ๅฅ 1990 ใใใใใ ใณใฆ ๆทป 1989 2024 ใซใค ๅก็ถ ใพใใผใค buried and forgotten 1074 ใฟใฏ ้ธๆ ใใใใ | 257 choice; option 258 | remembering the kanji 2 ่ด 1997 ไธ่ด ็ฅ 1998 ็ฅ้ก ้ๆ ๅๅ ๅฏๅฎน ๆจก็ฏ ๆฝค 2003 ๆฝค่ฒ ่ตฆๅ ใจใใใ transparent 1208 ใใใชใ within the sphere of 226 ใใใใ tolerance ใข 698 ใใฏใ model; pattern ใใ ใใใใ ใใใใ ๆฅ่พฑ ่จผๆ 229 1627 embellishment; ๏ฌourish 1744 pardon; amnesty 823 ใ ๆ 2006 915 ใทใฃ ๆฅ 2005 prayer; petition ใธใฅใณ ่ตฆ 2004 ใใใ ใซใณ ๆจก 2002 1128 ใฑใณ ๅฏ 2001 unity ใใฆ ๅ 2000 ใใฃใก ใญ ้ 1999 756 ใ ใกใใใ disgrace; dishonor ใณ 1957 ใใใใ proof; evidence 669 supplementary readings ๅข ๅ 2007 ใฑใค ๅขๅ ้้ซช ๅข่ฝ ๆซๅฎ ่ๆฎบ ๅๆ ๆ่ณฆ (airplane) crash 1134 ใใใฆใ provisional; temporary 1998 ใใใใใค massacre 1126 ใถใใใ analysis 378 ใใฃใท monthly installment 1509 ใญใฅใฆ ็ณพๅผพ ๆฒธ 2015 ใคใใใ ใ ็ณพ 2014 1307 ใปใญ ่ณฆ 2013 blond ใฎใฃใฏ ๆ 2012 ใใใฑใค ใถใณ ่ 2011 1924 ใใค ๆซ 2010 precincts; grounds ใใ ๅข 2009 ใใใ ใ ใใ ใใ ใ censure; arraignment 1237 ใใ ๆฒธ้จฐ ใตใฃใจใ 484 1019 ใใค ้ซช 2008 432 | 259 boiling 260 | remembering the kanji 2 ๆญณ 2016 ๆญณๆฎ ๆผ 2017 ่ฟฝๆผ ็ฃ็ณ ๅก 2019 ๅกๅ ็ด่ฑ ็ฑณ 2021 ๆฐ็ฑณ ๆ ่ซ 2022 ๆ่ซ ใคใใจใ mourning ใทใฃใฏ 1732, 2196 ใใใใ magnet ็ฅๅฎฎ 1113 1960 ใใใ doll or statue molded out of clay ใใ 1612, 2040, 2168, 2170 ใชใฃใจใ fermented soybeans ใใค 539 ใใใพใ new rice 1356 919 448 517 ใใใกใ ใ insects; bugs ใท 1744 1086 766 ใต ็คบๅ 512 621 ใใฅใฆ ๅฎฎ 2024 end-of-the-year present ใณใณ ็คบ ๅ 2023 ใใใผ ใฝ ็ด 2020 1093 ใใฆ ็ณ 2018 ใปใค ใใ suggestion ใฐใฆ 2046, 2106 ใใใใ Shinto shrine 1033 | 261 supplementary readings ๅฒณ 2025 ๅฑฑๅฒณ ้ 2026 ้้ ๆๆฑ ๅๅญ็ ็ซ็ ่ฟฝ่ทก ๅ ่ฝ ้ป้ ๅญ 2033 ๆงๅญ ๅฅณ 2034 140 ใใใ ใ fruit juice 1080 ใใใใ nuclear reactor 162 ใใใ ๏ฌames; blaze 1746 ใคใใใ chase; pursuit 1314 ใ ้ 2032 posting; sending by mail ใปใญ ๅ 2031 ใฆใใใ ใจใณ ่ทก 2030 1858 ใญ ็ 2029 hills and mountains ใธใฅใฆ ็ 2028 ใใใใ ใใค ๆฑ 2027 1330 ใฌใฏ ๅฅณๆฟ ใ ใใ depravity; corruption ใณใณ 984 ใใใใ gold ใน 1077 ใใใ state of a๏ฌairs; circumstances ใใงใฆ (3), 951, 2162 ใซใใใผใ (oneโs own) wife 269 95 98 262 | remembering the kanji 2 ็ท 2035 ้ท็ท ็ซน 2036 ใใณ 950 ใกใใใชใ oldest son 937 ใใฏ ๆพ็ซนๆข ใใใใกใใฐใ 859 pine, bamboo, plum See frame 1481 for an explanation of this term. ไธ 2037 ไธ็จๅฟ ๅนณ 2038 ๅนณ็ญ ไฝ 2039 ไฝๆฅญ ๅบ ็ด 2040 ๅบ็ด ๅ 2041 ๅฐๅ ้ 2042 ้็ ฎ ใ 6 ใถใใใใ carelessness; insecurity ใใงใฆ 1570 ใณใใใฉใ equality ใต 691 ใใใใ work; operation ในใค 571 ใใฆ 1612, 2020, 2168, 2170 ใใใจใ cash-accounting; receipts and expenses ใ 1571 ใใใใซ infant ใพใฆ 575 ใใใซ rice cakes boiled in broth with vegetables Note that the second kanji is read with its kun-yomi. 1217 1484 1142 767 1356 58 562 supplementary readings ็พฝ 2043 ๆ 2044 ๆๅญ ้ฃ 2045 ๆญ้ฃ ๅฎฎ ๆฎฟ 2046 ๅฎฎๆฎฟ ๅ 2047 ่งฃๅ ๅงๅฑ ๅฐ็ชฎ 92 ใฒใใใ beat; rhythm ใธใญ 1040 ใ ใใใ fasting ใญใฅใฆ 2024, 2106 1033 ใใณ 2145 1805 ใใ ใใงใ palace ใใใผใ ใใใใ ใใใใ ใ ๅค้ท ใธใใใ ใใใใค 1472 autopsy 1954 entrusting; commission 1326 destitution; penury 1610 vicissitudes; changes 575 ใจใฏ ็ฟๆฅ 652 478 ใปใณ ็ฟ 2051 ใใงใฆ ใญใฅใฆ ้ท 2050 down (feathers) ใทใงใฏ ็ชฎ 2049 ใใใ ใใฆ ๅฑ 2048 573 ใฆ ็พฝๆฏ | 263 the day after; morrow 264 | remembering the kanji 2 ๅคข 2052 ๅคขไธญ ๅผ 2053 ๅผ้ ๆ็พค ็ฟป่จณ ไป็พฉ ๆผธ 2057 ๆผธๆฌก ๅฐๅ ๅชๅคฑ ใฐใคใใ exceptional 1911 ใปใใใ translation ใธใณ 32, 235 ใใใ benevolence and justice ใใใ ใใใใ ใใใใค ไธ่ณ ใใ gradually; step by step 1145 cross-examining (a witness) 1926 loss 1052 bestowal 1862 ใฒใณ ๅนปๆณ ใใใใ 988 1135 ใท ๅนป 2061 705 ใฝใฆ ่ณ 2060 Japanese โway of the bowโ ใธใณ ๅช 2059 ใใ ใใฉใ ใผใณ ๅฐ 2058 1231 ใใณ ไป 2056 in a daze; enraptured ใใ ็ฟป 2055 ใใกใ ใ ใญใฅใฆ ๆ 2054 305 ใ illusion; vision supplementary readings ็ทฉ 2062 ็ซ 2063 ็ซ็ ่ป 2064 ่ปๅ ็ชๆฏ ๆ้ข ๅฅจๅฑ้ ้ฅๆฒก ้ไธ ใชใใ ใกใฃใใ ใใใใ ใใใใใใใ ใใใผใค ใกใใใก ๅฑ็ฏค ใใจใ softening; mollifying 1321 asphyxiation 1662 sloped surface 866 scholarship grant 1315 cave-in 539 one-by-one; minutely 1988 dangerously ill 1495 ใใณ ้็ฉ ใฉใใถใค 1689 470 ใใฏ ้ 2071 epidemic ใใฏ ็ฏค 2070 ใใใณใใ ใซใณ ้ 2069 2122 ใฌใค ้ฅ 2068 ใจใญ ใทใฃ ๅฑ 2067 mitigation ใใ ๆ 2066 ใใใ ใใณ ็ช 2065 1952 ใซใณ ็ทฉๅ | 265 dimwit 266 | remembering the kanji 2 ่ฎ 2072 ้่ฎ ้ณ 2073 ้ณ้ ไฟๆ ๅซ่ ้ฃ่บ ๅนฝ็ ๅๆฆ ้ฒ 2079 ๆซ้ฒๅฎด ็งฐ 2080 1014 ใใ ใใใ person of great talent 1588 ใใใกใ connotation 1285 ใฒใใ leap 1380 ใใใใ elegance; mysteriousness ใซใ 1074, 1985 ใใฃใใ skirmish; ๏ฌght ใญใฆ 449 ใฒใใใใ wedding reception 253 1283 905 ใทใงใฆ ๆ็งฐ ๆพ 2081 cast iron ใฆใฆ ๅ 2078 ใกใ ใใฆใค ใคใฏ ๅนฝ 2077 1566 ใฌใณ ่บ 2076 barbarians ใทใฅใณ ๅซ 2075 ใใฐใ ใใฅใฆ ไฟ 2074 1747 ใใณ ๆพไธๅ ใใใใใ pet name; name of a๏ฌection ใธใฅใฆ 1813 ใใ ใใพใใใ ¥100,000 (in formal receipts) 667 | 267 supplementary readings ๆฏ 2082 ้ๆฏ ๆ 2083 ๆๆก ๆจ้ ท ็ฒ 2085 sport; game 1752 ใฏใใ grasp; grip ใถใณ 499 ใใใใ cruel 1721 1733 ใทใฅใฏ ่ช็ฒ ๅฐฑ 2086 ใใใ ใ ๆจ 2084 1994 ใฎ ๆๅฐฑ ใใใ ใ self-discipline ใธใฅ 1689 ใใใใใ attainment; accomplishment 1969 b. uncommon supplementary readings ่ฌ 2087 ่ฌๅ ๅฎฐ ็ธ 2088 807 ใใปใ rebellion; conspiracy ๅฎฐ็ธ ใ็ฏๆ็ 1760 1499 ใตใค ็ฏ 2089 ใ ใทใงใฆ 263, 1565 ใใใใใ prime minister ใปใ 1694 ใใใกใใใใ New Yearโs dishes 209 1464 268 | remembering the kanji 2 ๆณ 2090 ๆๆณ ๅพ 2091 ไธปๅพ ๅ 2092 ็ญๅ ็พจ 2093 ่ฒข 2094 ๅนด่ฒข ้ฆ 2095 ้ฆ่ป ๅ 2096 ไธๅ ๆฐ 2097 ๆฐๅฅ ๅฃ 2098 264 ใใใ civility; amiability ใธใฅใฆ 368, 2207 ใใ ใใ ใ master and servant ใตใฏ 1091 ใใใใ slender slips of paper on which poems are written ๅฃไผ 877 1826 553 ใปใณ ็พจๆ 609 ใฝ ใใใผใ envy ใฏ 120 ใญใใ annual tribute ใญใงใฆ 1714 ใใใใใ a โspearโ in Japanese chess ใตใค 504 ใใฃใใ all; everything ใน 1663 ใใ re๏ฌned taste ใฏ 1556 ใใงใ oral tradition 81 911 85 929 11 supplementary readings ไป 2099 ไปไธ ่ 2100 ่ด่ ๅ 2101 ๅคงๅ ๅค 2102 ๅค่ณ ไฝ 2103 ไฝ่ฃ ๅปบ ็ซ 2104 ๅปบ็ซ ๅ ต ็ณง 2105 ๅ ต็ณง ๅฎฎ 2106 ๅฎฎๅ ๅบ ้ 2107 ้ๅฑฑ | 269 1587 ใญใณ 1018 ใใใใใ reigning emperor ใขใณ 1009 ใกใใใใ audience; audition ใใงใฆ 350 ใ ใใฟใใ feudal lord ใฒ 484 ใใ summer solstice ใใค 1084 ใฆใใใ getup; appearance ใณใณ 406 391 ใชใฅใฆ 503 431 ใใใใ ใ building; erection ใใงใฆ 1773 1331 ใญใฆ 495 926 ใฒใใใใ army provisions ใฏ 2024, 2046 ใใชใใกใใ Imperial Household Agency ใฆ 1795 ใใใ outing in the mountains 1626 112 296 957 1033 1047 270 | remembering the kanji 2 ๆช 2108 ๆๆช ๅฃฐ 2109 ๅคง้ณๅฃฐ ๅฎ 2110 ๅฎๅ ๅบฆ 2111 ๆฏๅบฆ ๆ 2112 ๆ็ก ่ตค 2113 ่ตค้ ็คผ 2114 ็คผ่ณ ๅฝ 2115 ๅฏฟๅฝ ๆฎบ 2116 ็ธๆฎบ 1810 ใช 1704 ใใใ hatred ใทใงใฆ 1741 ใ ใใใใใใ stentorian voice ใฝใฆ 1588 ใใใใใ master; teacher ใฟใฏ 468, 1019 ใใใ out๏ฌt; arrangement ใฆ 1066 ใใ being and nothingness ใทใฃใฏ 1825 ใใใใฉใ alloy of gold and copper ใฉใค 51 ใใใใ high praise ใใงใฆ 982 ใใ ใฟใใ span of oneโs life ใตใค 1609, 2225 ใใใใ mutual o๏ฌsetting; canceling out 1896 1100 1194 79 1743 1087 1400 1493 | 271 supplementary readings ๆผ 2117 ๆผๅธซ ๆ 2118 1611 ใใใใ ๏ฌsherman ๆๅบ ็ฝฐๅฝใใ 172 738 ใใ ็ฝฐ 2119 ใชใงใฆ ใตใฃใฆใ shortage; scarcity ใใ 1577 ใฐใกใใใ cursed; damned 833 The second kanji is read with its kun-yomi. ๅฅ 2120 ๅฅ่ก ๆธ 2121 ๆธๅฟต ็ซ 2122 ็ซ็ ็ฅ ๅค 2123 ไปๅค ใถใใใ magistrate ใฑ 409 ใใญใ anxiety; fear ใคใฏ 2063 ใใใณใใใใฟ god of the plague; jinx ใใใใ ่ฆณๆกไผ ใใใใใใ ใใใใ ใ 1394 1689 this evening 1932 cherry-blossom viewing party 432 ใญใฅใฆ ๆๆณฃ 1573 109 ใชใฆ ๆณฃ 2125 797 ใปใญ ๆก 2124 ใ moved to tears 272 | remembering the kanji 2 ็ข 2126 ไธ็ข ไธ 2127 ็ ไธ ็ฉ็ถ ็ฒๆฟ ๅน 2130 ๅนๅฅ ๅท็ ๅฅฅ 2132 ๆทฑๅฅฅ ้ท 2133 ้ท็คพ ๆณ 2134 1329 ใใใ ใ dune; sandhill 909 ใใใใใ shaped like an ear of corn ใซใณ 1897 ใใใฑใ deck (of a ship) ๆณๅบฆ 1113 467 ในใค ๅท ็ 2131 a single arrow ในใค ็ฒ 2129 ใใฃใ ใญใฅใฆ ็ฉ 2128 1220 ใท ใใใใ playing a wind instrument ใทใฅใฆ 1745 1506 ใธใฃใฏ 1671 555 ใใ ใใใใ attachment (Buddhist term) ใชใฆ 1708 ใใใใ the depths; inner mysteries ใดใฆ 430 ใใใใ village shrine ใใ 1106, 1850, 2241 ใฏใฃใจ ordinance; law 928 1849 751 supplementary readings ้ 2135 ๆญป้ ๆ 2136 ๆ ไบคๆฟ ่ฃ ๆ ๅฉฟ 2139 ๅฅณๅฉฟ ่ฆช็ฆ ้ฆ้ถ 842 ใใใใ alteration; change ใทใงใฆ 262 ใใใใใ costume (for an occasion) ใใใใ ใใใผใ ใใใใ ็ฒๆฎป ็ ฉ้ 398 395 son-in-law 1514 friendship; intimacy 411 golden pheasant 710 ใซใฏ ็ ฉ 2143 (a ๏ฌrst person singular reserved for use by the Emperor and not compounded with other kanji) ใญใณ ๆฎป 2142 ใกใ 1791 2027 ใใฏ ้ฆ 2141 departed souls ใปใค ็ฆ 2140 ใใใใ ใฟใค ่ฃ 2138 1722 ใใณ ๆฟ 2137 ใชใงใฆ | 273 ใใใใ shell; crust; carapace ใใณ 2227 ใฏใใใค complexity; trouble 163 274 | remembering the kanji 2 ่ 2144 ่็ฉบ ๆฎฟ 2145 ๅพกๆฎฟ ้ๅด ่ญฆ็ฌ ่ฑๅฃ ไปฐ 2149 ไปฐๅคฉ ่กฐ 2150 ่กฐๅผฑ ็ด็ท palace 1625 ใใใใใ negligence; oversight 1111 ใใใฆใ alarm whistle ใใณ 718 ใใ ใ ๏ฌower bed ใฎใงใฆ 1777 ใใใใฆใ ๏ฌabbergasted ใใใใใ 587 1701 1890 debility 1591 ใใใใ โheart stringsโ 1912 ใใณ ๅป่ฉ ็ 2153 ใใฆใ ใญใณ ่ฉ 2152 1805 ในใค ็ด 2151 empty space; โthin airโ ใใญ ๅฃ 2148 ใใใ 1993 ใซใณ ็ฌ 2147 1941 ใใณ ้ 2146 ใณ ๅ็ ๅดฉๅฃ ใฏใใฏใ abolition of the feudal clans ใทใฃ 1049, 1411 ใฉใใใปใใใ landslide (of earth and sand) 117 supplementary readings ๅ 2154 ้จ 2155 ้้จ ๅฝน 2156 ๆฒๅฝน ไน 2157 ไน ้ ๆ 2158 ๆๆ ๆ ผ 2159 ๆ ผๅญ ไปฎ 2160 ไปฎ็ ๅ 2161 ๅ ่จฑ ๅคฉๅฅณ ็ฑ 2163 ใใใ under the in๏ฌuence of; a๏ฌliated ใฒใณ 132 ใใใใ miracle ใจใญ 1575 ใกใใใใ prison with hard labor ใฏ 43, 1638 ใใใ eternity ใด 1256 ใใใ oneโs dying moments ใณใฆ 1352 ใใใ lattice ใฑ 1241 ใใณใใ feigned illness ็ฑ็ท 1980 884 1016 1765 292 966 765 ใคใณ ๅฅณ 2162 1026 ใตใณ ๅไธ | 275 ใใใใ license; permit ใใง (3), 951, 2034 ใฆใใซใ heavenly maiden ใฆใค 14, 1006, 1345 ใใใใ pedigree; lineage 98 1105 276 | remembering the kanji 2 ๅฏ 2164 ๅฏใ ่ซพใ ่ 2165 ๅฟ็ฅ่ๅผฑ ๆซ 2166 ๆซๅญ ็ฎ 2167 ไธ็ฎ ็ด 2168 ็ดๅฑ ใค 1829 ใใใ ใใ ใ willingly; submissively ใณใฆ 804 556 1914 ใใใใใใใใใfainthearted ใใ 284 ใฐใฃใ youngest child ใณใณ 1939 ใใฃใใ a cup (of saké o๏ฌered) ใ 1612, 2020, 2040, 2170 ใชใ shed 217 1615 1356 The second kanji takes a kun-yomi. ๆจ 2169 ๅคงๆจ ็ด 2170 ็ดๆธ ใใฏ 980 ใใใผใ towering tree ใใณ 1612, 2020, 2040, 2168 ใชใใฉ wardrobe; closet 195 1356 The second kanji takes a kun-yomi. ๅน 2171 ๅนๆต ๅธ 2172 1695 ใใ ใฒใฃใฆใ a match for; equal to 34 ใใ ๅธ้ข้ก ใจใคใใใใใ convex lens supplementary readings ๅน 2173 ็นญ ็ณธ 2174 ็นญ็ณธ ่ธ 2175 ่ธ็ ด ้่ตท ๆธ ๆถผๅค ๆๅคฉ ๆๅคฉ ๅปๅซก ้ต 2181 ใท 1333 ใใใ cocoon thread 1287 ใจใใฏ traveling on foot 1561 ใใ ใใ protrusion; projection 313 ใใใใใใใ refrigerant 424 ใฉใใฆใ cloudy skies 1201 ใฎใงใฆ ๅซก 2180 1880 ใใณ ๆ 2179 ใฑใณ ใชใงใฆ ๆ 2178 concave lens ใชใฅใฆ ๆถผ 2177 ใใใใใใใ ใใฆ ้ 2176 33 ใชใฆ ๅน้ข้ก ใใใใฆใ morning skies ใใฃใฏ 159 ใฏใใกใใ disinherit ใใ ใใฝใ 440 2031 ใทใฅใณใปใธใฅใณ ้ตๆณ | 277 law-abiding 278 | remembering the kanji 2 ๆฝ ไผ 2182 ๆฝไผ ่ถ 2183 ่ถ่ ้่ค ่่ ๅฆ่จ ๆป 2187 ่ฟๆป ้งๅฑฏ 1755 ใใใถใ love a๏ฌair; romance 998 ใใปใ excessive praise 1868 ใใ ใใฆใ watercraft ใใฆ 1952 ใผใใใ careless, wild remarks ใธใใใ ใกใ ใใจใ ้ฃ่ ใกใใใฆใ return; giving back 2033 being stationed (somewhere) 273 ๏ฌshing boat 1692 ใใฏ ้ ๅฟ ใใใจใ 487 1081 ใใงใฆ ๅฟ 2190 hiding out ใใณ ้ฃ 2189 ใใใทใ ใฌใค ๅฑฏ 2188 962 ใทใฅใฆ ๅฆ 2186 ใใฏ ใใฆ ่ 2185 844 ใจใณ ่ค 2184 ใปใณ concealment supplementary readings ็ท 2191 ๆฐ็ท ๅฏ 2192 ๅฏ่ฒด ๅ 2193 ๅๅพณ ้ 2194 297 ใใใใใ fresh verdure ใใฆ 747 ใตใใ wealth and prestige ใฏ 115 ใใฉใ work of charity ้ๅป ใใใใ ใใใ 193 863 passing away; death 1589 ใฎใณ ่ฉฉๅ 1371 1132 ใปใค ๅ 2195 ใชใงใฏ | 279 reciting (Chinese) poems The following three frames contain readings of kanji related to old weights and measures which are no longer used but are still judged to be of historical importance. ็ณ 2196 ไธ็ณ ๅบ 2197 ๆค 2198 1723, 2018 ใใฃใใ one koku (of rice, about .18m3) 68 ใทใฃใฏ ไธๅบ ใใฃใใใ one shaku (about 1.8 cl) 1125 ใญใณ ไธๆค 113 ใณใฏ ใใฃใใ one kin (about 600 g) 280 | remembering the kanji 2 ๅ 2199 ่ชๅ ็ด 2200 ็็ด ้ช 2201 ็ฉ้ช ็ตฆไป ไบ 2203 ใใใ death by oneโs own sword ใฏ 118 ใใใ crimson ๅฅฝไบๅฎถ 1355 1143 ใปใ ไป 2202 84 ใธใณ ใใใใค piled-up snow ใธ 141 ใใ ใใ o๏ฌce boy; page boy ใบ 1107 ใใใใ dilettante 960 1156 The ๏ฌnal kanji takes a kun-yomi. ่ณช 2204 ่จ่ณช ่ชญ 2205 ๅฅ่ชญ็น ่ฃ 2206 ่ฃไธ ๅพ 2207 ๅพๅฎน 1137 ใ 1037, 1904 ใใใก pledge; commitment ใใฆ 1105, 1833 ใใจใใฆใ punctuation and reading marks ใทใณ 1593 ใใใ retainer; subject ใทใงใฆ 368, 2091 ใใใใใ tranquility; composure 348 848 877 | 281 supplementary readings ๆฟฏ 2208 ๆดๆฟฏ ไน 2209 ไธไน่ณๅ ๆด 2210 ็ดๆด ๆๅฃ ็น่ ๆฅฝ้ ๅฑ ่กทๅฟ ๅจๅ 207 ใใ ใใผใ rustic simplicity 769 ใใคใใค clumsiness; ineptitude 360 ใฏใใ luxuriant growth (trees, etc.) 1313 ใใใใใใ an easy life of retirement 1891 ใกใ ใใใ oneโs innermost feeling 2026 ใใใ intimidation; menace 2038 ใฟใณ ไธน่ช ๅบถ 2217 686 from 1 to 10 ใซใฏ ไธน 2216 ใใกใชใใใใ ใ ใใฅใฆ ๅ 2215 (36) ใคใณ ่กท 2214 ใใค ใข ้ 2213 laundry; washing ใปใ ่ 2212 ใใใใ ใใฏ ๆ 2211 577 ใฟใฏ ใใใใ sincerity; purity of heart 1191 ใทใง ๅบถๆฐ ใใใฟใ common people 282 | remembering the kanji 2 ็ต 2218 ็ท็ต ๅบธ 2219 1463 ใทใฃใฏ ใ ใใใใ baron 1182 ใจใฆ ไธญๅบธ ใกใ ใใใ golden mean; happy medium We may conclude with a number of supplementary readings used for rather common Buddhist terms. Buddhism has traditionally preserved its own distinct readings for many of the kanji (see frame 2131). These frames should give you some idea of just how di๏ฌerent they can be. ไธ 2220 ไธไบบ ้ฆฌ 2221 ็ตต้ฆฌ ๅบซ 2222 ๅบซ่ฃ ็ 2223 ๅพกๅฉ็ ๅค 2224 ๅค่ก 49 ใทใงใฆ 1657 ใใใใซใ saint ใ 1840 ใใพ plaque on which petitions are inscribed and displayed ใฏ 1043 ใใ temple dining room or living quarters ใคใฏ 1641 ใใใใ bene๏ฌt of having oneโs prayers to the Buddha answered ใดใณ 412 ใใใใใ Buddhist religious service 1978 589 1881 1577 | 283 supplementary readings ๆฎบ 2225 ๆฎบ็ๆ ไพ 2226 ๅธฐไพ ็ ฉ 2227 ็ ฉๆฉ ๆฅญ 2228 ๅฎฟๆฅญ ้นฟ 2229 ่ฏ ๅณ ็ต 2230 ่ฏๅณ็ต ่งฃ 2231 ่งฃ่ฑ ๅ 2232 1609, 2116 ใใฃใใใใใ injunction against taking life ใจ 1627 ใใ conversion (religious) ใใณ 2143 ใผใใฎใ worldly passions ใดใฆ 1026 ใใ ใใใ accumulated karma ๅๅฟ 971 163 1792 1999 ใญใฏ ้นฟ้่ 1493 ใปใ ใใใใใ Deer Park (legendary site of the Buddhaโs ๏ฌrst sermon) ใฑ 1151 1581 ใดใณ 1787 1936 ใญใงใฆ 720 1360 ใใใใใใ Avatamsaka Sutra, a Buddhist text treasured in particular by the Kegon (Hua-yen) sect ใฒ 1572 ใใ ใค liberation; salvation ใจ 1087 ใใใ conversion 1814 586 284 | remembering the kanji 2 ๅฐผ 2233 1054 ใ ใซใใ Buddhist nun ใทใฅ 1768 ใฎใงใฆ 974, 1614, 2238 ใใ ใใใ ascetic exercises; discipline ๅ ้ฟ ้ ใ 1842 2235 ๅ็ก้ฟๅผฅ้ไป ๅ ๅฐ ใช ๅฐผๅง ไฟฎ ่ก 2234 2236 ไฟฎ่ก ใชใใใฟใ ใถใค โRefuge in the name of Amida Buddhaโ 12 ๅๅฐ ๅฆๆฅ ่ก่ ่ก็ 897 184 ใทใงใฆ ่ก 2239 1295 ใ ่ก ่ 2238 873 1613 ใข ๅฆ 2237 1722 ใใใใ title of respect for a monk ใใง 1845 ใซใใใ the Tathagata or โThus-Comeโ (one of the titles of the Buddha) ใขใณ 974, 1614, 2234 ใฎใฃ 429 ใใใใ religious pilgrimage ใทใฅ 1749 ใใ ใใใ sentient beings 100 873 1396 1857 supplementary readings ้ข 2240 ๆณ 2241 ๆณ่บซ ๆ 2242 ใใฏใค transmission of the robe and bowl (symbolizing the passing on of tradition from master to successor) ใใ 1106, 1850, 2134 ใปใฃใใ Dharma-body (of the Buddha) ๆๅ ใใฃใใ providence or protection by a buddha or bodhisattva on oneโs way to salvation 1234 ใณใฆ ๅผๆณๅคงๅธซ ใใใผใใ ใใ 751 1739 ใปใ ๅผ 2243 271 ใใ ่กฃ้ข | 285 posthumous title of Kลซkai, founder of Japanese Shingon Buddhism part two Japanese Readings chapter 11 A Mnemonics for the Japanese Readings As explained in the Introduction, the kun-yomi or Japanese readings of the kanji di๏ฌer considerably from the on-yomi treated in the last ten chapters. Kun-yomi generally stand on their own as phonetic units and not as components of compounds, are often in๏ฌected with a hiragana ending, contain far fewer homonyms than the Chinese readings, and admit of no โsignal primitivesโ or any comparable device for associating form with pronunciation. If anything, the Japanese readings of the characters present us with a problem much like that we faced in learning to write them, at least in these two respects: (1) they have no relationship to Western languages; and yet (2) they can be broken up into component or โprimitiveโ parts. What I would like to do in this concluding chapter is outline a method for taking advantage of the second characteristic to weaken the force of the ๏ฌrst. I do not anticipate that what is written here will come as a complete surprise to anyone who has already struggled with the radical unfamiliarity of Japanese vocabulary and toyed around with memory tricks of one sort or another. What I hope it will do is help you think more systematically about your mnemonic devices. Were Japanese words transcribed phonetically after the manner of Western alphabets, it would be impossibleโor at least far more trouble than it is worthโto assign meanings to each of the individual sounds. But since Japanese divides words phonetically according to syllables, such assignation is comparatively simple. Most of the monosyllabic sounds that make up the syllabary are themselves already Japanese words; and those that remain can choose a meaning from the full range of available Chinese readings studied in the previous chapters. The main problem is to ๏ฌ x one meaning to one syllable. Once that is done, virtually any Japanese word can be broken up into โprimitive phonemesโ much the same way as the kanji were broken up into their primitive elements in vol. 1. The presence of variant hiragana in๏ฌections need not complicate the procedure. The forms and functions of these in๏ฌections can be left to grammati- 290 | remembering the kanji 2 cal studies. For the purposes of this chapter it is enough to focus on the rootwords to which they are appended. For example, when ่ช is used in a Chinese compound, there are no in๏ฌections; but when the Japanese reading ่ชใ (ใใ ใ) is used, we can generate forms like ่ชใฃใ and ่ชใใฐ. The root-word ใใ remains unchanged. Should it happen that the root-word undergoes signi๏ฌcant change or is too short or confusing on its own, you can simply learn the โdictionary formโ of the word as a whole. The main thing is to ๏ฌ nd a natural, comfortable way of linking a new word to its meaning (namely, its foreign equivalent) without allowing the in๏ฌections to interfere. When it happens that a single kanji has several root-word readings, each reading will have to be learned independently as belonging to that kanji. In fact, most of the work of linking Japanese words to kanji has already been taken care of by the key words you learned in vol. 1, because the vast majority of the Japanese readings will bear a direct, logical relationship to the meaning of the key word assigned there. Once a Japanese word has become โsecond natureโ and you no longer need to mediate its meaning with a foreign word, the meaning-writing associations established with foreign key words will adjust themselves as a matter of course. There is, however, one complication whichโif it is any consolationโis as much a headache and a fascination to the Japanese as it will be to you. A good number of kun-yomi can be written with more than one kanji, each giving a slight change in meaning. Though writers frequently extend this principle ad libitum, the o๏ฌcial โgeneral-useโ list is less tolerant. An example, admittedly an extreme one, will make the point. The Japanese word ใจใ uses at least 10 characters to capture its variety of nuances, 5 of them (marked here with a *) belonging to the general-use list, and most of them have other Japanese readings as well. By appending the in๏ฌection ใ to any of the kanji below, the reading ใจใ is possible, but with a di๏ฌerent connotation each time: ๆ to take in; absorb; take the place of ็ฒ to catch (๏ฌsh or game) ็ฉซ to harvest (a crop from the ๏ฌelds) * ๆก to pluck (as fruit from a tree) * ๆฎ to take (photos) * ๅท to take control of, manage * ๅ to take and hold on to (not throwing away) ็ to take (what belongs to another); steal * ๆ to take hold of ๏ฌrmly; grasp ้ฒ to record; take down a mnemonics for the japanese readings | 291 Distinguishing these various uses of the word ใจใ is not something to be learned by brute memory. If you wish to study it later, there are dictionaries enough to supply you with the necessary information. For now it is best to wait for these distinctions to appear in your reading, as they eventually will. preparing flash cards If you wish to continue using the ๏ฌash cards you made for drilling the kanji in Lesson 5 of vol. 1, a procedure I highly recommend,1 it will help to know a bit more about how the relevant Indexes are laid out and to give some thought to the most e๏ฌcient way of using the remaining space on your cards. Let us begin with a sample design completely ๏ฌ lled in: a/a The asterisk (*) on the front indicates that the kanji has a kun-yomi that does not require any in๏ฌection. In this case it is the word ใพใ, meaning a circle. ไธธ b ใ c ใใ d b c a ใฌใณ ใพใใ round ใพใใใ to make round ใพใ circle; entirety a โ h round nine . . . a drop of [3] ๅผพไธธๅ่ป nโ34 g i e j iโ44 f e ใ ใใใใใฃใใ g hโ3417 bullet train f iiโ1861 b/b The ใ on front indicates a root-word to which the in๏ฌection ใ is c/c added. The complete word, given on the back, is ใพใใ together with its meaning, round. The same holds for the ใใ. d The katakana ใฌใณ at the top of the back indicates the on-yomi of the kanji. e/e The compound (s) at the bottom illustrate(s) the on-yomi. 1. I have prepared a set of these ๏ฌash cards designed more or less like the example above: Kanji Study Cards (Tokyo: Japan Publications Trading Co., 2004, 7th printing). 292 | remembering the kanji 2 f/f The number on the bottom right of the front indicates the frame number in which the kanji appeared in vol. 1, in which the writing and reading of the character was explained. The number in the same position on the back indicates the frame number in vol. 2. g/g The numbers on the front and back bottom left cross-reference the character to The New Nelson Japanese-English Character Dictionary (Tokyo: Charles E. Tuttle, 1997) and Jack Halpernโs New JapaneseEnglish Character Dictionary (Tokyo: Kenkyลซsha, 1990). h The bold-type word set between the horizontal lines on the back of the card indicates the key word assigned to the kanji in vol. 1. i The inverted, italicized text gives the primitive elements and number of strokes of the character. j The meaning of the exemplary compound. To ๏ฌ ll out a card or group of cards, follow these steps: 1. Go to Index v and look up the entry corresponding to the number f. Inscribe the kun-yomi indicated there at locations aโc on the back of your card. If there is some particular reason for learning the meaning(s) of the kun-yomi at this time, consult a dictionary before ๏ฌ lling them in. Otherwise, leave those areas blank until the word turns up and you need to learn it. 2. In the same entry, you will find a number corresponding to the first appearance of an on-yomi for the kanji in question. Look it up and ๏ฌ ll in items d,e, and e. 3. If there is an internal cross-reference number in the frame, check it for additional Chinese readings and add them in the same way. Th is may be the fastest way to ๏ฌ ll in your cards, but you are left with the problem of how to review. Merely by looking at the kanji on the card you cannot know which kun-yomi you need to drill and which can be passed over for the time being. You will have to include some small mark on the front alongside each kun-yomi you wish to learn or review. Alternatively you can follow these 4 steps to enter new words as you meet them: 1. Look up the Japanese word in Index iv. (If it is not there, the word has not been assigned characters in the โgeneral-use list.โ) 2. On the corresponding ๏ฌash card add the new kun-yomi and all the onyomi and exemplary compounds (if you have not already done so). 3. Consult a dictionary to con๏ฌ rm the meaning of the new kun-yomi and ๏ฌll it in accordingly. 4. Set the card aside for drill, together with any other cards whose con- a mnemonics for the japanese readings | 293 tents have been completely ๏ฌ lled in. To facilitate adding more kun-yomi later, you will ๏ฌnd it helpful to keep the cards separated in groups from 1โ100, 101โ200, etc. as we did in vol. 1. After you have acquired a sizeable number of cards for drill, you will have to set up for yourself a routine for drilling (a) from meaning to writing, (b) from exemplary compound to on-yomi, and (c) from in๏ฌected kanji to kun-yomi. If you worked your way faithfully through vol. 1, you may feel that there is no longer any need for the ๏ฌrst drill. In that case I recommend that you drill the writing directly from the hiragana kun-yomi on back. primitive phonemes Unlike the primitive elements of vol. 1 and the signal primitives of this book, the primitive phonemes presented in the present section are not intended for use as far as possible, but only as far as necessary. They have been designed as a crutch to help you with words that cause you di๏ฌculty. This means that you should not apply them retroactively to words you already know, nor should you use them to learn masses of new vocabulary isolated from the context of your reading or conversation. Accordingly, the Syllabary of Primitive Phonemes displayed below should not be slavishly memorized but only consulted when needed. Once you have studied the examples that follow and experimented with the method on your own, you should be able to determine how best to make use of it or to alter it for your own purposes. What you must take a moment out to memorize before going any further is the 11-syllable โa-b-cโ that will enable you to ๏ฌ nd your way around Japanese dictionaries and word-lists arranged in dictionary-order like those of this chapter and the Indexes. Carry it around with you on a slip of paper and run it through your mind again and again if you must, but do not let another day go by without learning it:2 ใใปใใปใใปใใปใชใปใฏใปใพใปใใปใใปใใปใ The table below uses a combination of on-yomi and kun-yomi, indicated in the pronunciation column by katakana and hiragana respectively. These are followed by the voiced or โmuddiedโ sounds (see frame 1889), lengthened syllables, and ๏ฌnally diphthongs. 2. A simple mnemonic device to simplify the learning of this sequence can be found in my Remembering the Kana (Honolulu:University of Hawaiโi Press, 2006), beginning at the end of Lesson 2 of the Hiragana. 294 | remembering the kanji 2 primary phonemes ไบ ใข sub-; below ไบ ใ a well ๅฏ ใ hare; rabbit ๆฑ ใ stream; rivulet ๅฐพ ใ tail ่ ใ mosquito ๆจ ใ tree ็นฐ ใ (ใ) to spin; reel up ๆฏ ใ hair; fur ๅญ ใ child ๅบ ใ (ใ) to prick; stab ๆญป ใ (ใฌ) to die ๅทฃ ใ nest ็ฌ ใ shoals; torrent ๆ ใ (ใใ) to dye; stain ไป ใ another (person) ๅ ใก 1,000 ๆดฅ ใค harbor ๆ ใฆ hand ๆธ ใจ door ่ ใช vegetables ่ท ใซ luggage; bags ็ธซ ใฌ (ใ) to sew ๆ น ใญ roots ้ ใฎ ๏ฌeld; plains ๆญฏ ใฏ tooth ็ซ ใฒ ๏ฌre ๅน ใต (ใ) to blow a mnemonics for the japanese readings ๆธ ใธ (ใ) to dwindle; shrink ๅธ ใป a sail ้ ใพ a room ๅฎ ใฟ fruit; nut; berry ่ธ ใ (ใ) to steam ็ฎ ใ eye ๅช ใ mourning ็ข ใ arrow ๆนฏ ใ hot water ้ ใ (ใ) to get drunk ่ฃธ ใฉ nude ็ข ใช diarrhea ็ ใซ stopover; abroad ็คผ ใฌ (ใค) a bow; curtsey ๅ ใญ backbone ่ผช ใ a wheel ๅคฉ (ใ) ใณ heavens voiced phonemes ็ป ใฌ painting ็ ใฎ animal sacri๏ฌce ๅ ท ใฐ tool ไธ ใฒ downwards ็ข ใด checkers ๅบง ใถ a seat ่ทฏ ใ a path ๅณ ใบ a map ๆฏ ใผ adjusted ่ฑก ใพ (ใฆ) elephant | 295 296 | remembering the kanji 2 ๆฑ ใ (ใ) to embrace ๅบ ใง (ใ) to leave; depart ้ ใฉ (ใใ) to remove; set aside ๅ ด ใฐ a place; spot ้ผป ใ a nose ๆ ใถ (ใค) to beat; slap ่พบ ใ vicinity ็ฐฟ ใ notebook long vowels ๅค ใใ (ใ) many ๅ ใใ (ใ) to freeze ่ ใใ height; stature ้ ใจใ (ใ) to pass through ่จญ ใใ (ใใ) to set up; establish ๅค ใใ night ่ฑๅฝ ใจใค (ใณใฏ) England ็ฉบๆธฏ ใฏใฆ (ใณใฆ) airport ่ญฆๅฏ ใฑใค (ใตใ) policeman ๆข่ปธ ในใฆ (ใธใฏ) axle ๅฅใใ ใฝใฆ (ใใ) to perform music ไบค้ (ใณใฆ) ใใฆ tra๏ฌc ๅใใ ใใค (ใใ) to make a present of ไธๅฏง (ใใค) ใใค courtesy ่ณ ใใฆ brain ๅฐใใ ใใฆ (ใใ) to seal a letter ็ดๅผ (ใท) ใใค paper money ๅฅใใ ใใฆ (ใใ) to dedicate ๅฝใใ ใกใค (ใใ) to give commands to a mnemonics for the japanese readings ่ฆใใ ใจใฆ (ใใ) to need ๅฅด้ท ใ ( ) ใฌใค a slave ่ไบบ ใญใฆ (ใธใณ) old man ็ฅๅฎฎ (ใธใณ) ใฐใฆ Shinto shrine ่ธ่ ใฒใค (ใทใฃ) geisha ๅท ใดใฆ nickname ็จ้ ใผใค (ใญใณ) taxes ๅท่ตๅบซ (ใฌใค) ใพใฆ (ใณ) refrigerator ๆณฅๅ ใใค ใ ( ) mud ๅ ใใฆ public hall ็ฑณๅฝ ใใค (ใณใฏ) u. s. a. ๅธฝๅญ ใใฆ (ใท) hat; cap diphthongs ๅทจไบบ ใญใง (ใธใณ) giant ๅ็ ใทใฃ (ใทใณ) pictograph ๆด้ (ใจใฆ) ใทใฅ booze ็ฝฒๅ ใทใง (ใกใค) a signature ่ถ ใใฃ tea ่่ ใใง (ใทใฃ) author ่ๅ ใชใง (ใทใฅใฆ) captive ๆผๆฅญ ใฎใง (ใฎใงใฆ) ๏ฌshing ็ง ใใงใฆ second (of time) ้ช ใธใฃ malice; evil ๅๅญฆ่ ใธใฅ (ใฌใฐใทใฃ) Confucian scholar ๅพ่กใใ ใธใง (ใณใฆใใ) to slow down ๆฅ ใญใฅใฆ steep ๆฑไบฌ ใ ( ใฆ) ใญใงใฆ Tokyo | 297 298 | remembering the kanji 2 ไฟฎ้้ข ใทใฅใฆใใฆ (ใคใณ) monastery ็งฐใใ ใทใงใฆ (ใใ) to tag; name ้ง่ปๅ ด ใใฅใฆ (ใทใฃใธใงใฆ) parking lot ็ฝ้ณฅ (ใใฏ) ใใงใฆ swan ็ไนณ (ใฎใฅใฆ) ใใฅใฆ milk ๅฐฟ ใใงใฆ urine ่ฉใใ ใใงใฆ (ใใ) criticize ๅฆ ใใงใฆ exquisite ็ซ ใชใฅใฆ dragon ๅฏฎ ใชใงใฆ dormitory ไบบๅฝข (ใใณ) ใฎใงใฆ puppet ๅ ใธใฅใฆ ten ๅฌข ใธใงใฆ young girl Before passing on to examples of how the above Syllabary of Primitive Phonemes can serve as a mnemonics, there are a couple of points worth noting carefully as you look over the list. To begin with, there are 3 cases with no character-reading corresponding to a monosyllabic sound. To compensate for this, kanji with diphthongs were chosen and the additional syllable repressed (and set in parentheses). Secondly, not all possible diphthongs have been included. You may supplement the list or simply break the diphthong up into its composite parts. (For instance, the phoneme ใใ may be reduced to the syllables ใ and ใ.) Finally, where a compound was used to represent a phoneme, the meaning derives from the entire compound rather than from any of its parts. In some cases this means learning a new word, but never a useless one. the mnemonics at work The method of memorization based on the Syllabary of Primitive Phonemes consists of relating the conglomerate of meanings of the syllabary to the English meaning of the word in the same way that conglomerates of primitive elements were related to English key words in vol. 1. Without repeating what was said there, a few illustrative examples should make the point. We begin with a simple example: a mnemonics for the japanese readings | 299 ๅผพ bullet ใใพ The relationship indicated by the solid arrow was established in vol. 1. What remains is to move through the second, white arrow , replacing the English key word with a Japanese word. Begin with the speci๏ฌc connotation of the English word, which we shall take to be โa bullet fired from a gun.โ Next we consult the Syllabary of Primitive Phonemes, where we discover that ใ means another (person) and ใพmeans room. Finally, we relate the elements imaginatively: Picture yourself sitting in bed, pistol in hand, shooting bullets through the wall and into the next room, where another person is busily scurrying about collecting the lead and melting it down into new bullets which he then returns to you so you can carry on. If you can see the wall riddled with holes, through which you can see that other person in the next room, the picture should be complete. Of course, you may have to learn the meaning of the words ใ and ใพ, but that would be necessary in any case. Let us consider another new word: ๅข grave ใฏใ First picture a speci๏ฌc grave that you know. The primitive phonemes we have to work with are ใฏ (tooth) and ใ (mosquito). Now exhume the contents of the grave in memory, turn back the lid on the co๏ฌ n, and discover a smiling corpse, completely intact except for the fact that it has mosquitoes buzzing about in the hollow in its mouth where the teeth used to be. (Or, alternatively, you might picture the corpse of a giant mosquito smiling through its large, white teeth.) Here is yet another two-syllable word: ็ตน silk ใใฌ The primitive phonemes ใ and ใฌ give us the images tree and sewing to work with. Picture yourself sewing a kimono for the Statue of Liberty by using a tree trunk for a needle, and silk thread the thickness of a lumberjackโs rope. The same procedure can be applied to in๏ฌected words like this one: ๅ ใใ to add ใใใใ The component phonemes ใ and ใ yield the meanings spinning and wheel. The word in question may be taken in its transitive or intransitive, or active or passive, form, which is determined in any case by the hiragana in๏ฌection. Let the special connotation be the addition of numbers inside oneโs head with a complicated set of cogged wheels, out๏ฌtted with levers and catches galore, spinning at high speed to calculate the fact that 1 + 1 = 3. 300 | remembering the kanji 2 ๆป ใผใ to destroy ใปใใผใ Paint yourself a picture in your mindโs eye as vivid as the phantom ship in Coleridgeโs โRhyme of the Ancient Mariner.โ See the ghosts and demons and goblins ๏ฌying kites stretched with human skin and tailed with backbones, ๏ฌuttering gently in the breezeโa portrait of destruction. Still within the compass of the key words of vol. 1, notice how the same word can have two meaningsโand kanjiโand hence require di๏ฌerent stories built up of the same primitive phonemes: ๅกฉ salt ใใ ๆฝฎ tide ใใ The common phonemes are ใ (die) and ใ (tail). If we were obliged to proceed from the word to the meaning we would be in trouble; but since we are learning the readings of the kanji, the duplication does not pose any great problem. In the ๏ฌrst case, you may picture salt in its function as a ritual puri๏ฌer in a sumล bout in which one of the wrestlers has been done in. The surviving wrestler takes out a salt-shaker and sprinkles the tail of a horse, which begins to wave its rear parts over the dead wrestlerโฆ. And for the second, picture a morning tide of tails washing ashore, a death omen to the surrounding inhabitants. Lastly, we need to see how an entry in the Syllabary of Primitive Phonemes may also be used by itself to represent a word composed of only that sound (minus the in๏ฌection). Here is an example: ๅผตใ to lengthen ใฏใ ใฏ, we recall from an earlier example, means tooth. Imagine that you, like beavers and rats and squirrels, have teeth that grow beyond the size of your mouth so that you must constantly be gnawing at something to keep them short. And so you chew away at your desk, your bed, the living room furniture, and most of your house, until one bright morning you discover the cause: you had been using a special toothpaste called Lengthen which you mistakenly supposed was intended to give your teeth a โlonger life.โ We may conclude this introduction to the use of the Syllabary of Primary Phonemes with a drill of kun-yomi. You should have no trouble in any of them if you take your time. ้ฌผ ๆตฎใ ไนใใ ๆ ช devil ใใซ to ๏ฌoat ใใ destitute ใจใผใใ stocks ใใถ a mnemonics for the japanese readings ็ฒใ ๅฅฝใ | 301 to be sticky ใญใฐใ to be fond of ใใฎใ So far all the meanings have been consistent with the key words learned in vol. 1. If this is not the caseโor, as happens more often, if the meaning shifts to a related meaning not covered by the key wordโyou should not bother adding a second key word to that already learned. It was enough that a single English key word helped you remember how to write the kanji. From here on in, you will have to do what the Japanese themselves do to broaden their knowledge of a given kanji: read as much as you can, look up everything you do not understand, and use what you look up as often as you can. You may be wondering whether these new primitive meanings and their stories will not confuse what you already learned in vol. 1. Not to worry. For one thing, most of the meanings assigned to the primitive phonemes did not appear in the ๏ฌrst book. For another, the mnemonics described in this chapter is a deliberately short-lived device that is soon let go of once you have begun to use the word in question and to associate it with the object, activity, or quality in your experience that it speaks to. The stories learned in the earlier book, however, will last at least until you have become comfortable with the Chinese and Japanese pronunciations of those kanji and begun to compose with them in Japanese. An example may help. Let us say you meet the word for โhalo,โ whose Japanese pronunciation and kanji are both new to you and both of which you are determined to learn. The following scheme illustrates the two steps you must go through: ๆ ๆฅ sun ่ป army ใใ ใ mosquito ใ stab All of this you can ๏ฌgure out by consulting a dictionary and applying what you learned in vol. 1 and in this chapter. The association between the English word halo and the Japanese word ใใ is supplied at ๏ฌrst by the primitive phonemes, and then laterโas you begin to use the wordโby the context of your thinking and speech. Because you will ๏ฌ nd yourself writing the kanji rather infrequently, the story you make to relate sun and army to its writing can be expected to last much, much longer. There is one more reason why the meanings of the primitive phonemes and the primitive elements are not likely to cause you confusion, and this brings us to the ๏ฌnal step in our mnemonics for the Japanese readings. As mentioned in passing, not only the Syllabary of Primary Phonemes but any Japanese word can be used as a sound-and-meaning unit to learn other words. In fact, the more words you learn, the easier it becomes to dispense with the short syllables used in the earlier examples. 302 | remembering the kanji 2 Say you have already learned the word ใธใ (็ธ), meaning the hem or frill of a garment. And let us suppose also that you learned the word by playing with the phonemes for shrinking (ใธ) and diarrhea (ใช). We will further assume that you know the word ใใ ใ (ไธใ ใ), meaning to lower, which you ๏ฌrst memorized by combining the phonemes for spinning (ใ) and embracing (ใ ). Now when you meet the frightening words ใธใใใ ใ (่ฌใ), there is no need to break it up into syllables since you already have two parts, hem and lowering which are most convenient for remembering the meaning of the word: to humble oneself. There is, of course, always the possibility that you will want to learn a word via these larger phonemes even though you were not previously acquainted with them. Take the word ใฒใใพใฅใ (่ทชใ), meaning kneel down. Even though you know that ใพ means room and ใคใmeans attached to, the syllable ใฒใ is new. You look it up to discover that it means lap. The etymological connection is too tempting to pass over, so you learn the new phoneme ใฒใ together with the original word rather than break it up into its component parts. Th is procedure is one you will no doubt ๏ฌnd yourself using more and more as your vocabulary increases and you develop a greater appetite for new words. To exercise the principles explained in the last few paragraphs, try your hand at the following ๏ฌve words before reading any further: ็ฒ ๆฒใ ่ใใ ้ ๅใใ blindness ใใใ to sink ใใใ to store up ใใใใใ lead (the metal) ใชใพใ to tempt ใใใฎใใ Though these are not the only possibilities, you might have used the following new words to learn those just treated: ๅ storehouse ใใ ๆก mulberry bush ใใ ็ raw ใชใพ ๅ garden ใใฎ concluding remarks With that, the mnemonics for the kun-yomi is complete and only remains to be perfected in the practice. But perhaps you are still pestered by the thought: Why not present the whole range of Japanese readings, building up from sim- a mnemonics for the japanese readings | 303 ple elements to the more complex, in the same way the writing of the kanji was taught in vol. 1? Lay the thought to rest once and for all. For one thing, by the time you have reached this page, you will already have at least 2,000 words in tow. To force those words back into a systematic relearning for the sake of another few thousand words seems highly ine๏ฌcient. A second and more convincing reason is that the habit of isolating vocabulary from the rest of language simply in order to learn new words is a bad one to get into with any language, whether native or acquired. Learning to write the kanji presented a special problem that required a special solution: sticking our nose so close to the written form that virtually everything else was lost from view. Learning to pronounce the kanji requires another approach, more like keeping a ๏ฌrm ๏ฌnger on systematic study methods while still being able to look up and see the total picture. There is much to be gained by a methodical approach like that outlined in these pages. But when all is said and done, ๏ฌuent reading and composition is a matter of alert and sustained devotion to the language. Indexes index i Signal Primitives The following list contains all the signal primitives used in this book, arranged according to number of strokes and primary reading. The numbers refer to the frames in which a given primitive ๏ฌgures. As explained in the text, these primitives do not necessarily coincide with the primitive elements treated in vol. 1. 2็ป ๅ ไบ ๅ 530โ31 233โ35 185โ87 3็ป ๅทฅ ๅทฑ ๅนฒ ๆ ๅฃซ ไน ไบก ๅก ไน ๅ 114โ21 1226โ32 1269โ75 1516โ19 140โ43 458โ59 1182โ87 342โ43 1287โ91 1008โ13 ๆฏ ๆฐ ๅ ๅฐ ๅ ๅ 1276โ80 824โ26 ๅ ๅฃ ๅ ็ ๅค ๅบ ๅทฆ ไน ๅธ ๅฒ ๅธ ๅคฑ 1246โ52 ่ 376โ77 860โ62 ไธป ๅฌ ็ณ ๆญฃ ็ 1331โ37 914โ16 510โ11 1407โ15 887โ89 454โ55 ่ 524โ25 ไธญ ๅฃฌ ๅ ๆฏ ๅคซ ๅ ๆ ๆน ๆฏ ไบ 57โ60 4็ป ็ ไป ๆฐ ๅถ ๅบ ไบข ๅ ฌ 1402โ6 902โ4 1233โ41 346โ47 1309โ20 803โ5 1506โ9 5็ป 221โ23 1481โ84 691โ95 122โ26 908โ10 848โ50 1376โ79 677โ84 144โ67 1204โ9 1281โ86 1264โ68 ่ 1416โ17 105โ9 ๆฆ ๆฐ 715โ19 153โ56 ่ ฎ 780โ83 224โ26 504โ5 148โ52 269โ71 89โ94 166โ69 1418โ25 1292โ94 304โ5 ๅฆ 450โ51 ๅ ๅญ 1384โ89 836โ38 ็ 671โ76 ไบค ่ฎ 1396โ1401 69โ73 ่ฉ 818โ20 ๆญค ๆจ ๅฏบ ๆฌก ๅฎ ๆฑ ๅท ๆฌ ๆ ่ ๅ 272โ74 95โ100 284โ86 756โ59 438โ39 1242โ45 1345โ50 685โ90 6็ป 704โ9 827โ29 ่น ่ ธ 821โ23 ๅคฎ ๅ ๅฏ ๅทจ 830โ32 896โ98 ็ฎ ๅฟ ไป ๅธ ไธ ๅ ๆซ ๆช ๆฐ ็ ็ฑ ไปค 788โ90 380โ81 866โ68 1215โ20 191โ93 1178โ81 528โ29 ๅ ไธ ไปฃ ๅฐ ๆฐธ 194โ96 1470โ74 298โ99 ๅฅด ็ฝ ๅ ๅฎ ๅ ไผ ไบฅ ๅ ๅ ๅ ฑ 784โ87 410โ11 720โ24 740โ43 522โ23 287โ89 1433โ40 666โ70 516โ17 182โ84 257โ59 372โ73 1174โ77 1500โ5 245โ47 314โ15 ่ช 1259โ63 905โ7 ๅฃฎ ไบ ๅ ๅ ๅ ไผ ๅนถ 260โ62 382โ5 1535โ38 1351โ59 878โ80 1194โ98 290โ92 833โ35 1168โ73 917โ19 1162โ67 316โ17 929โ31 308 | index i: signal primitives ๆฏ ๅ ็พ ๅ 1302โ8 350โ51 1449โ57 768โ71 7็ป ่ ่ 1390โ95 484โ85 ่ฑ 1210โ14 ๅฎ ๅฅ ๅ ถ ๅฑ 127โ30 ่ ่ฉ ่ 296โ97 ไพ 899โ901 218โ19 9็ป 1253โ58 302โ3 404โ5 131โ36 791โ93 ้ณ 1299โ1301 215โ17 ๅผ 378โ79 ็ 392โ93 ๅฅ 776โ79 ็ฆบ ่ป 1520โ23 406โ7 ๅปบ 408โ9 ็ 863โ65 ๅบ ๅฒก ้ ๅ ่ ่ ๅ ๅ ๅจ ๅ ๆ ่ 416โ17 ่พ 1338โ44 ่ ่ฒ ็ง ็พ ไน ๅผ ๅ ไฝ ่ 926โ28 736โ39 ่ 248โ50 1510โ15 ๅ ๅถ ้ ่ ่พฐ ๆ ่ถณ ็ฌ ๅ ๅปท ่ฑ ๆ ๆ ๅด ๆฑ ๅ ็ณป ๅพ ๅ ๅญ ๆด 338โ39 386โ87 428โ29 230โ32 845โ47 872โ74 85โ88 200โ2 869โ71 794โ96 242โ44 498โ99 911โ13 1360โ69 1466โ69 364โ65 1531โ34 1295โ98 308โ9 344โ45 494โ95 536โ37 ้ ๅฐ 348โ49 ่ 442โ43 ่บ 162โ65 61โ64 1426โ32 ่ด 710โ14 356โ57 236โ38 ่ 324โ25 ๅฅ ๆพ ๆ ๅฎ ๆ 797โ99 ็ ๆ ๆ ๅ 744โ47 1489โ93 ้ ่กจ ่ 508โ9 354โ55 ่ ่ฏ 890โ92 8็ป ๆ 760โ63 300โ1 293โ95 ่ 310โ11 496โ97 396โ97 ้ ๅนพ ๅฌ ๆฌ ้ 800โ2 398โ99 352โ53 12 ็ป 696โ703 ๅฟ ็ซ ๅค ่ฐท ๅฉ 526โ27 434โ35 893โ95 ่ฌ ่ซ ๅฎน ่ 360โ61 206โ8 136โ39 462โ63 ๆ ๅฟฉ ็ฅ ็ด ้ท ๅฎ ๆฑ ๅฐ 1326โ30 332โ33 ่ 502โ3 ๆณ ็ธ ๅ ไบญ ่ฒ ๆฏ ๅธ ๅบฆ ่ ๅ 212โ14 157โ61 1485โ88 1494โ99 1441โ48 412โ13 174โ77 772โ75 215โ17 730โ35 65โ68 ่ค 1188โ93 312โ13 374โ75 362โ63 ้ค 1321โ25 430โ31 881โ83 254โ56 764โ67 ้ซ ๅ ้ชจ ๅฐ ๅพ ๅฎฟ ๅฐ ็ ๅฐ ๅ ๅธฏ ็ ๅ 482โ83 1524โ30 460โ61 ้ท 281โ83 414โ15 251โ53 920โ22 ่ 275โ77 209โ11 400โ1 188โ90 748โ51 839โ41 418โ19 842โ44 336โ37 809โ11 ่ 10 ็ป ่ ็ 306โ7 ้ ๅก ่ข ๅฎถ ๅฎณ ๆข 1221โ26 ็ซ ่ฒฌ ๆฝ ๆน ๅ ๅ ็ฅจ ้บป ๆผ ๅ ผ 1199โ2003 812โ14 ๅ 500โ1 1475โ80 424โ25 875โ77 78โ84 725โ29 ้ 263โ65 266โ68 464โ65 468โ69 170โ73 422โ23 506โ7 368โ69 1380โ83 472โ73 ่ 456โ57 ้ ๆฎ ่ณ ่ 514โ15 923โ25 326โ27 470โ71 478โ79 11 ็ป 520โ21 ่ ็ฆ ่ฑก ๅ ็ถ ๆ 492โ93 884โ86 932โ34 512โ13 488โ89 486โ87 440โ41 330โ31 466โ67 343โ5 340โ41 197โ99 322โ23 239โ41 13 ็ป ๆ 854โ56 358โ59 ้ค 402โ3 ่ฆ 857โ59 320โ21 ๅฐ ้ป ่ฒซ 388โ89 390โ91 ๆ 518โ19 ่ผ 178โ81 ่ก 752โ55 ่ 394โ95 1370โ75 74โ77 532โ33 ็พฉ ็ฆ 446โ47 436โ37 ่ 474โ75 ็ซ ็ฅญ ๅญฐ 432โ33 534โ35 ๆ ่ฆ 370โ71 ้คฌ 426โ27 278โ80 203โ5 806โ8 476โ77 index i: signal primitives ่ฒ 420โ21 ่ 101โ4 ๅฟ ่พฒ ่พ ่ทฏ 227โ9 14 ็ป 15 ็ป ็ 815โ17 ่ต 490โ91 444โ45 ๅฏ 452โ53 ๆด 318โ19 851โ53 ้ 366โ67 ๆ 480โ81 448โ49 ๅพด 328โ29 | 309 index ii Kanji The following list contains all the kanji treated in vol. 1, grouped by the number of strokes and ordered according to standard dictionary โradicals.โ The number following the kanji refers to the ๏ฌrst frame in which that character appears in that volume. Index v provides a cross-reference to the present volume. 1็ป ไธ 1 ไน 71 2็ป ไบบ ๅ 45 ๅฏธ 105 ๅฐ ๅฑฑ 768 127 ๅท 76 ๅทฅ 525 ๅทฑ ๅทณ 2042 ๅนฒ 1648 ๅผ 1231 681 ๆ 3็ป ไธ 91 ไธ 7 ไน 686 ไน 9 ไบ 97 ไบ 2 ไบบ 951 ๅ ซ 8 ๅ ฅ 779 ๅ 83 ๅ 858 ๅ 444 ๅ 10 ๅ 696 ๅฃ ๅฅณ ไธ ไธ ไธ ไธ ไธ ไธ ไธธ ไน ไน ไน ๅญ ไบก ๅก ๅ ๅบ ๅ ๅ ๅฃ ๅ ๅฃซ ๅค ๅคง ๅฅณ 64 691 3 49 50 1246 44 1016 ๅ ซ ๅ 1214 462 4็ป 95 485 62 84 68 40 688 11 ไบ 150 319 109 107 98 ไบป ไธ 1217 ไธ 2040 39 ไธญ 2038 ไธน ไน 1215 ไบ 1593 757 ไบ 5 ไบ 1806 ไบ ไป 988 ไป 1587 ไป 250 ๅ ๅ ๅ ๅคง ไป ๅ ๅ ๅ ฌ ๅ ญ ๅ ๅ ๅ ๅถ ๅ ๅ ๅ ๅฟ ๅ ๅ ๅน ๅบ ๅ ๅ ๅ ๅ ๅ ๅ ๅ ๅคฉ 964 765 59 784 6 1019 1811 ๅนบ 300 1490 781 85 1488 1049 1027 1008 1695 ๆ 1696 42 568 1415 704 697 722 1510 428 ๆฏ 120 ๅคช 838 ๅคซ 96 ๅญ ๅฐ 106 ๅฐบ 1070 ๅฑฏ 2033 ๅนป 1862 ๅปฟ 1190 ๅผ 1232 ๅผ 1233 595 ๅฟ ๆธ 1076 637 ๆ 711 ๆฏ ๆ 1725 ๆ 1177 ๆค 1125 ๆน 490 12 ๆฅ 578 ๆฐ 13 ๆ 195 ๆจ ๆฌ 466 ๆญข 370 ๆฏ 447 index ii: kanji ็ ็ ๆฏ ๆฐ ๆฐด ็ซ ็ช ็ถ ็ ็ ็ ็ฌ ็ 1913 1828 130 727 1274 1212 1904 245 238 255 5็ป ไบป ๅ ๅต ๅฃ 161 ไธ 2034 28 ไธ 1329 ไธ ไธ 1020 ไธป 266 ไปฅ 1028 ไป 960 961 ไป ไป 1000 ไป 986 ไปฃ 1005 ไปค 1401 103 ๅ ๅ 1826 ๅ 1247 ๅฌ 427 ๅฆ 297 34 ๅธ 767 ๅบ 33 ๅน 1650 ๅ ๅ 863 ๅ 867 ๅ 530 ๅ 445 ๅ 1202 48 ๅ ๅ ๅคง ๅทพ ๆจ ๅฏ ๅป ๅค ๅฅ ๅช ๅซ ๅฌ ๅฏ ๅฐ ๅท ๅฒ ๅณ ๅธ ๅ ๅ ๅง ๅค ๅคฎ ๅคฑ ๅฅด ๅฐผ ๅทฆ ๅทง ๅทจ ๅธ ๅธ ๅนณ ๅนผ ๅบ ๅบ ๅผ ๅผ ๅฟ ๆ ๆ ๆฅ ๆฆ ๆง ๆช ๆซ ๆฌ ๆญ 2041 ๆญข 750 16 65 53 1508 86 93 744 1242 692 78 1863 ็ 1018 4 152 111 1740 845 702 1054 77 1241 856 412 ็ณ 405 1484 1378 591 739 ่พถ 742 1234 635 ๆญฃ 379 101 ๆฏ 1834 ๆฐ 131 ๆฐท 132 ๆฐธ ๆฑ 140 ็ 1877 ็ฏ 1414 ็ 1383 ็ 256 ็ฆ 1031 ็ 1757 ็ 1555 ็จ 1181 14 ็ฐ ็ฑ 1105 ็ฒ 1113 ็ณ 1117 37 ็ฝ 802 ็ฎ ็ฟ 1447 15 ็ฎ 1225 ็ ็ข 1220 113 ็ณ 1086 ็คบ ็คผ 1087 ็ฉด 1316 431 ็ซ ่พบ 284 ่พป 279 ่พผ 780 ๅฟ ๅฉ ๅฃ 653 6็ป 738 ๅ 1138 30 35 216 217 ไบ 211 212 ไบป ไธก ไบ ไบ ไบค ไบฅ ไปฎ 1168 1154 32 1275 1519 966 ๅ ไปฐ ไปฒ ไปถ ไปป ไผ ไผ ไผ ไผ ไผ ไผ ไผ ๅ ๅ ๅ ๅ ๅ จ ๅ ฑ ๅ ๅ ๅ ๅฃ ๅ ๅฐ ๅฑ ๅ ๅ ๅ ๅ ๅ ๅ ๅ ๅ ๅ ๅธ ๅ ๅ ๅฃ ๅจ ๅญ ๅฐ ๅฃฎ ๅค 1701 ๅฅณ 956 959 1003 375 ๅญ 1161 962 ๅฎ 994 965 752 963 ๅฏธ 761 235 248 ๅฝ 119 263 1795 ๆ 1815 679 812 ๅผ 862 1693 1425 1416 291 253 320 180 112 ๆจ 1861 693 151 183 689 ๆญน 586 583 582 685 155 515 321 108 ็ซ ๅฅฝ ๅฆ ๅฆ ๅฆ ๅญ ๅญ ๅฎ ๅฎ ๅฎ ๅฎ ๅฏบ ๅฐฝ ๅท ๅฝ ๅธ ๅนด ๅผ ๅผ ๅฟ ๆ ๆฑ ๆจ ๆฉ ๆฌ ๆญ ๆฒ ่ ๆ ๆฑ ๆด ๆบ ๆฝ ๆฌก ๆญป ๆฏ ๆฐ ๆฑ ๆฑ ๆฑ ๆฑ ๆฑ ็ฏ | 311 99 100 527 487 185 684 1916 1656 186 190 158 1071 128 1153 406 1036 353 355 618 361 690 455 26 67 27 1172 66 79 221 207 210 1243 471 815 458 1885 110 1651 1245 139 516 165 312 | index ii: kanji ่น ่พถ ็ฐ ็พ ็ซน ็ฑณ ็ณธ ็ผถ ็พ ็พฝ ่ ่ ่ณ ่ ่ช ่ณ ่ ่ ่ฒ ่ ่ ่ซ ่ก ่ก ่กฃ ่ฅฟ ๅทก ่ฟ 168 38 937 919 1333 1965 ๅฟ 547 573 1251 ๅซ 1252 818 1022 36 753 ๅ 41 1868 1753 1655 1216 ๅฉ 517 1448 873 ๅฃ 396 1602 285 280 7็ป ไบ ไบป ไธฒ ไนฑ ไบ ไผฏ ไผด ไผธ ไผบ ไผผ ไฝ ไฝ ไฝ ไฝ 603 72 ๅ 1809 967 1203 ๅ 1118 1864 1029 955 1831 954 952 ๅฃซ ไฝ ไฝ ไฝ ไฝ ไฝ ๅ ๅ ๅ ต ๅท ๅ ๅค ๅฅ ๅฉ ๅฉ ๅช ๅฑ ๅด ๅป ๅณ ๅด ๅต ๅ ๅ ๅฆ ๅซ ๅน ๅพ ๅ ๅ ๅ ๅ ๅฐ ๅฒ ๅณ ๅ ๅ ๅ ๅ ๅฃฐ ๅฃฑ ๅฃฒ ๅฆ 957 953 1012 1657 ๅญ 1142 104 ๅฏธ 58 1331 1404 404 1205 ๅฑฑ 90 906 ๅนฟ 1782 865 866 ๅผ 860 1694 1462 1395 1422 1162 1589 1218 1588 ๆ 467 17 24 ๆ 262 1897 247 579 1807 1180 723 160 492 306 1896 ๆต 457 323 507 ๆ 123 ๅฆ 728 ๅฆฅ 491 ๅฆจ 1253 ๅญ 187 ๅฎ 1726 ๅฏพ ๅฏฟ 1565 ๅฐพ 1915 ๅฑ 1066 ๅฐฟ 1053 ๅฒ 772 ๅธ 1489 ๅบ 1594 ๅบ 592 ๅปท 508 ๅผ 1240 ๅฝข 1711 ๅฝน 884 ๅฟ 599 597 ๅฟ 600 ๅฟ ๅฟ 596 ๅฟ 607 ๅฟซ 1642 ๆ 640 ๆ 676 ๆป 1081 ๆถ 839 ๆน 649 712 ๆ 647 ๆ ๆ 1752 ๆ 1700 ๆ 706 ๆ 648 ๆ 1130 ๆ 705 ๆ 1074 528 ๆน ๆป 330 ๆด 694 114 ่ ๆจ ็ซ ็ฆพ ็ณธ ่น ่ 1649 ๆ 1713 ๆ 203 ๆ 683 ๆ 208 ๆ 1664 ๆก 298 ๆฅ 1884 ๆฑ 934 ๆฑฝ 1886 ๆฑบ 1641 ๆฒ 1888 138 ๆฒ 707 ๆฒก ๆฒข 1072 167 ็ฝ 239 ็ถ ็ 260 ็ท 859 92 ็บ 1092 ็คพ 914 ็ง 902 ็ง ็ฉถ 1320 ็ณป 1391 ่ฏ 1468 ่ฑ 1009 ่ณ 493 421 ่ธ 848 ่ฃ 57 ่ฆ 1812 ่ง 335 ่จ 788 ่ฐท ่ฑ 1440 54 ่ฒ 1743 ่ตค ่ตฐ 384 ่ถณ 1279 ่บซ 1248 ่ป 286 ่พ 1496 ่พถ ่พฐ 2008 ่ฟ 1702 ่ฟ 1129 725 ่ฟ 1848 ้ฆ ้ 1429 173 ้ 1533 ้บฆ ้ช 1294 ้ฒ 1302 8็ป ไบ ไบป ๅ ซ ๅ ๅ ไธฆ ไนณ ไบ ไบซ ไบฌ ไฝณ ไฝต ไฝฟ ไพ ไพ ไพ ไพ ไพก ไพฎ ๅ ท ๅ ธ ๅ ๅฝ ๅฐ ๅถ ๅท ๅธ ๅบ ๅป ๅน ๅพ ๅ ๅ 1785 729 1156 308 312 970 1030 990 972 976 1796 971 1603 989 74 1827 1972 1902 755 418 1069 1206 417 1521 1276 1523 1511 1025 index ii: kanji ๅถ ๅ ๅฃ ๅ ๅคง ๅฅณ ๅญ ๅฎ ๅฐธ ๅฑฑ 51 ๅ 872 ๅ ๅ 1720 718 ๅ 819 ๅ 735 ๅ 317 ๅจ 219 ๅณ ๅผ 1485 ๅฝ 1400 ๅ 897 ๅบ 580 581 ๅฝ 1486 ๅช ๅ 1582 ๅค 1037 126 ๅฅ 1094 ๅฅ ๅฅ 1573 ๅฅ 1196 ๅฆน 220 ๅฆป 1889 413 ๅง 747 ๅง ๅง 1557 913 ๅง 912 ๅญฃ ๅญค 1879 ๅญฆ 324 ๅฎ 1100 ๅฎ 1271 ๅฎ 1109 382 ๅฎ 1417 ๅฎ ๅฎ 1783 257 ๅฎ 1572 ๅฎ 184 ๅฐ ๅฑ 1063 ๅฑ 1060 ๅฑ 1110 ๅฒก 1961 ๅนฒ ๅนฟ ๅฝณ ๆธ ๆต ๅฒฉ ๅฒฌ ๅฒณ ๅฒธ ๅนธ ๅบ ๅบ ๅบ ๅปถ ๅผฆ ๅผง ๅฝผ ๅพ ๅพ ๅพ ๅฟ ๅฟต ๆ ๆง ๆช ๆฟ ๆ ๆฟ ๆซ ๆฑ ๆต ๆน ๆผ ๆฝ ๆ ๆ ๆ ๆ ๆ ๆ ๆ ๆ ๆ ๆ ๆก ๆพ ๆ 770 ๆฅ 1115 1330 1653 1505 1833 588 ๆ 1002 392 1386 1878 883 880 881 882 ๆจ 602 1590 623 1558 716 1078 1127 1901 805 645 1832 644 1114 1106 668 652 656 857 651 654 769 650 1564 669 740 496 1729 ๆฌ ๆ ๆ ๆ ๆ ๆ ๆ ๆ ๆ ่ข ่ฅ ่ฉ ่ช ่ฏ ่ฒ ๆฏ ๆฑ ๆพ ๆฟ ๆ ๆ ๆ ๆ ๆ ๆ ๆข ๆฌง ๆญฆ ๆญฉ ๆฎด ๆฏ ๆฒซ ๆฒณ ๆฒธ ๆฒน ๆฒป ๆฒผ ๆฒฟ ๆณ ๆณ ๆณ ๆณ ๆณก 448 43 25 20 1051 1184 ็ซ 19 1399 714 1756 ็ 1077 494 ็ฐ 374 759 ็ฎ 1219 504 785 724 1126 196 332 1121 713 200 ่น 1697 1699 377 371 1698 1531 218 146 1237 1107 746 137 795 145 147 636 751 533 ่พถ ๆณข ๆณฃ ๆณฅ ๆณจ ๆณณ ็ ็ ็ ็ ็ง ็ฉ ็ป ็ ็ฒ ็ด ็ฅ ็ฅ ็ฅ ็ช ็ฉบ ็ณพ ่ ่ ่ ่ฝ ่ ่ฅ ่ฆ ่ฑ ่ ่ ่ ่กจ ่ฟซ ่ฟญ ่ฟฐ ้ธ ้ช ้ ้ท ้ ้ป 803 ้ฟ ้ ้จ ้ ้ 432 1055 267 136 | 313 1295 1303 422 1534 1632 1080 468 9็ป 162 1213 329 1050 1170 ไบป 69 486 73 1223 1128 1091 1319 1317 1509 ๅ 1256 316 1419 1905 234 ๅ 223 225 1741 360 ๅ 715 1990 1546 ๅฃ 282 847 1524 ๅ 1841 1906 269 1920 ๅคง 1616 1780 ๅฅณ ไน ไบญ ไฟ ไพฏ ไฟ ไพต ไพฟ ไฟ ไฟ ไฟ ไฟก ๅ ๅ ๅ ๅ ๅ ๅ ๅ ๅ ๅธ ๅ ๅ ๅ ๅฒ ๅ ๅ ๅ ๅฃ ๅ ๅค ๅฅ ๅฅ ๅงป 1585 311 1392 1639 1014 1148 991 1280 968 997 969 18 304 88 118 290 1667 1407 1613 1397 178 125 1660 2018 401 23 680 154 362 1745 1549 1571 584 314 | index ii: kanji ๅฎ ็พ ๅฑฑ ๅนบ ๅฝณ ๆต ๆฅ ๅงฟ ๅจ ๅฎข ๅฎค ๅฎฃ ๅฐ ๅ ๅฑ ๅฐ ๅณ ๅณก ๅทป ๅธฅ ๅธ ๅนฝ ๅบฆ ๅปบ ๅฝฆ ๅพ ๅพ ๅพ ๆ ๆ ๆ ๆฅ ๆจ ๆ ๆจ ๆ ๆฌ ๆท ๆพ ๆ ๆ ๆ ๆ ๆฟ ๆ ๆฝ ๆ ๆ ๆฅ 474 364 294 754 188 ๆ 46 1928 1058 156 773 1265 ๆจ 1207 1270 435 1380 1194 391 1716 879 874 1379 703 605 745 1146 1420 620 1460 625 661 1255 667 660 659 658 1267 381 333 1045 1556 1742 1568 ็ซ ๆจ ๆญ ๆฏ ๆผ ่บ ่ ่ ่ ่ ่ ๆ ๆฏ ๆป ๆถ ๆ ๆ ๆ ๆ ๆ ๆฑ ๆณ ๆ ๆฎต ๆณ ๆด ๆด ๆด ๆดฅ ๆดช ๆดป ๆดพ ๆต ๆต ๆตท ็ญ ็บ ็น ็ฒ ็ญ ็ฉ ็ฌ ็ 1140 ็ 87 ็ฐ 388 1075 414 29 ็ฝ 31 446 748 ็ฎ 531 326 206 1781 869 ็ณ 1021 199 1759 509 1226 268 ็ฆพ 1421 514 1859 ็ฉด 133 ็ณธ 549 249 181 328 ็พ 1799 143 1855 ่น 1155 369 461 771 1918 ่จ 169 1559 1266 243 522 1723 ่จ ็ ็ ็ ็ซ ็บ ็ ็ ็ ็ ็ ็พ ็ ็ธ ็ ็ ็ ็ฅ ็ฅ ็ฅ ็ง ็ง ็ง ็ช ็ด ็ด ็ด ็ด ็พ ่ ่ญ ่จ ่ถ ่ ่ ่ ่ ่น ่ฆ ่จ ่จ ่ฒ ่ฒ 1768 251 ่ป 166 1689 ่พถ 1705 449 261 1449 638 513 1853 124 209 ้ 117 675 ้ฉ 116 1779 1089 1119 900 1179 899 1322 1354 ่ตด ่ป ่ป ่ฟท ่ฟฝ ้ ้ ้ ้ ้ ้ ้ ้ ้ข ้ฉ ้ณ ้ ้ขจ ้ฃ ้ฃ ้ฆ ้ฆ 386 ๅซ 288 301 924 1268 1465 2016 ๅ 283 1959 1844 ๅฃ 1851 1466 1675 1892 1893 479 ๅค 60 ๅฅณ 524 1887 1472 70 911 ๅฎ 10 ็ป 1362 1355 1353 ไบป 548 1164 122 472 252 224 488 322 1998 520 1604 339 337 55 63 ๅ ซ ไฟฎ ไฟณ ไฟต ไฟธ ๅ ๅ ๅ ๅ ๅ ๅ ๅฃ ๅค ๅซ ๅน ๅ ๅ ผ 1722 1633 1547 ๅฏธ 1574 1630 973 ๅฑฑ 992 980 1640 ๅทพ 1186 979 978 ๅนฟ 1821 1674 797 ๅผ 1597 ๅฝณ ๅ ๅ ๅ ๅ ๅฃ ๅค ๅ ๅฟ ๅ ๅก ๅ ๅฒ ๅ ๅ ๅ ๅค ๅงซ ๅจ ๅจ ๅจฏ ๅญซ ๅฎฎ ๅฎฐ ๅฎณ ๅฎด ๅฎต ๅฎถ ๅฎน ๅฐ ๅฐ ๅฑ ๅณฐ ๅณถ ๅทฎ ๅธญ ๅธฏ ๅธฐ ๅบง ๅบซ ๅบญ ๅผฑ ๅพ 560 506 478 1964 1671 1730 1975 1692 134 56 766 1131 2013 1157 179 296 849 1471 2012 1898 1393 1033 1499 1551 191 189 541 790 1249 731 1925 1562 1948 554 1193 415 1230 1024 589 590 1236 1659 index ii: kanji ๆต ๆ ๆฅ ๆ ๆจ ๅพ 878 ๅพ 877 ๆ 1748 619 ๆฆ 613 ๆ 823 ๆฅ ๆฉ 606 ๆญ 1803 ๆฏ 610 612 ๆต 622 ๆ ๆฉ 1935 ๆ 1079 ๆ 1938 ๆฏ 2011 ๆฟ 1116 ๆ 1836 ๆ 1120 ๆ 459 ๆ 1048 ๆข 1481 ๆ 1178 159 ๆ 327 ๆธ ่ธ 1491 ๆ 489 871 ่ 870 ่ ่ 456 ๆ 2027 182 ่ด 2004 ่ฝ ่ 1856 ๆ 1469 214 ๆก 1932 ๆก ๆ ธ 1520 ๆ ผ 292 198 ๆก ๆ ก 1278 ๆ น 1461 358 ๆ ฝ ๆญน ็ฐ ็ณ ็ฆพ ๆก ๆ ช ๆ ๆก ๆก ๆก ๆข ๆ ๆฎ ๆฎ ๆฎ ๆฎบ ๆณฐ ๆถ ๆตธ ๆต ๆตฎ ๆตฆ ๆตด ๆต ๆถ ๆตช ็ ็ ็น ็ ็ญ ็ ็ ็ ็ ็พ ็ ็ฒ ็ ็ ็ ็ ็ ด ็ ฒ ็ฅฅ ็งฐ 367 222 264 698 236 204 ็ฑณ 460 1609 ็ณธ 808 810 809 1493 1570 144 1149 1332 730 ่ 1837 789 ่ณ 764 1082 1470 ่น 1944 814 246 ่ซ 258 1229 1384 1204 1017 1423 ่ ฐ 1686 ่จ 1685 1688 1682 1881 ่ฒ 75 1835 806 532 ่พฐ 1088 ่พถ 905 ็ง 1778 ็ง 904 ็งฉ 903 536 ็ซ 938 ็ฌ ็ฒ 925 ็ฒ 920 ็ดข 1365 ็ด 1829 ็ด 1494 ็ด 1532 ็ด 1356 ็ด 1727 ็ดก 1357 ็ด 1358 ็ฟ 786 ่ 1808 ่ 1914 ่ด 756 ่ช 1870 ่ฌ 1871 ่ฏ 1581 ่ท 1013 ่ป 242 523 ่ 1728 ่ ่กฐ 1890 ่กท 1891 ่ข 1108 ่ขซ 807 ๅธซ 1269 529 ่จ 341 ่จ 1917 ่จ ่จ 340 81 ่ฒข 682 ่ฒก ่ป 1652 ่ตท 526 ่พฑ 2009 ้ 1132 281 ้ ้ ้น ้ ้ ้ ้ ้ ้ ้ฃ ้ก ้ ้ ้ ้ ้ข ้ฅ ้ ้ค ้ฃ ้ ้ป ้ฃข ้ฆฌ ้ชจ ้ซ ้ฌผ 1669 539 1408 1858 1661 915 ๅ 287 1843 1429 1428 1436 274 1304 ๅฅณ 1315 1308 1658 ๅฎ 1305 1310 699 1475 1978 1288 307 2019 ๅฑฑ ๅทพ 11 ็ป ไน ไบป ๅ ๅฃ ไนพ ๅ ๅ ๅฅ ๅด ๅต ๅถ ๅฝ ๅฏ ๅฐ ๅ ๅ ๅ ๅฏ 463 1823 977 ๅผ 974 975 981 1955 1919 89 1586 1676 1769 1227 556 ๅฝก | 315 21 ๅฑ 439 ๅ ๅ 1617 ๅ 1085 ๅ 454 356 ๅ 1506 ๅท ๅน 477 ๅบ 1767 153 ๅผ 1062 ๅ ๅ 798 ๅฉ 804 ๅฉ 1830 ๅฉฆ 1151 ๅฎฟ 995 ๅฏ 720 192 ๅฏ 2006 ๅฏ 775 ๅฏ 1095 ๅฐ ๅทฃ 1927 ๅด 1101 ๅด 778 ๅดฉ 774 ๅธณ 1922 ๅธธ 799 ๅบท 1159 ๅบถ 1191 ๅบธ 1182 ๅผต 1921 ๅผท 1235 ๅฝฉ 1714 ๅฝซ 1710 ๅพ 876 ๆ 958 ๆฃ 604 ๆช 1810 621 ๆผ ๆ 1537 ๆ 1187 ๆจ 1721 316 | index ii: kanji ๆต ๆน ๆฅ ๆ ๆจ ๆจ ๆฎ ๆ ๆ ๆ ๆ ๆ ๆก ๆข ๆฅ ๆช ๆง ๆจ ๆ ๆฒ ๆ ๆ ๆ ๆ ๆ ๆญ ๆ ๆ ๆน ๆฝ ่ฑ ่ ่ณ ่ฑ ๆข ๆขข ๆขจ ๆขฐ ๆฌฒ ๆฎผ ๆถฒ ๆถฏ ๆธ ๆธ ๆทท ๆธ ๆธ 655 1064 1152 736 1634 1061 674 733 1327 672 1188 1318 663 ็ 670 ็ 673 936 1254 331 1732 ็ฐ 1662 1136 ็ฟ 1046 1222 ็ฎ 1173 501 498 1396 1934 ็ฉด 538 1498 201 ็ซน 907 677 792 710 1038 ็ฑณ 157 451 840 450 1731 1738 ็ณธ ๆท ๆธ ๆธ ๆทฑ ๆธ ๆทก ๆทป ๆถผ ็ช ็ซ ็ ็ ็ ็ ็พ ็ ็ถ ็ฃ ็ฐ ็ฅ ็ ็ ็ผ ็บ ็ฅญ ็ฅจ ็ซ ็ช ็ช ็งป ็ฌฌ ็ฌ ็ฌฆ ็ฌ ็ฌน ็ฒ ็ฒ ็ฒ ็ต ็ดบ ็ดฐ ็ต 721 1263 372 1328 1539 ็พฝ 164 634 ่ฟ 313 1262 244 ่น 1456 1940 1737 935 259 265 ่จ 1032 ่ซ 1560 1797 293 1457 ่ฆ 1451 1467 ่จ 237 1102 1606 433 749 ่ฒ 1321 898 1239 1111 1001 ่ตค 939 ่ป 940 1777 921 922 1360 1758 1363 1352 ่พถ ็ดน 1359 ็ดณ 1361 ็ต 1776 ็ดฏ 1364 574 ็ฟ 575 ็ฟ 1733 ็ฒ ่น 1874 ่ถ 1869 ่ 1122 ่ 927 918 ่ 734 ่ ่ 1258 ่ฑ 1517 ่ 1993 518 ่ 519 ่ ่ก 1525 ่ข 1006 841 ่ฆ 1093 ่ฆ ่จฑ 569 ่จ 787 ่จญ 708 ่จช 495 ่จณ 1073 ่ฒจ 1010 102 ่ฒซ 1541 ่ฒฌ ่ฒฉ 726 ่ฒง 782 ่ตฆ 1744 ่ป 470 ่ปข 420 ้ธ 1973 561 ้ฒ 318 ้ฑ ้ฎ 1160 ้ญ 1842 ้ท 1849 ้ฝ 1846 ้ ้จ ้จ ้ต ้ ้ ้ ้ฃ ้ ้ฐ ้บ ้ณ ้ถ ้ช ้ธ ้ ้ต ้ช ้ ้ญ ้ณฅ ้นฟ ้บป ้ป ้ป ไบ 1845 1847 1435 ๅ 1908 ๅ 1596 273 1623 1592 1672 1301 1966 1299 1513 1561 ๅคง 1518 ๅฅณ 1143 94 171 ๅฎ 1941 1999 ๅฏธ 593 1750 ๅฐค 174 ๅฐธ 534 ๅทพ 12 ็ป ๅนฟ ไบป ๅ ๅฃ ๅ ๅ ๅ ๅ ๅฒ ๅต ๅ ๅ ๅค ๅ ๅ ๅ ๅ ๅช 1015 1026 ๅผ 1183 1643 1553 1631 1209 861 1577 47 1035 1042 1445 1926 ๅฝณ ๅซ ๅถ ๅ ๅ ๅ ค ๅ ช ๅ ฑ ๅ ด ๅก ๅก ๅก ๅก ๅ ๅฅฅ ๅฉฟ ๅช ๅช ๅฏ ๅฏ ๅฐ ๅฐ ๅฐฑ ๅฑ ๅต ๅธฝ ๅน ๅนพ ๅป ๅป ๅผพ ่ก ๅพก ๅพฉ ๅพช ๆฒ ๆ ๆฐ ๆ ๆ ๆ ๆ ๆ 1550 1034 1208 1314 390 1770 1507 545 1056 1734 254 1039 853 928 395 1761 1950 193 1526 1439 1145 1969 1953 777 408 407 1381 1706 1852 1931 1857 1398 875 1854 1635 614 629 624 628 1638 801 665 index ii: kanji ๆต ๆฅ ๆ ๆจ ๆฌ ๆ ๆ ๆก ๆฎ ๆด ๆบ ๆญ ๆข ๆฃ ๆฌ ๆฎ ๆ ๆฏ ๆด ๆ ๆถ ๆฟ ๆบ ๆฉ ๆ ่ ๆ ๆ ่น ๆฃ ๆฃ ๆฃ ๆฃ ๆฃฎ ๆค ๆฃบ ๆค ๆฅต ๆฌบ ๆฌพ ๆฎ ๆธฉ ๆธฆ ๆธ ๆน ๆธฏ ๆป 664 1043 1059 662 1951 1967 646 ็ซ 826 1189 334 1786 1201 314 1538 ็ฐ 821 22 842 1224 1974 1260 ็ถ 1418 52 1765 ็ณ 1923 1763 1575 ็ฆพ 202 505 197 ็ซน 1673 1272 205 1903 1762 1097 ็ฑณ 811 ็ณธ 1452 1292 366 148 1800 1388 ๆนฟ ๆธฌ ๆธก ๆนฏ ๆบ ๆนพ ็ผ ็ ฎ ็ฆ ็ถ ็ก ็ถ ็ด ็ณ ็ช ็ ็ ็ ็ข ็ป ็ ็ญ ็กฌ ็ก ็กซ ็จ ็จ ็ซฅ ็ญ ็ญ ็ญ ็ญ ็ญ ็ญ ็ฒง ็ตต ็ตฆ ็ต ็ต ็ดซ ็ตถ ็ตฑ 1788 149 ่น 1195 546 1169 1749 ่ก 1200 1257 557 241 1775 1438 ่ฆ 1591 ่จ 1784 1909 1668 1690 1684 1687 1703 555 1442 ่ฒ 695 115 763 895 894 436 941 ่ตฐ 948 945 944 ่ป 947 943 923 1346 1349 1351 1348 1375 1754 1347 ่พถ ็ตก ่ฝ ่ฌ ่ ่ฎ ่ก ่ฃ ่ฃ ่ฃ ่ฃ ่ฃ ่ฆ ่ฉ ่ฉ ่จผ ่ฉ ่ฉ ่จบ ่จด ่ฉ ่ฑก ่ณ ่ฒด ่ฒธ ่ฒฏ ่ฒท ่ฒป ่ฒฟ ่ถ ่ถ ่ท ่ปฝ ่ปธ ้ ้ ้ ้ ้ ้ ้ ้ ้ 1350 299 ้ 816 ้ 228 ้ 1747 890 397 398 813 1840 793 325 ้น 345 1141 380 342 ้จ 1865 1724 ้ 1139 1487 1976 868 1771 1007 ้ ข ้ ้ ้ ้ ้ ้ ้ ้ ้ ้ฝ ้ ้ ้ ้ ้ฒ ้ฐ ้ ้ ้ ้ฃฒ ้ฃฏ ๆญฏ 1434 177 1495 ๅค 1622 1625 ๅฅณ 1620 1309 ๅฎ 1958 1298 ๅทพ 1306 1300 ๅนฒ 559 1083 1907 743 423 2028 82 1718 129 1474 1473 1171 ๆ 194 13 ็ป 831 1238 1424 ไบป 387 385 1281 717 1112 303 1293 ๅ 1956 540 ๅฃ 552 1067 277 1047 1824 ๅ ๅฌ 987 ๅ 999 ๅต 1544 ๅท 996 ๅพ 1011 ๅ 1678 ๅง 982 ๅข 1515 ๅง 864 ๅฃ 1867 ๅ 1579 585 ๅ 2024 ๅก ๅก 1960 ๅก 1663 ๆฏ ๆฅ ๆ ๆจ ๅกฉ ๅข ๅคข ๅฅจ ๅซ ๅซ ๅฏ ๅฏ ๅน ๅน ๅนน ๅป ๅพฎ ๆ ๆณ ๆ ๆ ๆ ๆ ๆ ๆ ๆ จ ๆฆ ๆ ๆฌ ๆบ ๆพ ๆ ้ผ ๆฐ ๆฐ ๆ ๆ ๆ ่ ธ ่ น ่ ฐ ๆฅฝ ๆฃ ๆฅญ ๆคฟ ๆฅ | 317 1458 231 305 732 542 1598 226 1150 410 409 1654 1601 889 901 609 608 1957 737 615 1389 630 1483 1929 666 1873 687 1324 1739 1444 929 1502 1882 1949 480 544 464 1605 1735 758 1792 1569 1614 318 | index ii: kanji ๆญข ็ซ ็ณ ็ซน ็ณธ ็พ ่ณ ๆฅผ 930 512 ๆญณ 1805 ๆฎฟ ๆป 1289 ๆผข 1578 142 ๆบ 1819 ๆบ ๆบ 564 ๆป 416 ๆผ 230 365 ๆป 1838 ่ฒ 791 ๆบถ 537 ๆป 1612 ็ 163 ็ ฉ 170 ็ ง ็ฎ 1615 ็ฟ 403 ็ด 1683 ็ 1450 ็ก 1583 719 ็ฃ 1514 ็ฆ ็ข 1766 ็ข 1512 ็ฆ 1098 ็ฆ 1291 ็ฆ 1930 ็ฆ 1090 ็จ 896 ็ฏ 1464 ็ถ 1370 ็ตน 1368 ็ถ 1345 ็ฝช 1636 ็ฝฒ 1259 832 ็ฝฎ ็พค 1163 ็พฉ 641 553 ็พจ 825 ่ ่น ่จ ่ง ่จ ่พ ่ฑ ่ฒ ๐งพท ่ป ่พฐ ่พถ ้ ้ ่ 1876 ่ธ 1900 ่ 1385 ่ 1995 ่ 1991 ่ฃ 399 453 ่ค 1124 ่ฃธ ่งฃ 1814 ่งฆ 1813 ่ฉฒ 1522 343 ่ฉฐ 1244 ่ช 354 ่ฉฆ 346 ่ฉฉ ่ฉณ 550 363 ่ช 1939 ่ช ่ฉฑ 344 ่พ 1497 ่ฑ 1443 ่ณ 473 357 ่ณ 1004 ่ณ 80 ่ณ 1746 ่ทก ่ทต 1286 ่ทณ 1284 ่ทฏ 1282 ่ผ 1277 359 ่ผ 2014 ่พฒ ้ 402 ้ฃ 1773 ้ 1644 ้ ฌ 1432 ้ ช 1433 ้ 794 741 ้ฑ ้ 846 271 ้ข ้ด 1406 ้จ ้ฉ ้ ้ณฅ ้ป ้ท ้ถ ้ ้ด ้ ้ ้ ้ฃผ ้ฃพ ้ฃฝ ้ณฉ 535 425 1402 ๆจ 1312 1894 61 783 ๆญข 1595 1866 1477 1480 1946 14 ็ป ไบป ๅฃ ๅ ๅคง ๅฐธ ๅฝณ ๆฅ ๅ 1977 ๅ 1794 ๅ 1707 ้ณด 1942 ๅกพ 309 ๅข 484 ๅข 502 175 ๅขจ ๅฅช 566 ๅซก 440 617 ๅฏก ๅฏง 834 ่ 776 ๅฑค 1065 ๅฝฐ 1715 885 ๅพณ 887 ๅพด ๆ 2005 633 ๆ 829 ๆ ข ๆ 626 ๆ ฃ 627 ๆ 657 ๆญ 469 ๆ 1764 232 ๆฎ ็ ็ฆพ ็ฉด ็ซ ็ซน ็ฑณ ็ณธ ่ 213 ๆฆ 233 ่ ๆฆ 1482 ๆจก 229 ๆง 1818 933 ๆง 376 ๆญด 917 ็ฉ 2007 ๆผ 172 ๆผ 1545 ๆผฌ 932 ๆผ 1135 ๆผธ ๆผ 1175 ๆปด 442 ๆผ 1607 ๆผซ 830 ๆผ 1068 ็ 2003 338 ็ 1410 ็ ็ฃ 1390 ๅฏ 1103 ็จฎ 1679 ็จฒ 910 ็ชช 1323 ็ซฏ 1167 833 ็ฝฐ 2029 ็ฎ ็ฎก 1273 ็ฎ 946 ็ฒพ 1535 ็ถญ 1341 ็ถฑ 1963 ็ท 1344 ็ท 1366 ็ถฟ 1367 ็ถฒ 1373 ็ท 1371 ็ทด 1343 ่ 1626 ่ 1023 ่น ่จ ่ฑ ๐งพท ่พถ ้ ้ ้ ้น ้ ้ฆฌ ้ฌผ ่ฆ ่ฃณ ่ฃฝ ่ค ่ช ่ชค ่ช ่ช ่ชฌ ่ชญ ่ช ่ช ่ฑช ่ธ ้ฎ ้ญ ้ฉ ้ ต ้ ท ้ ธ ้ ้ ้ญ ้ ้ ้ ้ฃ ้ข ้ฅ ้ ้ ้ ้ ้ ้ ้ ้ ้ง ้ง ้ง ้ซช ้ญ 1945 800 419 465 347 1899 601 1133 499 348 598 916 543 1409 1192 1174 441 1430 1431 1437 1459 762 368 270 272 275 1624 2017 1619 1313 1296 1297 562 563 1165 1540 1405 1984 1983 1986 1924 2021 index ii: kanji ้ผป 678 15 ็ป ไบป ๅฃ ๅ ๅฏธ ๆต ๆจ ๆฌ ๅ ๅ ๅ ๅฑ ๅจ ๅด ๅข ๅขณ ๅฌ ๅฏฉ ๅฏฎ ๅฐ ๅฑฅ ๅนฃ ๅผ ๅฝฑ ๅพน ๆ ฐ ๆ ถ ๆ ๆ ฎ ๆค ๆฏ ๆ ๆฉ ๆฎ ๆค ๆฒ ๆต ๆท ๆซ ๆด ๆจช ๆงฝ ๆจฉ ๆจ ๆญ 984 983 1997 1954 121 ็ฟ 1197 1307 1198 ็ฆพ 430 1910 1708 ็ฉด 278 1057 1040 ็ซน 1041 1712 ็ณธ 886 1096 2001 616 1996 1199 1994 709 639 ่น 822 760 1793 ่ก 443 1883 1134 1801 1751 1176 571 1608 570 ่จ ๆฝ ๆฝค ๆฝ ๆฝ ๆฝฎ ๆพ ็ ๅฒ ็ฑ ็ฃ ็ค ็ขบ ็จผ ็จฟ ็ฉ ็ชฎ ็ชฏ ็ฝท ็ฎฑ ็ฏ ็ธ ็ทฉ ็ท ็ธ ็ท ็ท ็ทจ ่ ่ ่ต ่ ่ถ ่ก ่ค ่ฌ ่ชฒ ่ซธ ่ซ ่ซพ ่ช ่ซ ่ชฟ 1548 1627 2039 844 141 1704 310 1677 1516 1453 1872 567 893 892 909 1326 1325 2032 942 1413 1372 1952 1374 1377 1339 1340 1825 1774 1839 850 ่ซ ่ณ ่ณ ่ณญ ่ณช ่ณ ่ณ ่ณ ่ณฆ ่ถฃ ๐งพท ่ธ ่ผ ่ป ่ผฉ ่ผช ่พถ ้บ ้ต ้ท ้ธ ้ ้ญ ้ณ ้ฒ ้จ ้ ้ ้ค ้ค ้ฆฌ ้ง ้ง ้ญ ้ป ้ป ่ฒ 1820 843 1052 1264 1137 796 476 511 378 820 1287 302 1637 1822 1772 2031 1610 1804 500 1566 1618 2010 1791 1479 1476 1979 1982 2023 240 1992 16 ็ป 521 1680 998 ไบป 452 ๅซ 1123 ๅ 1261 1536 351 393 350 349 ๅฅณ ๅ ๅ ๅขพ ๅฃ ๅฃ ๅฃ ๅฃ ๅฅฎ ๅฌข 1166 1412 1971 1500 1529 587 400 565 1530 611 ๆฉ 1554 ๆฒ 632 ๆถ 828 ๆ 631 ๆพ 671 ๆ ๆ 1387 ๆต ๆด 1670 ๆ 424 ๆจ ๆฉ 1382 ๆฉ 429 ๆฟ 497 835 ๆฟ 2015 ๆฟ ่จ 1719 ๆจน 1446 ็ซ 510 ็ 1933 ็ฃ 701 ็ฒ 594 ็ฃจ ็ฆพ ็ฉ 1147 ็ฉ 1543 ็ซน ็ฏ 950 ็ฏค 1988 ็ณ 1158 ็ณธ ็ธฆ 1338 ็ธ 1376 ็น 1337 ็ธซ 1563 ่ผ ่ 1426 ่น ่ซ 1681 ่ช 1503 ่ฆ 2000 ่ 227 ่ฌ 1736 ่ซ ่ 1044 891 ่กก ่ก 1646 ่ฆช 1504 ่ฒ 852 ่ณข ่จ ่ซฎ 475 ่ฌ 1760 ่พถ ้ ้ | 319 352 ่ซญ 1968 ่ฌก ่ผธ 289 837 ้ 1501 ้ฟ ็ทฏ 1645 411 ้ฆ 1962 ้ผ ้ฏ 1185 383 ้ ้ 1584 ้ฌ 2030 ้ฒ 1144 ้ฃ 1311 ้ท 2036 ้ ญ 1441 ้ ผ 1665 ้คจ 1478 17 ็ป ไบป ็ ็ณธ ๅ 985 ๅช 993 ๅณ 1936 ๅ 2026 ๆ 1970 ๆฆ 1104 ๆฌ 1411 577 ๆฟฏ 215 ็ฅ 1463 ็ต ็ 643 ็ฐ 836 ็ 1709 ็ณ 437 ็ฏ 1221 558 ็ค 1798 ็ฟผ ็ธฎ 1336 ็ธพ 1542 ็น 1790 320 | index ii: kanji ่จ ่ป ้ 827 ่ด 855 ่ฆง 1211 ่ฌ ่ฌ 1600 ่ฌ 1816 ่ฌ 1250 ่ฌน 1576 ่ณผ 1817 ่ฝ 1552 ้ 2020 ้ 1860 ้ 426 373 ้ ป 551 ้ฎฎ 1403 ้ฝข ็ซน ่น ่ฃ 18 ็ป ้ ๆฒ ๆ ๆฟซ ็ ็ 888 576 1454 2037 1691 ็ฌ ็ค ็ฉซ ็ฐก ็ณง ็น ็น ็ฟป ็นญ ่ท ่ค ่ฉ ่ฅ ่ฆ ่จ ่ฆณ ่ด ้ ้ ้ฎ ้ ้ข ้ฃ 817 394 ้ 908 1621 926 1334 1335 ้ฆฌ 1911 1880 824 ้ ้ก ้ก ้ก ้ก ้ก ้จ ้จ ้จ ้ฏ 1647 389 295 ้ 1717 1789 931 ้ 1981 1985 1980 176 ่ญ 1787 336 ่ญฆ 483 ้ก ้ง 1228 481 ้ป 135 ้ก 1290 ้ซ 315 ้ฏจ 1947 ้ถ ้บ 2002 1210 1912 19 ็ป 1099 1611 854 572 ็ซน 503 1599 1937 276 1629 1492 1580 ่น ็ฌ ็ ็ฐฟ ็นฐ ็พ ่ ่ถ ่ป ่ฆ ่ญ 20 ็ป 1666 1802 949 1369 1342 ่จ 851 1755 2035 1895 482 ้ ๆธ ๆฌ ็ซถ ็ฑ ่ญฐ ่ญฒ ่ญท ้ธ ้ ้ฟ 1394 1628 434 ้จฐ 1989 21 ็ป ้ ่ฆ ่บ ้ฒ ้กง ้ถด ้ญ 1875 1285 1283 1084 1943 2022 22 ็ป ่ฅฒ ้ฉ 2025 1987 1567 642 23 ็ป 1528 700 1527 438 1850 ้ 1455 index iii Chinese Readings This Index includes all the Chinese readings treated in this book, arranged in standard dictionary order and followed by the number of the frame in which the reading is introduced. ใใขใ ใข ใขใค ใขใฏ ใขใ ใขใณ ไบ ้ฟ ๅ ๆ ๆช ๆก ๅง ๅฎ ๆก ๆ ่ก 1818 2235 1095 1096 1704 1873 538 52 315 1301 2238 ใใคใ ใค ไปฅ ็บ ไผ ๅฐ ๆ ฐ ๆ ๅป ๅฒ ้ ๅ ็ทฏ ่กฃ ไฝ ไพ ็ถญ ๆ ใคใญ ใคใฏ ใคใ ใคใ ใคใณ 11 26 33 358 359 856 935 1131 1221 1222 1223 1566 1578 1627 1630 1705 ๅง ็งป ่ ้บ ็ฐ ๅจ ๅฏ ๅ ่ฒ ไธ ๅฃฑ ้ธ ไธ ๅก ้ป ๅ ๅงป ้ป ้ณ ้ข ๅฐ ๅผ ้ฃฏ ้ฐ ้ ๅ 1706 1775 1809 1813 1814 1870 2164 551 1141 965 973 1868 966 839 840 905 906 1299 1300 1158 1731 1806 1841 1931 2213 2161 ใใฆใ ใฆ ๅฎ ้จ 30 1545 ใฆใณ ๅณ ็ ๆ ็พฝ ้ ้ ้ฒ 1754 1929 2112 2043 1067 1523 1843 ใจใ ใจใณ ใใจใ ใจ ใจใค ใจใญ ่กฃ ๆต ไผ ็ตต ไพ ๅ ๆฐธ ๆณณ ่ฉ ่ฑ ๆ ๅถ ่ก ้ญ ๅฝฑ ๆ ้ง ๆ ็ ๆถฒ ็ซ 23 31 384 385 2226 2232 194 195 196 827 828 1026 1224 1394 1595 1699 1072 1137 1641 1781 2063 ๅฝน ่ฌ ้ฒ ๆฆ ่ถ ้ ๅ ็ฟ ่ ๆจ ๅฎ ๆฒฟ ้ ๅ ็ ๆด ๅปถ ๆผ ๅกฉ ๅฎด ็ธ ็ ่ถ 2156 1213 1390 1391 1973 275 276 277 780 781 782 821 822 972 1016 1558 1596 1597 1636 1723 1916 2029 2183 ใใชใ ใช ใชใฆ ๆฑ 1676 ๆช 2108 ๅ 2236 ้ป 402 ๆจช 403 322 | index iii: chinese readings ใชใฏ ใชใ ใชใณ ๅคฎ ๅฟ ็ ๅพ ๆฌง ๆฎด ็ฟ ็ ๆผ ๆก ๅฅฅ ๅน ๅ ๆถ ๅฅฅ ไน ้ ๆฉ ้ณ ๆธฉ ้ณ ็ฉ 829 1011 1113 1337 1472 1473 1484 1557 1693 2124 2132 2173 854 855 1708 565 56 907 1022 1121 1300 1970 ใฌ ใซใค ใใซใ ใซ ๅ ๅฏ ไฝ ่ท ๆญ ๆฒณ ๅ ่ฑ ่ฒจ ้ด ้ ๆธฆ ็ฆ ๅฎถ ๅซ ็จผ ๅค ๅฏก ๆ ่ชฒ ่ ๅ 25 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 215 216 217 281 282 283 484 485 760 761 762 788 ใฌใค ๆถ ็ฎ ็ ไธ ็ซ ็ง ่ฏ ไปฎ ไฝณ ไพก ๆ ๆ ้ค ็ ่ฝ ้ ่ณ ็ป ็ ้ ไป ็ ไผ ็ตต ๆ ๆขฐ ๅฃ ๆ ๆช ๅ ๆตท ๆตท ๆ ่ก ่งฃ ้ ๆน ๆ ๅฟซ ็ฐ ๅก ๆฆ ๆ จ ๅฎณ ๅค ่ก 789 793 838 958 976 1122 1151 1241 1388 1665 1817 338 339 784 785 786 790 1145 378 379 380 381 382 383 386 387 388 389 724 1087 1101 1302 1303 1384 1572 1594 1631 1753 1810 1882 1987 809 810 883 962 1384 ใซใฏ ใฌใฏ ใซใ ใฌใ ๆถฏ ่ฉฒ ๅพ ่ผ ๆก ็ฒ ็ฉซ ๅ ๆ ผ ้ฃ ๅฎข ๆ ธ ้ฉ ็ขบ ่ง ่ฆ ้ญ ้ ๆฎป ๅ ๅญฆ ๆฅฝ ้ก ๅฒณ ๅฒ ่ฝ ๆดป ๅ ่ค ๆธ ๆดป ๆฌ ๅ ๅ ๆ ๅฎ ็ฎก ๆฃบ ้คจ ่ฒซ ๆ ฃ ๆ ๅ ้ ็ฐ ้ 1385 1535 1536 676 832 857 858 1351 1352 1353 1354 1537 1631 1738 1824 1849 1913 1984 2142 2215 960 1022 1359 2025 881 882 1054 1210 1211 1212 1500 1501 2078 1985 546 127 128 129 130 390 391 392 393 394 395 396 ใฌใณ ็ฐก ๆ ๆพ ็ฃ ่ฆ ้ ่ฆณ ๅง ๆญ ๅ ๅ ช ๅฎ ๆผข ้ข ๅนน ้ ๅนน ๅนฒ ๅ ๆฑ ่ ไนพ ็ ๆฃ ๅฏ ๆฌพ ๅทป ๅ ๅฝ ็ ็ผถ ๅฏ ็ทฉ ้ฅ ็ฒ ้ ๅ ้ ้ก ๅฒธ ๅฒธ ็ผ ๅฒฉ ้ก ไธธ ๅซ 397 518 519 748 749 750 752 753 754 842 843 989 993 996 1060 1225 1269 1270 1271 1272 1273 1155 1713 1719 1734 1742 1791 1807 1823 1909 1933 2001 2062 2068 2129 2146 298 299 814 1147 1275 1399 1732 1804 1861 2075 index iii: chinese readings ใใญใ ใญ ใฎ ๅนพ ๅฅ ๅฏ ้จ ๅนพ ๆฉ ๆฐ ๆฑฝ ๆบ ้ฃข ๆข ๅธ ่ฆ ่จ ๅทฑ ่ตท ็ด ๅฟ ๆ ๆฃ ๅบ ๆ ๅฒ ๆฎ ่ผ ๅฑ ๆฃ ๅญฃ ไผ ๅธฐ ่ฒด ่ป ๅ ้ฌผ ไบ ็ฅ ็พฉ ่ญฐ ๅ ็ ็ ๆฌ ๆฌบ ๆ ๅฎ 29 218 219 220 300 301 410 411 530 531 811 820 826 1226 1227 1228 1229 1230 1253 1254 1255 1256 1406 1520 1521 1154 1659 1667 1739 1772 1798 1854 1859 1921 1927 1998 74 75 76 77 815 816 1257 1405 1828 ใญใฏ ใญใ ใญใ ใฎใฃ ใญใฃใฏ ใฎใฃใฏ ใญใฅใฆ ใฎใฅใฆ ใญใง ใฎใง ๅฝ ๆฏ ่ ๅ ๅ ่ฉฐ ๅซ ่ ๅด ่ ๅฎข ้ ่ ๅ ๅธ ็ด ๆฑ ๆ ็ ็ฉถ ไน ๆฅ ็ตฆ ไผ ๆง ไน ๆฝ ็ณพ ๅฎฎ ็ชฎ ๅผ ๆณฃ ไธ ็ ๅทจ ๆ ่ท ๅป ๆ ๅฑ ่จฑ ่ ๆ ๆผ ้ญ ๅพก 1941 2082 555 554 878 879 1017 2238 428 429 1097 1701 2011 185 186 187 230 231 232 940 969 1029 1030 1574 1605 1638 1892 2014 2046 2049 2053 2125 2127 977 224 225 226 1008 1056 1220 1654 1941 1957 1611 1686 1950 ใญใงใฆ ใฎใงใฆ ใญใงใฏ ใฎใงใฏ ใญใณ ๅณก ็ญ ๆ ๆฉ ็ฏ ๅฌ ๅ ่ ๅณก ้ฟ ๅข ้ก ๅถ ่ธ ๆ ้ฉ ไบฌ ๅผท ๅ ฑ ๆญ ไพ ๅ ็ซถ ๆณ ่ ็ ๆ ๅซ ้ฆ ็ต ๅ ๆฅญ ๅฝข ่ก ไบซ ไปฐ ๆ ่ก ๅฑ ๆฅต ๆฒ ็ ๅค ่ฌน ็ฆ ่ฅ 290 291 292 293 294 295 304 305 430 431 432 433 866 867 871 886 938 952 1194 1195 1196 1276 1277 1278 1604 1833 1903 1992 2095 2230 817 1026 1032 1614 1828 2149 2179 2234 1078 1687 1812 548 412 413 446 447 ใฎใณ | 323 ็ท ้ ่ฟ ็ฆ ๅ ่ ็ญ ไป ้ฆ ็ด ๆค ้ ้ ๅ 877 984 1014 1016 1570 1894 1899 2099 2141 2151 2198 974 1400 2195 ใใฏใ ใฏ ใฐ ใฏใฆ ใฐใฆ ใฏใ ใฏใณ ใฐใณ ไน ไน ไพ ่ฆ ๅบ ้ง ๅทฅ ๅฅ ่ฒข ๅฃ ๅฎฎ ไน ๅ ็ด ๅบซ ๆ ๅ ท ็ฉบ ๅถ ้ ้ ๅฑ ๆ ๅฒ ่ซ ๅ ่จ ็พค ้ก ่ป 43 970 1196 1219 1470 1471 1544 1573 2094 2098 2106 2157 2193 2200 2222 779 1124 556 776 777 778 302 303 426 427 847 1771 845 846 1522 324 | index iii: chinese readings ใฒใญ ใใฑใ ใฑ ใฒ ใฑใค ใฒใค ๆฏ ๅ ๆฐ ๅฎถ ๆธ ไปฎ ่ฏ ๅค ไธ ๅค ่งฃ ่จ ๆธ ้ถ ๅ ๅ ็ต ่ปฝ ่ ๅพ ็ณป ไฟ ๆฌ ่ญฆ ๆ ถ ๆฒ ๅ ็ซถ ๆก ๅญ ๆฉ ๆต ๅฝข ็ถ ๆฏ ๆบ ๅฅ ๅ ๅพ ไบฌ ่ ๅข ่ธ ่ฟ ้ฏจ 1130 1563 1736 1853 2121 2160 2230 1622 1780 2102 2231 49 404 405 450 451 720 721 722 723 872 873 884 885 1011 1214 1276 1277 1386 1387 1505 1559 1587 1592 1624 1645 1652 1718 1756 1822 1928 2007 1075 1716 1917 ใฑใ ใฒใ ใฑใณ ใฒใณ ๅ ๆฟ ๆ ็ต ๆฑบ ๆฌ ๆฝ ็ฉด ่ก ๅ ๆ ๅน ้จ ้บ ๆค ๅฃ ๅปบ ๅฅ ็ ๆธ ๆจฉ ๅ ่ณข ็ ่ฆ ๅธ ่ป ๅ ผ ่ฌ ๅซ ่ป ๆฒ ้ฃ ้ ไปถ ็ฌ ่ฉ ็ฎ ้ก ๅ ็นญ ็ ๅผฆ ๅ ๆบ ๅ 1048 1319 1640 880 1602 1697 1799 1805 1846 1878 547 131 132 133 134 135 406 407 408 409 755 875 876 939 1013 1041 1090 1199 1200 1201 1274 1547 1560 1580 1649 1685 1901 1939 1986 2000 2174 528 529 812 813 992 ๅซ ้ ็ผ ็พ ่จ ๆธ ๅณ ๅนป ้จ 1201 1398 1399 1135 1599 1607 1787 2061 2155 ใใณใ ใณ ใด ใณใฆ ๅทฑ ้ ้กง ๅบ ๅ ็ ๅผง ๅบซ ๅค ๆน ๆ ๆฏ ๆธ ๅผ ้ผ ่ ่ช ๆ ่ ไบ ๅพ ๆ ่ช ๅ ๅจฏ ่ชค ่ญท ๅพก ๅ ๅพ ็ข ็ข ไบ ๆ ๅทฅ 24 520 521 791 792 836 837 1043 1215 1216 1217 1218 1837 1866 1872 1922 1977 2006 2144 85 86 87 88 200 201 202 859 943 981 981 1131 1258 1559 2158 114 ๅ ๆป ๆฑ ็ด ้ ่ฒข ๅทง ่ฌ ๆง ่ณผ ๆบ ๅ ่ช ๆ ้ซ ็จฟ ไพฏ ๅ ่ ๆ ไบค ๆ ก ๅน ้ ็ต ่ผ ็ถฑ ้ผ ๅบ ้ฑ ๆด ็กฌ ๅญ ้ ต ่ก ๅ ฌ ๆธฏ ๅ ๅบท ๆธฏ ๆดช ๅ ฌ ่ ๅฃ ่ ็ 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 170 171 172 173 221 222 223 414 415 416 417 418 419 671 672 673 674 675 676 794 795 830 831 863 864 869 870 974 1015 1024 1100 1149 1197 1198 1483 1546 1556 1598 1632 index iii: chinese readings ใดใฆ ใณใฏ ใดใฏ ใณใ ใณใณ ๆ ๅ ๅนธ ๅ ้ฆ ๅญ ่ฏ ไปฐ ้ ๅฅฝ ๅพ ็ด ็ ็ฒ ่ ๆ ่กก ๆง ๆ ผ ่ ๅผ ๅ ๅท ๅ ๅผท ่ฑช ๆท ้ท ๆฅญ ๅ ้ ท ๅฝ ๅ ๅ ่ฐท ๅป ้ป ็ณ ็ ๆฅต ้ชจ ๆป ๆ ๅขพ ๅฉ ไป 1638 1650 1696 1698 1714 1724 1766 1777 1792 1816 1826 1839 1857 1897 1955 1956 1971 1988 2159 2165 2243 796 948 1074 1608 1883 1994 2133 2228 926 927 962 1021 1280 1491 1538 1603 2196 1721 1797 422 423 420 421 916 1018 ๆ น ๆจ ๆทท ๅฐ ็ดบ ้ญ ๆ ้ ๅปบ ็ฎ ๆจฉ ่จ ๅค ๅณ 1396 1397 1647 1673 1895 1914 2022 2032 2104 2167 755 1764 2224 2230 ใถใค ใ ใตใ ใต ใถ ใตใค ๅทฆ ่ฉ ๅทฆ ไฝ ่ถ ่ฒก ็ ็ ๆป ๅ ๅทฎ ้ ๅ ไฝ ๅบง ๆก ่ ๅฝฉ ็ฅญ ้ ่ฃ ่ผ ่ฃ ๅต ็ ่ฒก ๆญณ ๆ ๆ ่ฒก 5 695 896 897 1017 1046 1049 1411 1589 1769 1815 1942 2023 2039 574 242 243 244 532 533 740 741 742 767 889 1046 1093 1094 1468 1517 ใตใฏ ใตใ ใถใ ใตใณ ๆ ๆธ ๆ ่ฅฟ ๅฌ ็ฝ ๅ ็ดฐ ๅฎฐ ๅ ๆฎบ ๅจ ็ฝช ๆ ่ฒก ๅค ไฝ ๆจ ้ ข ๆพ ๅ ้ฏ ็ดข ็ญ ๅ ๅฏ ๆฆ ๅ ๆฎ ๆฎบ ๆญ ๅท ๆฉ ้ ๆฃ ๅ ๆจ ็ฃ ๅฑฑ ไธ ๆก ็ฃ ่ ็ฎ ่ณ ้ ธ 1518 1539 1540 1548 1664 1682 1684 1770 2088 2096 2116 1135 1432 1516 1517 1542 691 692 693 694 729 1497 1670 1695 2092 452 453 1091 1469 1609 1711 1731 1835 575 55 498 499 709 985 1086 1262 1285 1668 1669 1740 1788 ใถใณ | 325 ๅ ๆฎ ๆฎ ๆซ ๆจ 2154 1114 1263 2010 2084 ใใทใ ใท ไน ๅธ ่ฉ ้ฃผ ไผบ ๅฃ ๅฃซ ไป ๅฟ ่ช ๆจ ๆ ่ ็ดซ ้ ๆฌก ๅงฟ ่ณ ่ซฎ ๅธ ๅง ๅฒ ไฝฟ ๆฐ ็ด ่ช ๅ ่ฉฆ ๅญ ๅบ ๅง ๆฏ ๆ ่ข ๆญข ๆ ็ง ่ฆ ๆญป 34 122 123 124 125 126 140 141 142 143 287 288 289 522 523 666 667 668 669 848 849 908 909 914 915 964 967 1059 1077 1152 1268 1402 1403 1404 1554 1568 1662 1702 1743 326 | index iii: chinese readings ใธ ใทใญ ใธใญ ใธใฏ ใทใ ใทใ ็ฅ ๅธซ ๆญฏ ่ณ ็คบ ่ณ ็ข ็ณธ ๆ ็ฃ ๆป ่ช ๆ ่พ ๅญ ้ค ๆ ไบ ๆฒป ๅฏบ ๆ ไพ ๆ ่พ ้ค ๅ ๆฌก ็คบ ไผผ ่ณ ไป ่ญ ็น ่ฒ ๅผ ็ด ้ฃ ่ปธ ่ปธ ไธ ่ณช ๅฎค ่ณช ๅคฑ ๅคฑ ๆนฟ 1751 1819 1847 1947 2023 2060 2126 2174 209 210 211 945 970 988 993 1027 1099 1107 1267 1433 1434 1435 1436 1504 1510 1571 1619 1744 1784 1839 2262 932 934 1130 1587 1325 2045 1349 552 968 1904 1025 1037 1061 1378 1736 ใธใ ใธใ ใทใฃ ใธใฃ ใทใฃใฏ ใธใฃใฏ ใทใฅ ๅท ๆผ ็พ ๅ ๆฅ ๅฎ ๅฐ ่ฌ ่ ๆจ ่ ็คพ ่ป ๅ ่ ็ ฎ ้ฎ ่ตฆ ๆ ็ ้ช ๅฐบ ๆ ๅ ้ ้ ็ณ ่ตค ๅบ ็ต ๅฏ ๅผฑ ่ฅ ็ ๆฑ ๆฎ ็ ๅฎ ็ฉ ไธป ๆ ไธป ๅ ่ถฃ ้ฆ ็จฎ 1745 1907 1923 1156 1574 1629 506 507 911 912 936 941 955 1028 1360 1361 1963 2004 2066 2153 787 1159 1494 1498 1572 1925 2018 2113 2197 2218 1298 1782 1962 2131 182 183 184 516 517 997 1052 1335 1466 1467 1565 1658 ใธใฅ ใทใฅใฆ ใธใฅใฆ ้ ๆ ไฟฎ ่ก ๅ ๆ ้ ๅ ๆจน ๅฏฟ ๅฐฑ ๅท ๆดฒ ้ ฌ ็ง ๆ ้ฑ ็ต ็ฅ ่ข ๅจ ้ฑ ๅ ้ ๅฎ ๅฐฑ ่ก ่ฅฒ ไฟฎ ๅ ๆพ ็ง ้ ๅท ่ ๅ ๅพ ็ธฆ ้ ๅ ไฝ ๆ ๆ ไฝ ้ ็ฃ 1661 1573 2234 2239 364 365 366 367 1613 1859 2086 257 258 259 482 483 1018 1053 1279 1350 1533 1534 1552 1576 1588 1689 1749 1763 1768 1778 1813 1868 1976 2131 2185 97 368 369 918 971 995 1007 1245 1336 1625 1879 ใทใฅใฏ ใธใฅใฏ ใทใฅใ ใธใฅใ ใทใฅใณ ใธใฅใณ ใทใง ใธใง ๆธ ๆฑ ๆพ ๅพ ๅฎฟ ็ธฎ ็ฅ ๅ ๆท ็ฒ ๅกพ ็ ๅบ ่ฟฐ ่ก ็ฌ ๆฅ ไฟ ๆฌ ๆฎ ็พ ๅพช ๆบ ้ ๅทก ๅ ็ด ๆฝค ้ต ๆธ ็ท ๆ ็ฝฒ ็ฝฒ ่ซธ ็ท ๅ ๅฆ ๅบถ ๅฅณ ๅบ ้ค ๅ ๅพ ๅฉ ๅฆ 1975 2027 2081 2091 492 493 1279 1295 1296 2085 370 371 571 376 377 1585 1894 2074 372 373 374 375 1767 1851 1948 1961 1991 2003 2181 959 966 995 1362 1363 1364 1367 1692 1746 2217 951 1508 1510 1511 1512 1558 1845 index iii: chinese readings ใทใงใฆ ็ซ ๅฝฐ ้ ๅฑ ๆถ ๅ ๆ ็ฆ ็ค ๅฐ ๅฅจ ๅฌ ๆญ ็ ง ๆ ็ดน ๆฒผ ่ฉ ่ ๆถ ็ก ๅฎต ๅ ็ ๅ ๅฐ ็ ๆญฃ ๆฟ ่จผ ็ ็ ๅง ๆง ๆ ่ฃณ ่ณ ๅ ๆ ๅท ๅฐ ๆธ ๆ ็ ็ฅฅ ่ฉณ 254 255 256 308 309 510 511 512 513 514 515 677 678 679 680 681 682 683 725 726 727 728 775 982 1010 1035 1125 1204 1205 1208 1209 1281 1282 1283 1284 1338 1339 1340 1341 1375 1407 1408 1409 1410 1454 1455 ใธใงใฆ ๆพ ่จ ้ ็ฒพ ๆธ ็ฒง ็ธ ่ก ่ฑก ็ผ ไบ ๆฟ ็ฌ ๅ ๅบ ้ ็งฐ ็ธ ๅฃฐ ่ฃ ๅพ ไธ ๅฐ ๅฌข ่ญฒ ๅฃ ้ธ ๅฎ ้ ไน ๅฐ ๆต ้ ไธ ๅธธ ๅ ๅ ด ๆ ็ ๅ ๅธธ ๅ ด ๆ ๆก ไธ ็ณ 1481 1482 1524 1525 1526 1563 1565 1633 1646 1681 1707 1747 1783 1819 1865 1875 2080 2088 2109 2138 2207 2220 2236 101 102 103 104 360 361 362 363 833 834 961 983 994 1020 1174 1175 1177 1342 1374 1530 1648 1657 1709 ใทใงใฏ ใธใงใฏ ใทใณ ใธใณ ็ธ ็ถ ่ธ ่ท ้ฃ ๆฎ ๆค ่งฆ ้ฃพ ่ฒ ๅฑ ่พฑ ่พฑ ็ณ ็ฅ ไผธ ็ดณ ๆฐ ่ช ่ฆช ไพต ๆตธ ๅฏ ่พฐ ้ ๅจ ๆฏ ๅ ็ ๆ ๅฟ ไฟก ็ณ ๅฏฉ ้ฒ ่ฃ ่บซ ่จบ ้ ๆทฑ ๆดฅ ่พ ่ฃ ็ ไบบ ็ฅ 1848 1858 1964 933 1040 1323 1324 1864 1949 1958 2048 553 735 144 145 146 147 248 249 250 251 252 253 730 731 732 733 734 923 924 946 1002 1527 1551 1586 1593 1620 1656 1725 1796 1863 1909 2266 844 962 1110 | 327 ่ฟ ๅฐฝ ้ฃ ไป ๅฐ ๅ 1569 1898 1978 2056 2058 2199 ใในใ ใน ใบ ในใค ใบใค ในใฆ ในใณ ้ ๅฎ ไธป ็ด ๅญ ๆฐ ๅณ ้ ญ ่ฑ ้ ญ ไบ ๅ ็ก ้ ็ฒ ้ ๆฐด ๆจ ็ ้ ๅธฅ ๅบ ็ฉ ๅน ่กฐ ้ ้ซ ๆข ๆฐ ๅด ๅฏธ 35 1115 1335 1762 2033 2097 956 1081 1441 1445 2203 736 737 738 887 888 979 1752 1844 1881 1982 2040 2128 2130 2150 400 401 1474 1663 1979 53 ใใปใ ใป ใผ ใปใค 7 ไธ 576 ๆฏ ๆฏ 1487 78 ้ 79 ็ฒพ 328 | index iii: chinese readings ใผใค ใปใญ ๆธ ๆด ้ ่ซ ๆ ๅถ ่ฃฝ ็ ๆง ๆ ๅง ็ฒ ่ ่ฅฟ ๆฟ ๆ ็ ่ช ๆญฃ ็ ๅง ๆง ๆ ็ฒ ็ ๆด ้ ็ฒพ ๆธ ่ซ ๆด ้ ๆ ไธ ๅข ๅฃฐ ไบ ่ช ๆญณ ๅฉฟ ้ ็จ ็จ ่ฒฌ ็ฉ ็ธพ 80 81 82 83 84 500 501 704 705 706 707 708 1042 1047 1050 1174 1175 1176 1204 1281 1282 1283 1284 1286 1410 1477 1524 1525 1526 1527 1528 1529 1541 1583 1610 1741 1951 1981 2018 2139 2194 577 1393 764 765 766 ใปใ ใปใ ใผใ ใปใณ ๅฏ ๆ ็ฑ ๆ ๅธญ ้ป ็ณ ๆฅ ่ตค ๆ ่ทก ๅค ็ฏ ๅ ็ช ่ชฌ ่ชฌ ๆฅ ่จญ ๆ ็ฏ ้ช ๆ ๆฎบ ๆ ่ ็ตถ ๅ ๆด ๆณ ็ท ็น ่น ๅ ๅฐ ้ธ ๆฆ ไป ๅฎฃ ๆต ้ญ ่ทต ้ฎฎ ๆ ๆ ๅ 1298 1494 1495 1496 1140 1717 1732 1761 1825 2012 2030 2123 2089 504 505 1058 1392 1579 1616 1633 1694 2201 2211 2225 2242 1502 1688 245 246 502 503 743 823 972 1051 1052 1057 1092 1136 1259 1260 1261 1456 1660 1676 1710 ใผใณ ่ฆ ๆ ๅท ๆ ้ท ็พจ ๆฝ ๅ ็น ็ถ ๅ จ ๅ ็ฆ ๆผธ 1752 1759 1832 1969 2050 2093 2182 486 487 964 989 1012 1118 2057 ใใฝใ ใฝ ใฝใฆ ๆฝ ็ต ็ฅ ็ง ็ฒ ้ป ๆฝ ็ ๆช ็ค ่จด ็ด ๅก ๆณ ๅช ๆน ๆงฝ ้ญ ๆผ ็ฅ ๆ ่ป ๅฃฎ ่ ่ฃ ็ธ ๆณ ้ ็ท ็ช 48 148 149 150 151 152 1190 1479 1499 1634 1653 1974 2019 2090 2059 174 175 176 177 257 228 229 260 261 262 263 264 265 306 307 ใพใฆ ใฝใฏ ใพใฏ ใฝใ ๅ ๆก ๅ ๅต ไบ ๆ ้ ๅฑค ๅง ่ด ๆ ่ตฐ ๆฉ ๅทฃ ๆฟ ๅฅ ้จ ๅฎ ่ฑก ๅ ่ต ่ ้ ๅข ๆ ่ด ้ ๅ ๆธฌ ๅด ่ถณ ไฟ ้ ๆ ๆ ้ ๆฏ ๅณ ไฟ ไฟ ๆ ๅฑ ็ถ ่ณ ๅ ๅ 454 455 472 473 835 1027 1120 1188 1189 1193 1670 1757 1836 1915 1945 1990 1993 2110 488 489 490 491 928 1191 1192 1193 2042 266 267 268 336 337 1023 1068 1475 1746 1801 1900 1143 1492 1138 1748 1755 1855 524 525 index iii: chinese readings ใฝใณ ใพใณ ๆ 841 ๅญซ 874 ๆ 1591 ๅฐ 1720 ๅญ 1856 ๅญ 578 ใฟใฏ ใใฟใ ใฟ ใ ใฟใค ใใค ๅค ๅคช ไป ไป ้ง ๆฐ ๆ ๅฆฅ ๅ ้ ไปฃ ่ฒธ ่ข ๅธฏ ๆป ๅฏพ ๅพ ๅฐ ๅคง ไฝ ๅคช ๅฐ ๆ ่ ้ ๅพ ้ฎ ๆ ้ ๆณฐ ่ ๆฟ ๅคง ้ก ๅฐ ไปฃ ็ฌฌ ๅฐ 8 19 1132 1291 1780 898 1465 1776 2031 2235 269 270 271 456 457 862 1034 1070 1073 1084 1150 1264 1265 1266 1401 1438 1679 1690 1773 1818 1905 2137 960 1038 1088 1099 1116 1264 ใใฏ ใฟใ ใใ ใฟใณ ใใณ ็ฌฌ ๅผ ้ก ๅ ๅฎ ่จ ๆฒข ๅ ๆ ๆ ๅบฆ ๆฟฏ ่ซพ ๆฟ ้ ่ฑ ๅฅช ๆฆ ่ ๆ ๅฃ ๅ ่ช ๅ ็ญ ็ญ ๆข ๅ ้ ๆทก ็ซฏ ไธน ็ท ๅฃ ่ซ ๆฎต ๆญ ๆ ๅผพ ๅฃ 1416 1417 1488 2007 458 459 1062 1639 1644 1996 2111 2208 1760 1889 572 1395 1906 715 716 717 718 1000 1063 1234 1448 1735 1765 1832 1880 1887 1967 2216 950 957 994 1001 1581 1733 1861 2148 ใ ใใฏ ใใ ใใฃ ใใฃใฏ ใใฅใฆ ใใง ใใใ ใ ็ฅ ็ฅ ็ด ๆบ 9 188 189 190 ใใงใฆ ๅฐ ๆฒป ๅฐ ๆฑ ๅค ็ฝฎ ็จ ้ ่ด ๆฅ ่ณช ๅฐ ๅฐ ็ ่ ็ฏ ็ซน ้ ็งฉ ็ช ่ถ ็ ๅซก ไธญ ๅฟ ๆฒ ไปฒ ๆผ ๆณจ ๆณจ ๆฑ ้ง ่จป ๅฎ ๆฝ ่ซ ้ณ ่กท ่ ็ช ็ท ่ฒฏ ้ท ๅผต ๅธณ ๅผต 956 1267 1287 1288 1321 1322 1637 1886 1997 2005 2204 1004 1287 326 327 1617 2036 2061 1379 2065 543 1671 2180 57 58 59 60 719 1128 1331 1332 1333 1334 1347 1448 2022 2073 2214 1365 1366 1367 1462 65 66 67 68 ใใงใฏ ใใณ | 329 ๅพด ๆฒ ๆ ๆฝฎ ่ถ ๅ ่ทณ ๆ ็บ ่ ธ ๆพ ไธ ็บ ้ ๅบ ่ชฟ ๅฝซ ่ด ้ ้ณฅ ๅผ ่ถ ้ฃ ็ด ๅ ่ณ ้ฎ ้ณ ๆฒ ็ ๆ 328 329 330 331 684 1168 1169 1170 1171 1372 1447 1458 1459 1460 1461 1531 1532 1590 1720 1838 1874 1885 2189 1325 1498 904 925 1330 1727 1940 2136 ใใใ ใ ใใค ใใฆ ้ฝ ้ฝ ้ ๅฏพ ่ฟฝ ๅข ้ ็ 1074 1368 1830 862 1642 2009 920 921 ใใใ ใ ใใค ๅผ ไฝ ๆต 544 153 154 330 | index iii: chinese readings ใใค ใใญ ใใ ใใณ ใใณ ๅบ ้ธ ๅปท ่ ๅบญ ่ฒ ๅต ๅ ็จ ๅธ ็ท ไบญ ๅ ไธ ๅผ ไธ ่จ ๆ ๅ ค ๅฎ ้ ไฝ ๆณฅ ้ฉ ๆต ๅซก ๆ ๆปด ็ ็ฌ ๅพน ๆค ้ ้ ่ฟญ ๅฒ ๅคฉ ๅ ธ ่ปข ๅบ ็น ๅฑ ๆทป ๆฎฟ ้ป ไผ 155 156 212 213 214 312 313 460 461 462 463 464 465 1064 1417 1458 1464 1485 1486 1140 2026 2103 545 157 158 159 160 161 1129 2147 466 467 958 1376 1377 1715 54 988 1005 1010 1053 1621 1989 2145 947 1136 ไผ 1635 ็ฐ 1862 ๆฎฟ 2046 ใใใ ใ ใ ใใฆ ๅบฆ ๆธก ๅณ ้ฝ ๅพ ้ฝ ่ณญ ็ป ้ ญ ๅก ้ ๅ ๅ ๆ ๅฅด ๆ ๅช ๅ ๅบฆ ๅ ็ณ ๅฐ ๅ ๅก ๆญ ็ ่ฌ ้จฐ ่ค ็ตฑ ๆฑ ๅฝ ็ฏ ่ฑ ็ญ ๆก ๆก ้ ๆฑ ๅ ๅ 468 469 959 990 1055 1368 1369 1444 1445 1513 1514 1555 1893 1912 191 192 193 987 1019 470 471 526 527 536 537 670 772 773 774 919 937 953 1134 1153 1166 1167 1172 1173 1326 1327 1344 ใใฆ ใใฏ ใใฏ ใใ ใใณ ๆนฏ ่ฑ ็ ้ ็ป ้ ญ ็ฏ ๅณถ ็ญ ่จ ๆ ้ ๅฌ ๅ ็จฒ ้ถ ๆฃ ้ ๆผ ่ธ ่ชญ ็ด ๅ ๅ ้ ๅฐ ๅ ๅ ้ ่ด ๆด ๅ ็ซฅ ็น ่ชญ ็ฃ ๅพ ๅพณ ็ฏค ๅฟ ๆฏ ็ฌ ่ชญ ็ช ๅธ ๅฃ 1373 1441 1442 1443 1444 1445 1463 1584 1651 1655 1678 1737 1803 1831 1908 1919 1960 1999 2017 2175 2205 2040 332 333 334 335 1040 1162 1163 1164 1165 1343 1571 1065 1105 1297 1623 1793 2070 2190 1126 1553 1833 1675 2172 1079 ่ฑ ๅฑฏ ้ ๆ ใใณ 1549 2188 2071 2178 ใใใ ใ ๅฅ ๅ ็ด ๅ ไน ็ด ้ฃ ๅ ็ท ่ป ็ด ใใค ใใ ใใณ 37 2235 2168 944 2209 2020 1673 1842 2035 2064 2170 ใใใ ใ ใใฏ ใใ ใใฃใฏ ใใฅใฆ ใใง ใใงใฆ ใใณ ไบ ไป ไบ ๅผ ไป ๅ ๅฐผ ่ ๆฅ ่ฅ ไนณ ๆ ๅ ฅ ๅฆ ๅฅณ ๅฐฟ ๅฅณ ๅฟ ่ช ไปป ๅฆ ไบบ 1 32 233 234 235 2041 2233 562 561 563 977 1245 1561 2237 2162 564 2034 310 311 902 903 969 ใใใ ใ ๅฅด 47 index iii: chinese readings ใใใ ใ ใใค ใใ ใใณ 42 ็ฅข ๅฏง 559 ็ฑ 560 ็ถ 440 ็ 441 ๅนด 1008 ๅนด 1086 ๅฟต 1114 ็ฒ 1968 ใใฏ ใใใ ใใฆ ่ณ 398 ๆฉ 399 ่พฒ 444 ๆฟ 445 ็ด 1612 ่พฒ 1674 ่ฝ 1779 ใใใ ใ ใ ใใค ใใค ใใฏ ๆณข ็ ด ๆณข ๆดพ ่ฆ ๆ ๅฉ ้ฆฌ ่บ ๆฏ ้ ไฟณ ่ผฉ ๆ ๆ ๅป ่ ๅ ๅน ้ช ่ณ ๅช ๅฃฒ ่ฒท ็ฝ ใใ ใใ ใใ ใใ 18 1423 1424 1560 1758 2083 1425 1840 850 1085 1232 1426 1427 1428 1142 1554 1860 162 163 164 165 808 1036 1552 89 ใใณ ๆณ ่ฟซ ๆ ่ถ ไผฏ ๅ ่ ๆด ็ ๅ ็ธ ๅน ๆผ ้บฆ ๅ ซ ็ฝฐ ็บ ้ซช ๆณ ้ข ไผ ้ฅ ็ฝฐ ๆ ๆซ ๅ ๅค ็ ไผด ๅก ๅธ ่ฌ ๆฌ ้ฃฏ ๅค ไผด ๅ ็ ๅ ๅ ๆฟ ่ฒฉ ็ ้ช ้ฃฏ ้ 90 91 92 93 94 1380 1381 318 319 1380 1382 702 703 1786 1159 2119 1543 2008 2134 2240 316 317 1577 2054 2166 166 167 168 169 342 343 800 801 943 1178 1179 1180 1181 1233 1234 1235 1236 1237 1238 1239 1252 ใใณ ็น ็ฏ ็ฏ ็ญ ็ ฉ ่ฉ ็ค ็ช ๆฉ ๅค ไผด ๆฟ ไธ ่ฎ 1308 1600 1615 1750 2143 2152 802 948 949 1178 1179 1235 1567 2072 ใใ ใใฃใฏ ใใฃใฏ ใใงใฆ ใใใ ใ ใ ๆฏ ๆฏ ๆน ๅ ็ข ้ฟ ้ ็ง ้ฃ ๅฆ ็ง ๆณ ็ฎ ่ขซ ๅฝผ ็ฒ ๆซ ้ ๆฒ ๆ ่ฅ ๅฆ ่ฒป ็ฝท ๅฐพ ็พ ็พ ๅ ๅพฎ ้ผป 21 346 347 348 349 853 983 998 1003 1231 1292 1293 1418 1419 1420 1421 1422 1429 1430 1431 1618 1628 1643 1852 805 1111 1457 1767 1783 1800 ใใงใฆ ใใณ ใใณ | 331 ๅฟ ็ญ ๆณ ๅฟ ๅน ็พ ็ฝ ็ฅจ ๆผ ๆจ ่กจ ไฟต ่ฉ ๆฐท ๆ ๅ ต ่ ๆ ็ซ ็ง ็ ็ง ็ญ ่ฒง ๅ ๆต ้ ป ่ณ ไพฟ ็ถ ่ฒง ๆ ่ฒง 999 1101 1293 1294 2171 550 542 206 207 208 356 357 1626 1789 2044 2105 278 279 280 1412 1158 1139 2038 1251 1582 1822 1944 1972 865 931 1251 1307 1157 ใใใ ใ ไธ ไป ๅบ ็ฌฆ ไป ่ ๆฎ ่ญ ๅฏ ๅธ ๆ 6 69 70 71 72 73 340 341 747 818 819 332 | index iii: chinese readings ใ ใใฆ ใใฏ ใใ ใใ ใใณ ๅคซ ๆถ ่ ้ขจ ็ถ ๆท ๆญฉ ๅฉฆ ่ฒ ๆตฎ ่ตด ่ณฆ ็ก ่ ้จ ๅ ๆญฆ ๅ ไพฎ ๆญฉ ไธ ๅฅ ้ขจ ๅฐ ๅคซ ๅฏ ๅพฉ ่ค ่ น ่ฆ ็ฆ ๅฏ ๅน ๆ ไผ ๆฒธ ๆ ็ฉ ไป ๅด ๆค ๅขณ ๅ ๅ ็ฒ ็ด 824 825 895 1071 1108 1320 1414 1564 1606 1867 1954 2013 324 325 1081 1082 1144 1246 1306 1414 2037 2120 1070 1389 1564 2192 710 711 712 713 744 745 746 1076 2182 2015 2118 1013 1083 197 198 199 1139 1246 1247 1248 ใใณ ้ฐ ๅฅฎ ๅ ่ ๆ ๅ 1249 1808 945 1009 1106 1246 ใใฆ ใใใ ใใค ใใค ใใญ ใใ ใใณ ใใณ ไธ ๆ ็ ๅนฃ ๅผ ไฝต ๅก ้ ๅนณ ๅ ต ้ ไธฆ ็ฑณ ๅฃ ็ ๅฅ ็ทจ ๅ ้ ๅค ่ฟ ่พบ ็ ไพฟ ๅ ๅผ 272 273 274 344 345 929 930 1519 1570 1773 1857 1938 539 851 852 540 203 204 205 1073 1240 1821 1943 865 952 953 ใใใ ใ ใ 16 ไฟ 61 ่ 62 ่ฃ 63 ๆตฆ 64 ๆ ่ 913 ๆญฉ 1127 ๆญฉ 1414 ๅข 696 ๆฎ 697 ใใฆ ๆจก ๅ ๆ ๆฏ ็ฐฟ ๅ ็ ฒ ๆณก ๆฑ ่ ้ฃฝ ๆ ๅดฉ ๆพ ๅฃ ๅฅ ไฟธ ๅ ฑ ๆน ่ณ ่จช ๅฐ ่ฑ ้ฆ ๆณ ๅฎ ่ค ๅ ๅธฝ ๆฃ ๆ ่ฌ ่ ๆด ไบก ๆ ๅฟ ๅฟ ้ฒ ็ดก ๅ ๅฆจ ่ช ๅ ๆฟ ไน 698 699 700 1109 1383 95 96 97 98 99 100 354 355 508 509 797 798 991 1316 1317 1318 1389 1446 1672 1850 1869 2184 320 321 799 806 807 1042 1045 1182 1183 1184 1185 1309 1310 1311 1312 1313 1314 1315 1157 ใใฏ ใใฏ ใใ ใใ ใใณ ใใณ ๆณ ่ฒฟ ่จ ๅ ๅฆ ๅ ๅ ๆฒ ็ง ๅขจ ็ฎ ็ฆ ๆด ๆจ ๆณ ๆฒก ๅ ๆฌ ๅ ๅฅ ็ฟป ็ ็ ๅก ็ ฉ 1106 1137 1966 2047 2186 549 322 323 1703 1726 1930 2140 2210 2169 2241 541 1311 986 1234 1926 2055 978 1250 1965 2227 ใใใ ใ ใใค ใใฏ ใใ ใใณ ้บป ๆฉ ็ฃจ ้ญ ้ฆฌ ๅฆน ๆฏ ๆ ๆฏ ๅ ็ฑณ ่ ๅน ๆซ ๆฒซ ๆน ๆ ข ๆผซ ไธ 136 137 138 139 2221 759 1031 1089 1304 1995 2021 701 702 284 285 286 434 435 973 index iii: chinese readings ๆบ 1636 ใใใ ใ ใใ ใใฃใฏ ใใงใฆ ใใณ 45 ็พ ๆช 756 ๅณ 757 ้ญ 758 ็พ 1457 ๅฏ 534 ่ 535 ่ 558 ๅฆ 1413 ๆ 1562 ๅ 2101 ๅฝ 2115 ๆฐ 438 ็ 439 ใขใฏ ใขใ ใขใ ใขใณ ๆญฆ ็ ็ก ็ ๅ ้ง ๅคข ่ฌ 22 41 1123 1242 1243 1244 2052 2087 ใค ใคใฏ ใใกใ ใกใค ใกใ ใกใณ ้ 350 ๅ 351 ๆ 436 ็ 437 ๅฝ 982 ่ฟท 1550 ้ณด 1811 ๆป 579 ้ข 1098 ๅ 1117 ็ถฟ 1871 ใขใฆ ๆจก 2002 ่ 2212 50 ๆฏ ๆฏ 803 ไน ้ ไน ้ ๅค ็ด ่จณ ่ฌ ๅฝน ๅ ่บ ็ซ ็ ใฆ ใฆใค ็ฑ ่ผธ ๆ ่ซญ ็ ๆฒน ็ฑ ้ ๆฒน ็ฑ ้บ ๅฏ ใฆใฆ 14 178 179 180 181 1039 1345 2107 1346 2163 764 1829 ็ฑ ๆ ๅช ็ฑ ๆ ่ฃ ่ ่ช ๅ ๅ ้ ้ ๅณ ็ถ ๆ ๅนฝ 1345 480 481 1006 1066 1493 1666 1753 1774 1790 1795 1918 1934 1937 1959 2077 ใจใฏ ๆฌฒ ๆตด ็ฟผ ๆ ็ฟ ใจใฆ ไธ ไบ ไบ ้ ไฝ ่ช ่ฌก ๆบ ่ฆ ่ ฐ ๅฎน ๆบถ ่ธ ๆ ๆด ้ฝ ้ฝ ๆ ็พ ๆด ๆง ้ค ็ชฏ ๅนผ ็จ ่ ๆ ๅบธ 27 1133 1506 1507 1515 1877 474 475 476 477 478 479 922 976 1047 1150 1370 1371 1449 1450 1451 1452 1453 1637 1643 1839 1983 2219 1489 1490 1754 1910 2051 ใใฉใ ใฉ ่ฏ ่ฃธ ็พ ๆฅ ้ ผ ้ท ็คผ ๆฅ ็ตก ่ฝ ้ ช ๆจ ๆฟซ ไนฑ ่ฆง ๅต ๆฌ ใฉใค ใฉใฏ ใใจใ ใจ 38 954 1290 1509 1830 1068 1069 1078 1575 1932 2076 2122 2223 ใใฆใ ใใกใ ใข 804 1182 1183 1186 1187 1730 1952 980 1129 1727 569 557 860 861 1037 1051 2100 ใใคใ ใใกใ ใ ่ ไบก ๆ ็ถฒ ็ฒ ็ ๅฆ ๆจ ็ฎ ้ป ๅฟ ็ฉ ๆ ็ด ๅ ้ ่ | 333 ใฉใณ 46 763 1953 1033 1480 1896 2114 2237 1355 1356 1357 1827 751 1045 1119 1915 1935 ใใชใ ใช ใชใญ ใชใฏ ใชใ ใชใ ใชใฃใฏ ใชใฅใฆ ๅฉ ๅฉ ๆขจ ็ข ๅฑฅ ้ข ๅ ็ ้ ่ฃ ๅ ้ธ ๅพ ็ซ ็ ๅพ ็ฅ ็ฅ ๆต ็กซ 10 236 237 238 714 868 910 963 1160 1936 567 568 566 1553 1680 1683 570 1385 496 497 334 | index iii: chinese readings ใชใง ใชใงใฆ ใชใงใฏ ็ ็ฒ ๆณ ็ซ ็ซ ้ ๆ ฎ ่ ๆ ๅ ๅฏฎ ็ ้ ็ณง ้ ่ฏ ๆ ไธก ไบ ็ ้ต ๆผ ้ ๆถผ ๅ 1691 1888 1890 1924 2104 2176 893 894 975 239 240 241 494 495 690 892 963 1148 1601 1728 1946 2117 2135 2177 1104 ใชใณ ็ท ๅซ ่ผช ๅ ๆ ่จ ้ด ้ฃ 2191 899 900 1161 1674 1700 1884 1980 ใฌใญ ใฌใ ใใซใ ใซ ใซใค 15 ๆต 17 ็ ้ก 1566 ็ดฏ 1677 ๅก 1891 ๆถ 1902 ใฌใณ ใใฌใ ใฌใค ็คผ ไปค ๅท ้ถ ้ด ้ฝข ไพ 51 685 686 687 688 689 771 ้บ ้ ้ท ๅฑ ๆป ๆฆ ๆญด ๅ ็ ่ฃ ๅฃ ็ทด ๅป ้ ็ทด ้ฌ ้ฃ ๆ 942 1722 1729 2067 2187 442 443 768 769 770 1415 1044 1202 1203 1328 1329 1672 1712 ใญใฏ ใญใณ ใญใฆ 39 ๅ ่ทฏ 448 ้ฒ 449 ็ 2028 ้ 424 425 890 891 1112 1146 1876 1911 2079 2105 296 297 971 2229 901 ใใฏใ ใฏ ใใญใ ใญ ๅป ๆ ๆตช ๅด ่ ๆฅผ ๆผ ้ฒ ็ณง ้ฒ ็ท ๅ ญ ้นฟ ่ซ ใฏใค ใฏใฏ ใฏใณ 12 ๅ 947 ่ฉฑ ่ฉฑ 1503 ่ณ 573 ๆ 1550 ่ 783 ๆนพ 1102 index iv Japanese Readings This Index includes only the Japanese readings established as standard for the โGeneral-Use Kanji.โ Any characters treated in this book and vol. 1 that fall outside that list are given only with their most common readings. The numbers refer to frames in the present volume. ใใใ ใใ ใใใใก ใใใ ใใ ใใใฆ ใใ ใใใ ใใใ ใใ ใใใ ใใใ ใใใคใ ใใใใ ใใใใใ ใใใ ใใใ ใใใใ ใใใใ ็ธ ๅ ้ ไผใ ๅใ ้ญใ ๆขใฆ ่ฏใฆ ้ ้ใ ไปฐใ ่ตค ๆฑ ่ตคใ ๆใใ ้ฃฝใใ ๆ ่ตคใใ ๆใใ ่ตคใใใ ๆใใ ไธใใ ๆใใ ๆใใ ้จฐใใ ๆใใ ๆใใ 263 599 396 382 1074 176 1920 1766 78 78 1777 1825 182 1825 436 100 2179 1825 436 1825 436 1657 1056 1371 773 436 436 ใใ ใใใชใ ใใใ ใใใใ ใใใ ใใ ใใใ ใใ ใใใ ใใใ ใใ ็ง ๅใ ๆ ๆฆ ๆบ ็ณ ๆใใ ็ใใ ๆใใ ๆญใใ ็ซ ใใ ๆถใใ ๅฝฐใใ ้ฃฝใใ ๆใ ็ฉบใ ้ใ ๆใใ ๆฆ ๆฑ ๆใใ ็ฉบใใ ้ใใ ไธใใ ๆใใ ๆใใ ๆใใ ้บป ๆ 482 1010 580 715 190 598 436 1129 580 678 254 309 255 100 436 556 1594 436 715 182 436 556 1594 1657 1056 1371 223 136 330 336 | index iv: japanese readings ใใ ใใใ ใใใชใ ใใใฒ ใใใใ ใใใใ ใใ ใใ ใใใ ใใใใ ใใใใ ใใใ ใใใใ ใใใพ ใใใพใ ใใ ใใใ ใใใถ ใใใ ใใใใ ใใใใ ใใใใ ใใใใใ ใใใใพใ ใใใใใ ใใใพ ใใใใใ ใใใ ใใใ ใใคใ ใใคใใ ใใคใพใ ใใคใใ ใใฆ ใใฆใ ๅญ ๆต ใ ็ณพใ ๆญ ๆฌบใ ่ฉใ ้ฎฎใใ ่ถณ ่ ๅณ ๆฆ ๅณใใ ้ ใใ ๆข ้ ใใ ๆฑ ไบญ ๆฑ ็ฆใ ้ใถ ไพก ๅค ไธใใ ๅฎใ ๆธฉใ ๆใ ๆธฉใใ ๆใใ ๆธฉใพใ ๆใพใ ๆธฉใใ ๆใใ ้ ญ ๆฐใใ ่พบใ ๅฝใใ ๅใ ๆใ ็ฏคใ ็ฑใ ๆฑใ ้ใพใ ้ใใ ๅฎ ๅ ใฆใ ๅฝใฆใ 993 1259 2014 581 1257 695 1456 236 429 757 715 757 1507 638 1507 937 464 1272 512 1795 1665 1321 27 782 1121 1733 1121 1733 1121 1733 1121 1733 1081 248 1821 953 1698 1363 2070 560 608 1576 1576 782 912 953 ใใจ ใใจใคใ ใใช ใใชใฉใ ใใซ ใใญ ใใฐใ ใใฐใใ ใใณใใ ใใณใ ใใถใชใ ใใถใ ใใพ ใใพใ ใใพใใ ใใพใ ใใพใญใ ใใพใใใ ใใพใ ใใฟ ใใ ใใ ใใ ใใใใ ใใใใ ใใใใ ใใใคใ ใใใถใ ใใใพใก ใใใพใค ๅฎใฆใ ๅพ ่ทก ๅซก ็ฉด ๅญ ๅ ไพฎใ ๅ ๆ ๅง ๆดใ ๆดใใ ๆตดใณใใ ๆตดใณใ ๅฑใชใ ๆฒน ่ ๅคฉ ๅฐผ ้จ ็ใ ็ใใ ไฝใ ๅจใ ๆฎใ ้ใ ็ใใใ ไฝใ ็ถฒ ็พ ็ทจใ ๅคฉ ้จ ็ณ ็ด ๅฝฐ ๅฑใใ ๆชใใ ๅฅใใ ๆชใใ ๆใ ๅฑใถใ ้ใก ่ชคใก ้ใค 782 981 2036 159 1805 1724 221 1306 1276 2022 849 318 318 1490 1490 1154 1346 289 54 2233 1545 1909 1909 1515 1533 340 205 1909 1515 373 1953 203 54 1545 471 861 255 1157 724 218 724 228 1157 215 202 215 index iv: japanese readings ใใใพใ ใใใ ใใใ ใใใ ใใใใใ ใใใ ใใใ ใใใ ใใใใ ใใใ ใใใใพใ ใใใใใ ใใใใ ใใใใใ ใใ ใใใ ใใใ ใใ ใใใ ใใใ ใใใใ ใใใใ ใใ ใใใฆใ ใใใ ใใใใ ใใใ ่ชคใ ่ฌใ ๆญฉใ ่ใ ็ฒใ ๆดใ ๆฟฏใ ไบใ ๅต ่ใใ ้ใ ไบใ ่จใ ๆฐใ ๆนใพใ ๆนใใ ่กจใ ่ใ ็พใ ่กจใใ ็พใใ ๆใ ๅจใ ๅญใ ๆญฉใ ่ใใ ๆณก ๆฒซ ๆทกใ ๅใใ ๅใใใ ไฝตใใ ๆ ใใ ใใ ๆ ใฆใ ๅใ ๅใใ ๆ 202 507 1127 418 151 246 2208 1133 611 418 983 835 1482 853 1631 1631 356 1365 1135 256 1135 1066 1135 578 1127 418 97 285 1887 1074 1074 929 419 419 1095 1095 594 ใใใ ใ ใใ ใใ ใใใ ใใใ ไบ ไบฅ ็ช ่จใ ๅฎถ ็ใใ ็กซ 44 640 1366 1599 281 181 497 ใใใ ใใใใก ใใใ ใใ ใใใใ ใใใฉใใ ใใใ ใใ ใใใ ใใ ใใใซใ ใใใ ใใใ ใใใ ใใใ ใใใใใ ใใใชใ ใใใพใใ ใใใ ใใ ใใใใ ใใใถใฟ ใใใใ ใใใฟ ใใใใใ ใใใ ใใ ใใใ ใใ ใ ใใใ ใใใใ ใใใ ใ ใใใ ใ ็ใใ ๆดปใใ ้ท ๆใ ๆฏ ็ฒ ๆฐ ๅขใ ๅจใ ๆคใ ็ใใ ๆดปใใ ่กใ ้ใ ๅนพ ๆฆ ่ป ๆฑ ็ฒ ็ ็ใใ ๆฉใ ๆฉใ ๅฒ ๅ ๆฝใ ่ชใ ๅใพใใ ๅใ ็ณ ็ค ็ข ่ใใ ๆณ ๅฟใใ ๆฅใ ๆฟ ็ ็ใ ๆฑใ ๆใ ่ดใ ่ผธใ ๅพ ้ ้ ใ | 337 1281 1054 1896 192 1801 887 410 1610 1870 198 704 1054 2238 2194 29 1057 1522 1288 708 77 704 1505 1505 426 115 1799 1753 1790 1790 113 1634 349 2011 502 1185 1029 1235 1237 921 98 1983 1997 178 1055 1460 1460 338 | index iv: japanese readings ใใใ ใใใใ ใใใ ใใใใ ใใก ใใกใใใใ ใใค ใใคใใใ ใใคใค ใใคใใ ใใจ ใใจใใก ใใจใใ ใใจใชใ ใใฉใ ใใช ใใฌ ใใฌใ ใใญ ใใฎใใ ใใฎใก ใใฎใ ใใฐใ ใใฐใ ใใพ ใใพใใใ ใใพใ ใใพใใใ ใใ ใใ ใใใใจ ใใ ใใใใ ใใใใ ใใใใใ ใใใ ๆผใ ็ใ ๅทใ ็ใใ ๅทใใ ่ณใ ๅฐใ ๆ ผใ ๅดใ ๅธ ่ใใ ไบ ๆ ใใ ไบใค ๅฝใ ่ฉใ ็ณธ ็ท ๆใใ ๅถใ ๆใ ๅฆ ็จฒ ็ฌ ไนพ ็จฒ ็ช ไบฅ ๅฝ ็ฅใ ่จ ๅฐฟ ไป ๆใใ ๅ ใใ ่ญฆใใ ๆชใ ๅฟใพใใใ ๅฟใ ่ ๅฆน ๅซ ๅใใ ๅใใ ๅใใใ ็ใ 2017 921 1375 921 1375 1947 526 2159 1112 848 1365 5 209 5 1941 695 2174 966 1096 1026 1170 1628 1908 1685 1155 1908 1366 640 982 1998 601 564 1018 386 1478 885 756 1230 1230 645 759 1201 348 348 348 181 ใใ ใใใ ใใ ใใใฉใ ใใใ ใใ ใใใ ใใใ ใใใใ ๅปใ ็ใ ๅ ฅใ ๅฑ ใ ่ฆใ ๅฐใ ้ณใ ๅ ฅใใ ๅฎนใใ ่ฒ ๅฝฉใ ็ ๅฒฉ ็ฅใ ๆฅใ ๆณใ 935 241 1561 1220 476 506 2073 1561 478 1130 244 2028 1732 1279 605 1278 ใใใ ใ ใใ ใใ ใใใ ใใ ใใใใ ใใใถ ใใในใ ใใใ ใใใใ ใใ ใใใใพใใ ใใใ ใใใใ ใใใ ใใ ใใ ใใใ ใใใชใ ๅฏ ๅ ๆใ ไธ ๆคใใ ้คใใ ้ฃขใใ ๆ ฝใใ ้ญ ไผบใ ๆตฎใใถ ๆตฎใในใ ๅใใ ๆตฎใใใ ๆตฎใ ๆฟใ ๅใใ ่ซใใ ไบซใใ ๅใใ ๅใ ็ ไธ ๆฐ ๆฑ ๆฝฎ ๅคฑใ ๅชใ 664 1692 480 1657 1324 339 531 742 1686 125 1867 1867 364 1867 1867 1747 364 83 1828 332 332 977 663 914 587 331 1061 2059 index iv: japanese readings ใใใ ใใ ใใใ ใใใพใ ใใใใ ใใใใ ใใใใ ใใใใ ใใ ใใใ ใใใ ใใใใ ใใใ ใใก ใใค ใใคใใใ ใใคใ ใใฃใใใ ใใคใ ใใคใ ใใง ใใฆใช ใใจใ ใใจใ ใใชใใ ๅพใ ๆธฆ ่ใ ่ใพใ ่ใใ ๅใใ ่ใใ ่ใใ ๆญ ่ฉฉ ่ฌก ๆญใ ่ฌกใ ๅฑ ่ฉฉ ๅ ็ใ ๅฎด ๅ ๆใค ่จใค ๆใค ๅฐใค ๆฎดใค ๅพใค ๆนใค ๆทใค ๆฒใค ็พใใ ๅใ ้ทใ ๆใ ๆ ใ ็งปใ ่ฌใ ่จดใใ ่จใใ ๅใ ๆ ใ ็งปใ ๅจ ่ ๅฐ ็ใ ็ใ ไฟใ 981 216 1381 1381 1381 1995 1381 1381 108 1437 474 108 474 308 1437 2195 815 1723 944 1465 1655 1640 506 1473 1207 347 1994 323 45 1028 2050 1409 828 1775 772 1653 1482 1028 828 1775 1919 783 1070 1479 1479 337 ใใชใ ใใญ ใใฐใ ใใถ ใในใชใ ใใพ ใใพใ ใใพใ ใใพใ ใใพใใ ใใฟ ใใ ใใ ใใใ ใใใใ ใใใใใใ ใใใพใ ใใ ใใใชใ ใใใ ใใใใใ ใใใใพใใ ใใใใ ใใ ใใ ใใใใ ใใใใ ใใใ ใใใ ใใใใใ ใใใ ใใใใ ใใใ ใใ ใใใ ้ ็ ๅฅชใ ็ฃ ่ซพ ้ฆฌ ๅ ๅทงใ ๆจใ ้ง ๅใพใ ็ใพใใ ็ฃใพใใ ๆตท ็ใ ็ฃใ ๆข ๅใใ ๅใใใ ๆญใใ ๆฌใ ๆตฆ ่ฃ ๅ ใ ๆจใ ๆจใ ๆพใ ๆจใใใ ็พจใพใใ ็พจใ ็ ๅฃฒใ ๅพใ ๆฝคใ ๆฝคใ ๆผ ๆฝคใ ้บใใ ๆใ ๆใ ๆใใ ๆใใ ๅฃฒใใ ็ฑใใ ไธ ๆคใใ | 339 119 619 1906 709 1760 1840 981 121 287 1072 1995 704 709 1101 704 709 1305 1995 1995 1715 884 63 1936 1710 1397 781 519 1397 2093 2093 838 1036 1623 2003 2003 1907 2003 942 483 480 483 480 1036 371 1657 1324 340 | index iv: japanese readings ใใใ ใ ใใใ ใใ ใใณใ ใใ ใใใฟ ใใใ ใใใถ ใใ ใใ ๆฑ ้ ๆ ๆ ๆใ ็ปใ ็ตตใ ่จณใ ๆ ่ฎ ็ฌใ ็ซ ๅใ ้ธใถ ๆใถ ่ฅ ๅพใ ็ฒใ 28 1675 1021 1403 280 1086 383 1069 1403 2072 1783 2063 1222 1052 1996 447 1623 857 ใใใ ใใ ใใใ ใใใ ใใ ใใใ ใใใใซ ใใใ ใใใใ ใใใ ใใใฅใค ใใใใญ ๅฐ ้ฟ ๅฐพ ้ ็ท ๅพก ่ใใ ็ใ ่ฒ ใ ่ฟฝใ ้ใ ๆ ็ตใใ ๅคง ๅคใ ่กใ ๅคงใใซ ่ฆใ ่ขซใ ๅนใ ๅคงใใ ไปฐใ ็ ฒ ๆฆ ใใใ ใใใ ใใ ใใ ใใใช ใใใชใ ใใใ ใใ ใใใใ ใใใ ใใใใ ใใใ ใ ใใใใ ใใ 1035 2235 805 1918 966 943 1146 704 1606 1642 2069 1660 1053 960 8 1749 960 714 1419 702 960 1777 96 809 ใใ ใใใ ใใใใ ใใใใ ใใใชใ ใใใ ใใใใ ใใใชใ ใใใพใ ใใใใ ๅ ฌ ไธ ๅฒก ้ธ ็ฏใ ไพตใ ๅใ ๆใ ๆฒ ่ป ็ฟ ่ฃใ ่ตทใใ ๅฅฅ ็ฝฎใ ๆชใ ๅฆใ ้ ใใ ้ใ ่ดใ ๅพใใ ้ ใใ ๆงฝ ่ตทใใ ่ใ ๅณใ ๆ ใ ๆฐใ ๆ ขใ ่กใ ๆใ ่ตทใใ ่ใ ้ท ๆใใ ๆผใใใ ๅงใใใ ๅนผใ ๅใพใ ๆฒปใพใ ไฟฎใพใ ็ดใพใ ๅใใ ๆฒปใใ ไฟฎใใ ็ดใใ 1015 2127 655 568 1615 251 320 1142 59 596 1484 62 1228 1708 1322 1499 1746 1886 1120 1193 981 1886 175 1228 598 1787 1265 898 434 2238 192 1228 598 65 1910 1693 538 1637 1552 1099 1768 1612 1552 1099 1768 1612 index iv: japanese readings ใใ ใใใ ใใใใ ใใใ ใใ ใใใ ใใใ ใใใ ใใใใ ใใใใใ ใใใใ ใใ ใใ ใใกใใ ใใกใ ใใฃใจ ใใจ ใใจใใจ ใใฉใใ ใใจใ ใใจใใใใ ใใจใ ใใฉใ ใใจใใใ ใใฉใ ใใจใ ใใฉใ ใใจใใใ ใใฉใใใ ใใฉใใ ใใชใ ็ดใใ ไผฏ ๅ ๆใใ ๆใใ ๆใใ ้ ๆผใ ๆจใ ๅงใ ๆใ ้ ใ ๆฉใ ่ฅฒใ ่ ๆใใ ๆใใ ่ใใ ๆใใใ ๆใใ ็ฉใใ ๅฆฅใใ ้ฅใ ่ฝใกใ ๅ ใกใ ๅขใกใ ้ถใกใ ๅคซ ้ณ ๅผ ่ ใใ ็ท ้ฅใใ ่ฝใจใ ่ ใ ๅจใ ๅใ ่จชใใ ่ธใ ๅฃใ ่ธใ ่บใ ่กฐใใ ้ฉใใ ้ฉใ ๅใ 1229 94 1295 1496 871 1496 1918 1693 1752 538 1644 1886 949 1763 657 1903 819 657 1903 871 1970 1776 2068 1356 2031 2009 687 824 1022 544 305 950 2068 1356 305 1870 2215 1318 922 1415 922 2076 2150 886 886 1162 ใใซ ใใฎ ใใฎใใฎ ใใฎใ ใใณ ใใณใใใ ใใณใ ใใผใใ ใใฟ ใใ ใใใ ใใใ ใใใฆ ใใใใ ใใใใ ใใใ ใใใใฑใใ ใใ ใใใ ใใใ ใใใณ ใใใถ ใใใผใ ใใ ใใใ ใใ ใใใ ใใใ ใใใ ใใใ ใใใใ ้ฌผ ๆค ๅใ ๅทฑ ๅธฏ ่ ใใ ๅธฏใณใ ่ฆใใ ๆถใใ ่ฃ ไธป ้ข ้ใ ๆใ ๆณใ ๅฟตใ ๆถใ ่กจ ้ข ่ถฃ ่ตดใ ้ ๆ ฎใ ่ฆช ๆณณใ ๅกใ ๅใณ ๅใถ ้ฎใถ ๅใผใ ๆ ไธใใ ้ใใ ๆใ ็นใ ๅฆใ ๅฑ ใ ๆใใ ๆใ ็ดใ ๅธ ไธใใ ๅธใ ้ใใ ๅ ใใ ็ใ | 341 1921 2198 1351 24 456 305 456 1849 855 1593 997 1098 1675 1568 264 1114 855 356 1098 1467 1954 738 893 250 195 342 185 185 1679 185 1633 958 1792 1633 1334 1746 1220 1633 779 189 632 958 632 1792 2031 1479 342 | index iv: japanese readings ใใใ ใใ ใใใช ็ตใใ ไบใใ ๅใใ ๅพก ๅฅณ ๅฉฆ 1053 1601 524 943 3 1564 ใใ ใใใ ใใ ใใใ ใใใใฟใ ใใใ ใใใใใ ใใ ใใใ ใใใ ใใใใ ใใใใ ใใใฟ ใใใใ ใใใ ใใใ ๆฅ ้ฆ ่ ้นฟ ่ฒ ่ ไบคใ ่ฒทใ ้ฃผใ ่ฟใ ๅธฐใ ็ใฟใ ้กงใฟใ ่ฟใ ๅธฐใ ้ใ ไปฃใใ ๅคใใ ๆใใ ๆฟใใ ่ฏใใ ้ก ้ฆใ ้ฆใ ่ซใ ๆฑใใ ๆฒใใ ้ก ้ ่ผใ ๆใ ไฟ ๆใใ ไฟใ ๆถใใ ๆใใ ๆธใใ ็ใใ ใใ ใใใ ใใ ใใใ ใ ใใใใ 561 1714 649 2229 584 1668 1275 1552 124 1240 1772 1125 521 1240 1772 394 269 1073 392 2137 1766 1804 1714 1714 427 98 1214 433 750 1521 976 873 607 873 789 607 409 408 ใใใ ใใใใ ใใ ใใ ใใใฏใ ใใใ ใใใ ใใใ ใใใ ใใ ใใ ใใใชใ ใใใญใ ใใใ ใใใ ใใใใ ใใใ ใใใ ใใ ใใ ใใใ ใใใใ ใใ ้ขใ ๆใ ไฟใใ ๅฃ ้ใ ็ปใ ๆฌ ใ ๆธใ ๆใ ้ ใ ๅฟใ ้ ใใ ่ณญ ้ฐ ๅฝฑ ๆฏ ๆก ๆฌ ใใ ๆถใใ ๆใใ ้งใใ ๆธใใ ่ณญใใ ้ฐใ ๅฒใ ๅฒใ ๅ ็ฌ ้ขจ ้ใชใ ้ใญใ ็ดฏใญใ ๅกใญใ ้ฃพใ ็ใ ่ณขใ ้ ญ ๆฃ ๆ ่ฒธใ ๆฐ ๅก ๅนฝใ ๅพฎใ ๆใใ ๆ ก 996 1956 873 589 1398 1086 1697 959 279 2213 2190 2213 1369 1931 1595 1130 1262 1697 789 607 1471 409 1369 1931 1131 1131 2154 615 1070 1675 1675 1677 1891 1949 1844 876 1081 1960 591 270 1663 839 2077 1783 1409 672 index iv: japanese readings ใใ ใใใ ใใใใ ใใ ใใใ ใใใ ใใใใช ใใใก ใใใฉใ ใใใช ใใใพใ ใใใพใ ใใใใ ใใใใใ ใใใใ ใใใใ ใใใใ ใใใ ใใใใ ใใก ใใค ใใคใ ใใคใ ใใคใฆ ใใฆ ใใฉ ๆขฐ ้ขจ ็จผใ ๆฐใใ ็ฎใใ ๆน ็ ๅฝข ่ฉ ๅ ๆฝ ๆจก ๅบใ ็กฌใ ๅ ใ ้ฃใ ๅใ ๆต ้ ใช ๅฝข ็ถ ่ฑก ่ฑกใ ๅ ้ญ ๅบใพใ ๅพใ ๅพใใ ๅบใใ ๅใ ่ชใใ ่ชใ ๆใ ่ซใ ๅใ ๅพ ไธใค ๅ ใค ๅใค ๆ ใ ๆก ๆฝใฆ ็ณง ่ง ๅญ ้ 387 1074 283 1663 1669 1316 1943 1032 1901 451 612 2002 1191 864 875 1673 796 158 299 1032 1858 488 488 1831 1981 791 1756 1756 791 204 88 88 1753 994 1314 1055 661 1280 775 717 1380 48 495 1824 1387 1051 ใใช ใใชใ ใใชใใ ใใชใใ ใใชใงใ ใใชใ ใใชใใ ใใญ ใใญใ ใใฎ ใใฐใญ ใใถ ใใถใจ ใใถใ ใใน ใใพ ใใพใ ใใพ ใใพใใ ใใฟ ใใฟใชใ ใใ ใใใ ใใใ ใใ ใใ ใใใ ใใใ ใใใ ใใใ ๅป ้ ้ฉใ ๅใ ๆฒใใ ๅใใ ๆฒใใ ๅใใ ๅฅใงใ ่ฆ ่ ๅฟ ใ ้ ้ ๅ ผใญใ ๅฝผ ๅง ๆ ช ็ฒ ่ขซใ ๅฃ ็ชฏ ้ ่ฒ ๆงใ ่ฒ ๆงใใ ไธ ็ฅ ็ด ้ซช ้ท ไบ ็ถ ้ธใ ้ใ ็ฉบ ๅ ๆฎป ๆผข ้ ๆ ่พใ ็ ๆฏใใ ไฝ | 343 1202 984 157 304 1430 1095 1430 1095 1990 476 1273 999 984 1875 199 1420 707 595 1897 1419 851 1453 1203 650 171 650 171 1657 145 915 2008 1896 1927 931 104 920 556 470 2142 993 1225 1021 1909 1929 1218 1084 344 | index iv: japanese readings ใใใชใ ใใใพใ ใใใ ใใ ใใใ ใใ ใใใ ใใ ใใใ ใใใใ ใใ ใใใใ ใใใ ใใใ ใใใ ใใใ ใใ ใใใใใ ใใใใฟใ ใใใฐใใ ใใใใ ๅฅ ็ตกใพใ ็ตกใ ไปฎ ็ฉใ ็ใ ๅใใ ๅใ ็ฉใ ้งใ ่ปฝใ ๅฝผ ๆฏใใ ่ปฝใใ ๅท ็ฎ ๆฒณ ้ฉ ๅด ไนพใใ ๆธใ ไนพใ ็ฅใ ไบคใใ ็ฆ ไปฃใใ ๅคใใ ๆใใ ๆฟใใ ็ฅ ่ใใ ๆกใใ ๅใใ ้ใฟใ ่ณใใ ๅ ๅผ 37 1355 1355 1241 517 1728 1498 637 517 1471 721 1420 1218 721 1832 1418 109 1631 268 1155 1212 1155 227 671 621 269 1073 392 2137 145 1546 315 843 750 1317 1807 953 ใใใ ใ ใใใ ใใ ๆจ ็ ้ป ๆจน ๆถใใ ๅฉใ ๅนใ 980 70 402 1613 726 10 673 ใใใใ ใใใ ใใใ ใใใ ใใใฏใ ใใใ ใใ ใใ ใใใ ใใใ ใใใ ใใ ใใใใ ใใใ ใใใชใ ใใใ ใใฌ ใใฎใ ใใฎใ ใใฎใจ ใใฐ ใใณใใ ใใพใ ใใฟ ใใใ ใใ ใใใ ใใใ ใใใพใ ใใใใ ใใใ ใใ ่ใ ่ดใ ่ใใใ ๅ ๅฆ ๅ ใ ๅ ใ ้ ้ ๅปใ ๅฒธ ๅท ๅต ็ฏใ ็ใใ ็ซถใ ๅ ้ใใ ๆฅใ ๆฑใ ๆฅใ ็ตน ๆจ ่ ไน ็ ๅณใใ ้ ทใใ ๆฑบใพใ ๅ ็ ๅ ฌ ไพฏ ็ ๆฑบใใ ่ ่ ๆธ ใ ๅญ ๆธ ใพใ ๆธ ใใ ๆตใใ ๅซใ ้ง ๆก ้ฐ 1009 1590 1009 1857 1231 1168 1168 1857 379 1538 1147 1375 473 1617 1671 1277 549 1880 1033 1676 1033 1802 692 1894 565 784 1787 927 1602 847 1113 1015 416 1557 1602 1273 716 80 1387 80 80 833 1201 1244 1167 1249 index iv: japanese readings ใใ ใใ ใใใ ใใ ใใใพใ ใใใฟ ใใใใ ๅใ ็ใ ไผใ ่ฃ ๅใใ ้ ๆฅตใพใ ็ชฎใพใ ๆฅตใฟ ็ฉถใใ ๆฅตใใ ็ชฎใใ 504 1671 316 770 504 533 1797 2049 1797 1320 1797 2049 ใใใ ใใใ ใใ ใใ ใใใ ใใใ ใใ ใใใ ใใใใ ใใใ ใใใ ใใใใ ใใ ใใใ ใใ ใใใ ใใใฎใ ใใใ ใใใใ ใใ ใใ ใใ ใ ใใ ใใ ใใ ใใ ใใ ใ ใใ ใใฎ ใใ ใ ใใก ใใกใณใ ใใกใ ใใค ใใคใใใ ๆใใ ้ฃใ ่ ๆฌใ ๆฝใ ่ ่ญใ ่ ใใ ้ ่ ใ ่ ใใ ไธฒ ้ฏจ ๆฅ ๅดฉใ ๆฅ ่ฌ ๅดฉใใ ็ ็ฎก ็ ใ ็ ใใ ไธใใ ไธใ ่ ไธใ ๅฃ ๅ ๆฝใกใ ้ด ๅฑฅ ่ฆใ 1303 1040 722 1501 2182 1836 1873 73 1942 73 73 606 1917 644 355 644 1078 355 852 128 889 889 958 958 762 958 1156 734 1892 113 714 713 ใใคใใใ ใใคใใ ใใซ ใใฐใ ใใณ ใใผ ใใผใ ใใพ ใใฟ ใใฟใใ ใใ ใใ ใใ ใใใ ใใใใ ใใใ ใใ ใใใ ใใใ ใใใ ใใในใ ใฐใฉใ ใใ ใใ ใใใ ใใใใใ ใใใใ ใใใใ ใใใใใ ใใใพ ใใใ ใใ ใใใชใ ใใใ ใใ ่ฆใ ๅฏใ ๅฝ ้ฆ ้ ใ ้ฆ ็ชช ๅนใ ็ชชใ ้ฟ ็ ็ต ไธใใ ็ตใ ้ ใ ้ฒ ๆใ ๆใใ ๆใใ ๅ ่ต ๅบ ๅบซ ไฝ ๆใ ้ฃใใ ๆฎใใ ๆฏในใ ็ฆ ๆ ็นฐใ ๆฅใ ็นฐใ ็ใ ็ใใใ ่ฆใใ ่ฆใใ ่ฆใใใ ่ป ้ญ ๅ ๆฉ ็ด ๆฎใใ ๅใ ้ป | 345 713 2001 962 1672 1232 1565 630 2173 630 2235 658 148 27 148 1925 1843 2178 1303 1303 472 490 70 1043 1578 1301 1040 697 21 621 643 631 1033 631 1833 1833 1219 1219 1219 955 1913 200 949 118 697 200 1603 346 | index iv: japanese readings ใใใ ใใใใญ ใใ ใใใใ ใใใใ ใใใ ใฆใ ใใใใ ็ ้ปใ ้ ๆก ๅ ใใ ่ฉณใใ ๅงใใ ็ฒใใ ็ฒพใใ ไผใฆใ ๅ ใใ 528 1603 958 455 25 1455 1706 887 79 1739 25 ใใใ ใ ใใใ ใใใใใใ ใใใใ ใใ ใใใ ใใใ ใใใ ใใใ ใใใฎ ใใใใ ๆฏ ๆฑใ ๆฑใใใใ ๆฑใใ ๆถใ ๅใ ๅใ ็ ใ ็ ็ ใ ็ฃ ้บใใ 50 1676 1676 1676 726 729 1271 1016 1016 1016 1879 133 ใใใ ใ ใใ ใใใใ ใใ ใใใใ ใใใฐใใ ใใใน ๅฐ ๅญ ๅ ๆจ ็ฒ ้ป ๆ ๆฟใ ้ฏ ไนใ ๆใใ ็ฅ ๆใ ่ซใ ไนใ ่ขซใ ้ฆใใ ้ฆ 1035 1077 1571 980 1248 402 1712 445 590 600 1712 145 1712 83 600 1419 1714 1565 ใใ ใใใ ใใใ ใใใ ใใใ ใใใใ ใใ ใใใ ใใใใ ใใใฎ ใใใฎใค ใใใ ใใใใใ ใใใใใ ใใใใฟใ ใใใใใ ใใ ใใ ใใใ ใใใ ใใใใ ใใ ใใ ใใจ ใใจ ใใจใ ใใจใใจใ ใใจใ ใใจใชใ ใใจใซ ใใจใฐ ใใจใถใ ใใจใใ ้ ญ ๅฃฐ ่ฅ ่ฅใใ ่ถใใ ่ถ ใใ ๆฐท ้ก ๅใ ็ฆใใ ็ฆใใใ ๆผใ ็ฆใใ ๅใใ ไน ไนใค ๅฟ ๆ ๅฟ ๅฟใ ่ฉฆใฟใ ๅฟซใ ่ ฐ ่ถใ ่ถ ใ ๆขข ็ญใ ็ญใใ ๅฟใใ ๆใ ่จ ไบ ๆฎ ็ฐ ็ด ๆฏ ๅฆใ ๅฐฝใ ๅฆใ ่ฅใ ็ฐใชใ ๆฎใซ ่ฉ ่พ ๅฏฟ ็ 1081 174 1618 1618 684 1973 1789 846 1327 512 512 177 512 1327 969 969 946 856 142 142 1059 1810 477 1973 684 592 1651 1651 1011 1956 1999 1107 183 184 2151 1031 1845 1898 1845 563 1814 183 123 988 1859 963 index iv: japanese readings ใใจใใ ใใช ใใฎใ ใใฐใ ใใธใ ใใผใใ ใใพ ใใพใ ใใพใใ ใใพใ ใใฟใก ใใ ใใ ใใใ ใใใ ใใใ ใใใฟ ใใใใใ ใใใ ใใใ ใใ ใใ ใใใใ ใใใใ ใใใใ ใใใ ใใใถ ใใใ ใใ ใใใ ใใใ ใใใใ ๆญใ ็ฒ ๆฏ ๅฅฝใ ๆใ ๅนฃ ้ถใใ ้ง ็ดฐใ ็ดฐใใ ๅฐใ ๅพ ่พผใ ็ฑณ ่พผใใ ่ฅใใ ่ฅใใ ๆฆ ๆฒใใใใ ๅใใ ๆฒใใ ๆฒใใ ๅใ ่ซธ ๆฏ ๅช ไผ ไน ่ปขใใ ่ปขใใ ่ปขใใ ๆฎบใ ่ปขใถ ่กฃ ๅฃฐ ๆใ ๆใ ๅใ ๅฃใ ๅฃใใ 1581 1248 576 1816 225 344 687 656 1770 1770 1673 723 612a 539 612a 1618 1618 442 329 817 329 329 817 1364 576 583 33 34 1005 1005 1005 1609 1005 23 174 1903 819 796 388 388 ใใใ ใใใใ ๅนธใ ็ฅใ ็ฅฅใ ็ฆใ 1696 1751 1454 744 ใใ ใใใใ ใใ ใใ ใใใ ใใใใ ใใใใพ ใใใ ใใใใ ใใใช ใใใใ ใใใ ใใใ ใใใ ใใ ใใ ใใใ ใใใ ใใ ใใใถ ใใใ ใใใ ใใ ใใใใ ใใใใ ใใใ ใใ ใใ ๆ ้ฎใ ๅ ้ช ้ ้ ๆง ๅข ็ ๅ ๆ ใใ ้ใใพ ๆใ ๆขใ ๆฏ ้ญ ้ใใ ็ใ ไธใใ ็ใ ๆใ ้ใ ๅ ๅด ๅผ ๅฒ ๅฒใ ๆใ ๅฒใ ่ฃใ ๆก ๆขใ ๆใ ้ ๅซใถ ๅทใถ ่ฃใใ ้ฟใใ ไธใใ ๆใใ ็ฌน ๆฏใใ ็ฎใใ ๅบใใ ๅ ๅบใ | 347 1094 1963 1233 1238 1701 1661 705 432 381 551 1699 1701 1670 1765 1085 1686 1701 1175 958 1175 580 2176 245 612 588 660 660 2012 881 770 2124 1765 1670 1661 1992 948 770 853 958 1485 616 1402 1939 1152 599 1152 348 | index iv: japanese readings ใใใใ ใใใใ ใใใ ใใ ใ ใใ ใพใ ใใ ใใ ใใก ใใจ ใใจใ ใใจใ ใใจใ ใใจใ ใใฐใ ใใณ ใใณใใ ใใณใใ ใใพ ใใพใ ใใพใใใ ใใใ ใใใใ ใใใ ใใ ใใใซ ใใ ใใใ ใใ ใใใ ใใใ ๆใ ๆฟใ ๅทฎใ ๆใใ ๆใใ ่ชใ ๅฎใ ๅฎใพใ ๅฎใใ ๅนธ ้ท ้ ๆบ ๅฒใ ๆใ ๆบใ ๆบ ่ซญใ ๆใ ่ฃใ ๅฏ ๅฏใใ ๅฏใใ ๆง ๅทใพใ ่ฆใพใ ๅฆจใใ ๅฏใ ไพ ๅฃซ ๅทใใ ่ฆใใ ็ฟ ๆด ๆดใซ ็ฟ ็ณ ๅปใ ๆฏใใ ๆฒข ้จใ ่งฆใ ้ใ 288 1945 1815 365 365 1753 360 360 360 1696 430 1160 190 1715 1307 190 190 180 87 740 1298 1298 1298 1451 686 1849 1312 1734 1435 140 686 1849 634 863 863 277 144 1008 2082 1062 1993 1864 256 ใใใ ใ ่ทฏ 448 ใใใใ ใใใใใ ใใใ ใใ ใใ ใใใ ใใ ใใใใซ ใใ ใใ ใใใ ใใ ใใ ใใใ ใใใ ใใใพใ ใใใใ ใใใ ใใ ใใใ ใใใใ ใใใใใ ใใใใ ใใใใ ใใใใ ใใจใใ ใใช ใใฌ ใใฎใฐใใ ใใฎใถ ๅนธใ ่ใใ ๅผทใใ ๆฝฎ ๆฑ ๅกฉ ้นฟ ็ถใ ๆท ้ ปใใซ ๆทใ ๅธใ ๆฝใ ๅฏ ่ใ ๅฏใ ็นใ ้นฟ ็ช ้ ้ใ ๆปด ้ใพใ ้ฎใพใ ๆฒใใ ้ใใ ้ฎใใ ๆฒใ ไธ ่ ๆ ใ ๅพใ ๆฎใ ้ ใ ้ใ ๅพใใ ่ฆชใใ ่ฆชใใ ๆปดใ ๆทใใ ๅ ็ง ็ด ๆญปใฌ ๅฟใฐใใ ๅฟใถ 1696 2011 952 331 587 163 2229 440 1320 1944 1320 818 1289 664 2219 664 1308 2229 1366 82 82 161 82 925 1727 82 925 1727 958 1502 700 368 373 1851 400 368 252 252 161 1296 1582 1122 187 1743 310 310 index iv: japanese readings ใใฐ ใใฐใใ ใใฐใ ใใถ ใใถใ ใใถใ ใใผใ ใใพ ใใพใ ใใฟ ใใฟใ ใใใ ใใใ ใใ ใใใน ใใ ใใใ ใใในใ ใใใใ ใใใใใ ใใ ใใใ ่ ๆซใ ็ธใ ๆธ ๆธใ ๆธใ ็ตใ ๆพใ ๅณถ ้ใพใ ็ตใ ็ท ใพใ ๆใฟ ๆใฟใ ๆณใฟใ ๆตธใฟใ ็คบใ ๆนฟใ ๅใ ๅ ใใ ้ใใ ๆนฟใ ็ตใใ ็ท ใใ ไธ ้ ๅ ้ท ็ฝ ็ฅใใ ๅ ฑใ ่ชฟในใ ๆปในใ ๆคในใ ้ใ ้ใใ ๅดใใ ๆฑ ๆถฒ ็ฅใ ่ญใ ๅฐ ็ซ ๅพด ๆจ ้จ 628 2010 1382 1975 1975 1975 475 694 1584 1519 475 463 212 212 1293 252 1744 1736 460 1710 1519 1736 475 463 958 265 322 1729 89 9 991 1531 1589 134 1401 1401 428 2027 1781 9 932 1731 254 328 208 132 ใใใ ใใใน ใใใ ใใ ใใใ ใใใใ ่จใ ็ฝฒใ ่ชใ ้ฒใ ่ญใ ่ญใ ๆจ ็ฆใใ ็ฝ ไปฃ ๅ ็ฝใ ๆฎฟ | 349 1227 1362 143 296 932 341 208 512 89 209 362 89 2046 ใใใ ใ ใใ ใใ ใใ ใใใ ใใใ ใใใ ใใ ใใใ ใใ ใใ ใใใ ใใใชใ ใใใใ ใใ ใใใ ใใใ ใใใ ๅท ๅทฃ ้ ข ้ ธ ้ ธใ ๅธใ ๆซ ๅญฃ ้ถ ๆฎใใ ้ใใ ๅงฟ ๅฅฝใ ๆ ้ใใ ๅฅฝใ ้ใ ็ด ๆใ ๅฐใชใ ๅฏกใชใ ๅชใใ ๅใใ ไฟใใ ๅใใ ๅใใ ๅฉ ไฝ ้ใใ ๅฐใ ้ใใ 257 1915 693 1788 1788 186 284 1667 1919 624 1999 667 1816 647 215 1816 1999 1325 231 1407 485 481 1639 2074 1878 775 1558 897 1999 1407 215 350 | index iv: japanese readings ใใใใ ใใ ใใ ใใใ ใใใใ ใใใ ใใใ ใใใใ ใใ ใพ ใใใ ใใใใ ใใงใซ ใใฆใ ใใช ใใชใฉใ ใใชใใก ใใน ใในใฆ ใในใ ใใพใ ใใพใ ใใฟ ใใฟใใ ใใ ๅฅใใ ็ญ ๆก ่ ็ท ้ด ้ชใ ๆถผใใ ้ฒใ ไบ ๆถผใ ้ฒใใ ๅงใใ ่ฆใใ ๅฅจใใ ้ญ ๅปใ ๅปใใ ๆขใซ ๆจใฆใ ๆฃใฆใ ้ใฆใ ็ ๆผใ ไนใก ๅณใก ๅใก ๅฐฑใก ่ก ๅ จใฆ ็ทใฆ ๅกใฆ ๆปใ ็ตฑในใ ็ทในใ ไฝใพใ ๆธใพใ ๆพใพใ ็ญ ้ ๅขจ ๆธใฟ ้ใใ ไฝใ ๆธใ ๆพใ 407 1899 1648 558 503 688 2201 2177 1586 1927 2117 1586 753 1752 515 758 1554 1554 811 912 1659 1572 1049 1611 36 1900 266 1689 377 989 306 342 423 919 306 995 1539 1447 1735 778 1726 1539 1023 995 1539 1447 ใใ ใใใฉใ ใใใ ใใใ ๅทใ ๆฆใ ๆนใ ๆฉใ ้ญใ ๆฆใใ ๅบงใ ๆฎใใ 1731 453 286 137 1349 453 574 624 ใใใ ใ ใใ ใใ ใใซ ใใฐใพใ ใใฐใใ ใใพใ ใใพใ ใใใ ใใ ใใใฎใ ่ ็ ็ฌ ่ ้ข ้ญ ็ญใพใ ็ญใใ ็ญใ ่ฟซใ ๆปใใ ่ฒฌใใ ็ซถใ ๆ 1860 619 646 1860 996 1260 291 291 291 91 116 1746 1277 1759 ใใใ ใใ ใใใใ ใใใ ใใ ใใ ใใใชใ ใใใญใ ใใใ ใใใ ใใใฎใใ ใใ ใค ใใ ใฆใ ใใง ใใจ ๆฒฟใ ๆทปใ ๅฏใ ๅ ๆทปใใ ๆฎบใ ๅบ ๆใชใ ๅฎณใชใ ่ณใชใ ่ใชใ ๆใญใ ้ใ ๆณจใ ๅใ ่ฒใค ่ฒใฆใ ่ข ๅค 1481 1989 745 417 1989 1609 155 841 883 1855 2011 841 983 1128 2023 1141 1141 1350 962 index iv: japanese readings ใใชใใ ใใชใใ ใใฎ ใใฐ ใใพใ ใใใ ใใใใ ใใใ ใใ ใใใ ใใ ใใใใ ไพใใ ๅใใ ๅ ทใใ ๅใใ ๅ ่ ๅด ๅ ๆใพใ ่ใ ่ใใ ๅใใ ๆใใ ็ฉบ ๅฎ ๅใใ ๅใ ๆ 1026 1767 1124 1767 276 780 268 1314 1676 1860 1860 1692 1676 556 1347 1234 1234 806 ใใใ ใ ใใใ ใใ ใใใ ใใใ ใใใใ ใใ ใใใ ใใใ ใใใ ใใใคใ ใใใฉใฎ ใใใพใ ใใใใ ใใใใ ใใใ ใใ ใใใ ๆ ็ฐ ๅนณ ๅฆ ่ใใ ๅ ชใใ ็ตถใใ ๅใ ๅใใ ้ซ ้ซใ ๅดใ ้ใ ไบใ ๅญ ้ ๆฅผ ้ฃ ้ซใพใ ้ซใใ ่ใ ๅขพใ ๅฎ ่ฒก ๆป ่ช 1052 1862 1570 1413 1905 843 1688 527 527 414 414 1979 2176 757 869 361 1876 1353 414 414 1955 421 1869 1046 604 249 ใใ ใ ใ ใใใ ใใใฟ ใใใใใ ใใ ใใใ ใใใ ใใใใใ ใใ ใใ ใ ใ ใใใใ ใใใใ ใใใใใ ใใใใใ ใใใญใ ใใ ใใใใ ใใใใ ใใ ใใ ใ ใใ ใใ ใใ ใ ็ใ ๆฑใ ้ก ๅน ๅซ ๅทงใฟ ๅทฅ ๅ ่ใใ ็ใใ ่ฒฏใใ ไธ ็ซน ๅฒณ ่ ๆญฆ ็ ็ขบใ ็ขบใใใ ่ถณใ ้ถด ๅบใ ๅฉใใ ๅฉใใ ไปใใ ไฝใใ ๆถใใ ๆดใใ ่ณใใ ๆบใใ ๆบใใ ่จชใญใ ๅฐใญใ ไผ ๅ ๅฏ ็งฐใใ ๆฆใ ้ใ ๅช ไฝใ ๆญฃใใ ่ฒใใ ๆญฃใ ็ณพใ ่จใ | 351 1844 98 1566 2171 899 121 114 1819 327 326 1462 961 2031 2025 1922 22 1730 1738 1738 336 651 571 1558 1558 380 897 825 1558 1740 1645 1645 1318 2058 33 2161 1829 2080 1057 1443 583 618 1204 312 1204 2014 1464 352 | index iv: japanese readings ใใ ใกใซ ใใใฟ ใใใ ใใ ใใ ใใก ใใค ใใฃใ ใใฃใจใ ใใฃใจใถ ใใฆ ใใฆใใ ใใฆใพใคใ ใใฆใ ใใจใใ ใใช ใใชใใใ ใใชใคใใฎ ใใซ ใใญ ใใฎใใ ใใฎใใ ใใฎใ ใใฎใใใ ใใฐ ใใณ ่ณชใ ็ดใกใซ ็ณ ็ณใ ๆผใ ่ณช ็ซ ่พฐ ็ซใค ๅปบใค ๆญใค ่ฃใค ็บใค ็ตถใค ้ ๅฐใ ่ฒดใ ๅฐใถ ่ฒดใถ ็พ ็ธฆ ้คจ ็ข ๅฅใ ็ฎใ ็ซใฆใ ๅปบใฆใ ๆจนใฆใ ไพใใ ๆฃ ๅบ ๆ ็ฉ ่ฐท ๆธ ็จฎ ๆฅฝใใ ๆฅฝใใ ๅฎดใใ ๅจฏใใ ้ ผใ ๅฑใ ้ ผใใใ ๆ ๅบฆ ๆ 1037 1325 1709 1709 207 1037 1924 730 1553 406 1581 740 1543 1688 572 1720 1798 1720 1798 374 369 130 349 797 1939 1553 406 1613 771 593 1010 1341 1785 1491 404 1658 1022 1022 1723 201 1480 2048 1480 1068 468 975 ใในใ ใใพ ใใพใ ใใพใ ใใพใ ใใพใใ ใ ใพใ ใใพใใ ใใฟ ใใใ ใใ ใใใ ใใใ ใใใค ใใใ ใใใ ใใใ ใใใ ใใใ ใใใ ใใ ใใใ ใใใใใ ใใใ ้ฃในใ ็ ็ ๅญ ็ ๅผพ ้ ็ตฆใ ่ณใ ็ฐ ๅต ้ญ ้ปใ ่ณใ ๆฐ ๅฑฏ ็บ ่ฉฆใ ้จใ ็ฏใใ ่ฒฏใ ไฟใค ็ตถใใ ไพฟใ ้ ผใ ็ค ๅใใ ่ถณใใ ่ถณใ ๅใใ ๆฏใใ ไฟต 1040 548 232 1387 184 1861 1722 1030 2060 395 1915 1914 1721 2060 438 2188 26 1059 132 294 1462 16 1688 865 1480 802 736 336 336 736 2082 357 ใใกใ ใก ใกใใใ ใกใ ใกใ ใกใใ ใกใใ ใกใใ ใกใใใ ๅ ่ก ไนณ ๅฐใใ ็นใใ ๆบ ็ฆ ่ฟใ ่ชใ ็ใ ้ใ ้ใใ 4 1448 977 1035 743 190 2140 1014 1981 437 1221 1221 index iv: japanese readings ใกใใฅใ ใกใใ ใกใใ ใกใก ใกใกใใ ใกใขใพใ ใกใขใ ใกใขใใ ใกใขใใ ใกใขใใ ใกใชใ ใกใใใ ใกใใใ ใกใใ ใกใ ่ฟใฅใ ๅ ๅฅใ ็ถ ไนณ ้ ช ็ธฎใพใ ็ธฎใ ็ธฎใใ ็ธฎใใ ็ธฎใใ ๅ ใ ๆฃใใใ ๆฃใใใ ๆฃใใ ๆฃใ 1014 567 1652 1108 977 1357 493 493 493 493 493 905 55 55 55 55 ใคใใใ ใคใใใ ใคใ ใคใ ใคใใ ใคใ ใคใ ใใคใ ใค ใคใใใ ใคใใง ใคใใซ ใคใใใ ใคใ ใคใใ ใคใใ ใคใใใ ใคใใ ใคใใใฉใ ใคใใ ใคใใพใใ ใคใใพใ ใคใใใ ใคใใ ๆดฅ ่ฒปใใ ๅบใง ๅใง ็ฌฌ ้ใซ ไบใซ ่ฒปใใ ๅก ็ชใ ไฝฟใ ้ฃใ ไปใใ ๅธ ๅ ๅฎ ๅฎฐ ๆน ๅฏฎ ่ท ๅธใ ๅฎฐใ ๆใ ๅฐฝใใ ๆใพใใ ๆใพใ ็ฒใใ ๆผฌใใ 1863 1643 1508 1511 1116 1881 1601 1643 622 948 909 1560 141 122 910 127 2088 174 240 933 122 2088 1341 1898 64 64 1421 641 ใคใใ ใคใใ ใคใใชใ ใคใใ ใคใใใ ใคใ ใคใใ ใคใใ ใคใ ใคใ ใคใใ ใคใใใ ใคใใชใ ใคใใใ ใคใก ็ฒใใ ๅดใใ ๅผใใ ้ฃใใ ๆ ๆฌก ๅฐฝใใ ไปใ ็ชใ ่กใ ๅฐฑใ ็ใ ้ใ ๅฑใ ๆฌกใ ไบใ ๆฅใ ็ถใ ๆณจใ ็ดนใ ๅฃใ ๆบ ๅ ๆก ๅฐฝใใ ๅใ ่ณ ใ ไฝใ ๅตใ ้ ใ ่ฃฝใ ็นใ ้ใ ไปใใ ็นใใ ๅฐฑใใ ็ใใ ๆผฌใใ ๅใใ ่ฆ ่พป ไผใ ไผใใ ๆใ ไผใใ ๅ | 353 1421 1112 345 1560 546 666 1898 69 1675 1633 1689 1671 72 1748 666 1818 1579 1592 1128 681 126 530 1639 315 1898 1340 165 691 473 928 501 487 72 69 1053 1689 1671 641 926 652 596a 1136 1136 2211 1136 987 354 | index iv: japanese readings ใคใกใใ ใคใค ใคใฅใ ใคใฅใใ ใคใคใใ ใคใคใฟ ใคใฅใฟ ใคใคใ ใคใฉใ ใคใจใพใ ใคใจใใ ใคใช ใคใชใ ใคใญ ใคใฎ ใคใฎใ ใคใฐใ ใคใฐใ ใคใถ ใคใผ ใคใผใญ ใคใพ ใคใพใณใใ ใคใพใ ใคใฟ ใคใ ใคใใ ใคใ ใคใใใ ใคใใ ๅฐ ๅฃ ๅนใ ็ญ ็ถใ ็ถใใ ๆ ใ ่ฌนใ ๆใใ ็ฒใใ ๅ ค ้ผ ๅ ใ ้ใ ๅคใพใ ๅชใพใ ๅชใใ ๅคใใ ๅใใ ็ถฑ ็ถญ ็ณปใ ๅธธ ๆ ๅบธ ่ง ๅใ ็ฟผ ๆคฟ ็ฒ ๅช ๅฑ ๅฆป ๅฉฆ ๅฏฉใใ ่ฉฐใพใ ็ฝช ่ฉฐใ ๆใ ็ฉใ ้ ็ดกใ ็ธพใ ็ช ๅทใใ ่ฉฐใใ 956 103 163 1166 1755 1755 924 413 1540 2085 1486 1872 95 1576 412 193 193 412 952 794 1630 872 983 1638 2219 1824 699 1754 642 1888 636 1078 1903 1564 1551 879 1432 879 160 765 738 1310 766 610 686 871 ใคใใ ใคใ ใคใ ใคใใ ใคใใพใ ใคใใใ ใคใ ใคใใชใ ใคใใฌใ ใคใใญใ ใคใ ใคใ ใคใใ ใคใใ ใคใใใฎ ็ฉใใ ่ถ ้ฒ ๅผทใ ๅใ ่ฑชใ ๅผทใพใ ๅผทใใ ้ข ้ฃใชใ ๅใชใ ่ฒซใ ๅใญใ ้ฃใญใ ้ณใญใ ็พ ใญใ ้ฃใ ๅผฆ ้ถด ้ฃใ ๅฃ ้ฃใใ ๅ ต 765 2185 1283 952 796 1883 952 952 1098 1672 768 390 768 1672 1330 1953 2189 529 651 2189 135 1672 1773 ใใฆใ ใฆ ใงใ ใฆใฎใฒใ ใฆใ ใฆใใ ใฆใ ใงใ ใฆใใ ๆ ๅธ ๆ ๅฏบ ็ งใใ ็ งใ ๅบใ ็ งใใ 1052 2172 1341 1433 679 679 571 679 ใใจใ ใจ ใจใ ใจใ ใจใใ ใจใใจใ ใจใใจใถ ๅ ๆธ ๅใ ๅใ ่จชใ ่ซฎใ ๅณ ๅฐใ ่ฒดใ ๅฐใถ 971 1837 1037 1037 1318 669 610a 1720 1798 1720 index iv: japanese readings ใจใ ใจใใ ใจใใ ใจใใ ใจใ ใจใใ ใจใ ใจใ ใจใ ใจใใ ใจใใ ใจใ ใจใใ ใจใใ ใจใ ใจใใ ใจใก ใจใคใ ใจใฉใ ใจใฉใใ ใจใฉใใใ ใจใจใฎใ ใจใจใฎใใ ใจใฉใพใ ใจใชใใ ่ฒดใถ ๅ ้ ใ ้ใ ้ใ ๅพน ้ ไบ ็ง ๆบถใใ ่งฃใใ ๆ ่พฐ ๅฏธ ๆบถใ ่งฃใ ่ชฌใ ้ใ ็ ใ ๆบถใใ ่งฃใใ ่ใใ ้ใใ ๅบ ๅธธ ๆ ๅฆ ้ใใ ๅนด ๅฉ ็พ ้ใใ ๆ ๅซใ ๅฑใ ๅฑใใ ๆปใ ๆใ ่ชฟใ ๆดใ ่ชฟใใ ๆดใใ ๅใพใ ้งใพใ ๅฑใใ ็งฐใใ 1798 971 275 920 920 466 1999 582 1122 479 1572 970 730 53 479 1572 1058 1572 939 479 1572 1666 1881 1865 983 995 1746 1519 1008 10 1923 1519 602 284 625 625 457 1541 1531 1206 1531 1206 465 1333 308 2080 ใจใชใ ใจใชใ ใจใฎ ใฉใฎ ใจใฐใ ใจใฐใ ใจใณใ ใจใถ ใจใผใใ ใจใผใ ใจใพใ ใจใพใ ใจใฟ ใจใ ใจใใใ ใจใใ ใจใ ใจใใใ ใจใใใณ ใจใใชใ ใจใ ใจใ ใจใใใ ใจใใใใ ใจใ ใจใใ ใจใใง ้ฃ ้ฃใ ๆฎฟ ๆฎฟ ้ฃใฐใ ๅธณ ๅน ๆ ้ฃใถ ่ทณใถ ไนใใ ๆข ๆ ๆญขใพใ ๆณใพใ ็ใพใ ๅฏ ๅฏใ ๅผใ ๆญขใใ ๆณใใ ็ใใ ๅ ๅ ๅ ฑ ไพ ๆบ ๅฏ ๆ ๅ ่ผฉ ็ฏ ไผดใ ่ฑ ่ ๅฏ ๆใใใ ๅทใใ ้ฎใใ ๆใใใใ ๅใใใ ้ณฅ ้ ้ถ ่ ๅก | 355 1980 1980 2046 2046 1003 67 597 1431 1003 1109 1157 1474 1912 20 90 17 747 747 1874 20 90 17 1774 39 1194 1026 190 659 354 239 1427 1134 169 1446 1922 659 64 1745 1679 64 1778 1838 633 405 894 1891 356 | index iv: japanese readings ใจใใฎใใ ใจใ ใฉใ ใจใ ๆคใ ๅใ ๆใ ๅทใ ๆกใ ๆฎใ ๆใ ็ใ ๆณฅ ๅ 467 1466 64 1745 242 1469 2242 670 545 1037 ใใชใ ใช ใชใ ใชใ ใชใ ใชใใ ใชใใ ใชใ ใชใ ใชใใ ใชใใ ใชใใฐ ใชใใพ ใชใใใ ใชใใ ใชใใใ ใชใใ ใชใ ใชใใใ ใชใใใใ ใชใใ ใชใใใใใ ใชใใ ๅ ่ ไบกใ ็กใ ่ ๅฐ ็ถ ๆฒปใ ็ดใ ๆฒปใ ็ดใ ไธญ ไปฒ ่กท ้ ๅ ๆฐธใ ้ทใ ๆตใ ๅใฐ ๅคฎใฐ ๅ ็บใใ ๅฟใใ ๆตใใ ๆธ ๆณฃใ ้ณดใ ๆ ฐใ ๆ ฐใใ ๆฎดใ ๆฒใ ๅใใใใ ๅใ 350 243 1182 324 278 2236 1937 1099 1325 1099 1325 59 60 2214 633 39 194 65 15 166 829 1344 1171 569 15 527 2125 1811 359 359 1473 323 1832 1832 ใชใใ ใชใใ ใชใใใ ใชใใ ใชใ ใชใ ใชใใ ใชใใใใ ใชใ ใชใค ใชใคใใใ ใชใคใใใ ใชใคใ ใชใคใใ ใชใฉ ใชใช ใชใชใค ใชใชใ ใชใซ ใชใซใใ ใชใฎ ใชใพ ใชใพใใ ใชใพใใใใ ใชใพใ ใชใฟ ใชใฟใ ใชใใใ ใชใใพใ ใชใใ ใชใใ ใชใใ ใชใใณใซ ใชใใถ ใชใในใ ใชใ ใชใใ ๆ จใ ๆใใ ๅใ ๅใใ ๆ ใ ๆขจ ๆใ ็บใ ๆณฅใ ๅใใ ๆฌใใ ๆด ๅค ๆใใใ ๆใใใ ๆใ ๆใใ ็ญ ไธ ไธใค ๆใ ไฝ ๆ ไธ ็ ๆ ใใ ่ถใใ ๅฌใใ ้ ไธฆ ๆณข ๆตช ๆถ ๆปใใ ๆฉใพใ ๆฉใ ๅฃใ ็ฟใ ้ณดใใ ๆ ฃใใ ไธฆใณใซ ไธฆใถ ไธฆในใ ๆใ ้ณดใ ๆ ฃใใ 810 1678 12 12 84 237 1174 26 545 1961 816 1047 484 389 389 389 389 1439 968 968 2066 106 806 968 704 1265 2185 295 822 1938 18 891 1902 403 399 399 979 1044 1811 391 1938 1938 1938 1174 1811 391 index iv: japanese readings ใชใ ใชใ ่ ็ธ ็ดข ไฝ 278 1848 1670 106 ใใซใ ใซ ใซใ ใซใ ใซใใ ใซใใ ใซใใ ใซใใ ใซใใ ใซใใ ใซใใ ใซใใ ใซใใใฟ ใซใใ ใซใใใใ ใซใใ ใซใใ ใซใใ ใซใ ใซใใ ใซใ ใซใใ ใ ใซใ ใซใใ ใซใชใ ใซใถใ ใซใถใ ใซใใ ใซใ ใซใ ใซใใจใ ่ท ๆฐ ็ฒ ็ ฎใใ ่ญใ ่ญใ ่ฆใ ้ใใ ่ฆใ ๆกใ ๆใ ๆใใฟ ๆใ ๆใใใ ้ใใ ๆฟใ ๆฟใ ่ฅฟ ้ฆ ่น ๅปฟ ๅฝ ่ใใ ๆ ใ ้ใ ้ใ ็ ฎใใ ไผผใ ็ ฎใ ๅบญ ้ถ 107 853 708 1361 1873 1873 1219 1173 1219 1873 1192 1192 1192 1192 1173 1889 1889 1047 2141 603 627 1741 725 717 2071 2071 1361 1784 1361 214 405 ใใฌใ ใฌใ ใฌใใ ใฌใใ ใฌใใใงใ ใฌใ ็ธซใ ๆใใ ๆใใ ๆใใใงใ ๆใ ๆฝใ 352 2054 2054 2054 2054 1348 ใฌใ ใฌใใ ใฌใใ ใฌใ ใฌใ ใฌใใ ใฌใฎ ใฌใพ ใฌใ ่ฑใ ๆใใ ่ฑใใ ๅนฃ ไธป ็ใ ็ชใ ๅธ ๆฒผ ๅกใ | 357 1395 2054 1395 344 997 670 505 818 682 1513 ใใญใ ใญ ใญใใ ใญใใ ใญใใใ ใญใ ใญใฐใ ใญใใ ใญใใ ใญใ ใญใใใ ใญใใใ ้ณ ๆ น ๅญ ๅค ้กใ ๅธใ ๅฏใใ ๅดใ ็ซ ็ฒใ ็ ใ ็ ใ ๅฏใ ็ทดใ ้ฌใ ๆใ ๅฟตใใ 1022 1396 95 1321 814 820 253 1112 280 1968 439 439 253 1044 1329 420 1114 ใใฎใ ใฎ ใฎใใ ใฎใใใ ใฎใ ใฎใ ใฎใใ ใฎใใ ใฎใใ ้ ไน ไน ้ใ ้ใใ ้ธใใ ่ป ็ง ๆฎใ ้บใ ๆฎใ ้บใ ไนใใ ่ผใใ 954 36 34 1173 1173 1868 1274 1412 1114 1764 1114 1764 362 741 358 | index iv: japanese readings ใฎใใ ใฎใใ ใฎใก ใฎใฐใ ใฎใณใ ใฎใถ ใฎในใ ใฎใผใ ใฎใผใใ ใฎใผใ ใฎใ ใฎใ ใฎใ ้งใใ ้คใ ๆใ ่จใ ๅพ ไผธใฐใ ๅปถใฐใ ไผธใณใ ๅปถใณใ ๅฑใณใ ๅ ๅฏ ๅปถในใ ่ฟฐในใ ๅในใ ๅฎฃในใ ๅฑในใ ้ณในใ ๆผในใ ไธใ ไธใใ ไธใ ๆใ ็ปใ ้จฐใ ้ฃฒใ ๅซใ ๅ ๅ ๅผ ๅ ธ ๆณ ๅพ ๅ ็ฏ ๆฒ ไนใ ่ผใ ๅฎฃใ ๆญใ ้จใ 1780 1027 1183 1700 981 146 1596 146 1596 1621 2161 659 1596 376 1511 1136 1621 1330 1597 1657 1657 1657 511 1444 773 1841 1017 266 450 1587 988 1106 566 76 1600 1547 362 741 1136 537 220 ๅ ็พฝ ่ ใฏใ ใฐใใ ใฏใใญ ใฏใใใ ใฏใใ ใฏใ ใฏใใใ ใฏใใใ ใฏใใพใ ใฏใใ ใฐใใ ใฏใ ใฏใใถ ใใฏใ ใฏ ใฐ ใฐใใใ ใฏใ ใฏใใ ใฏใ ใฏใใ 2199 2043 1839 ใฏใใพ ใฏใใพใ ใฏใใ ๆญฏ ็ซฏ ๅ ด ๅฉใใ ็ฐ ๅ ฅใ ๆ ใ ๆ ใใ ็ใใ ๆ ใใ ๅข ๅขณ ๅใใ ้ผ ่จใใ ๅณใ ่จใ ๆธฌใ ้ใ ่ซฎใ ่ฌใ ็ปใ ่จใ ๆใ ็ฅใ ่ฉใ ๆจฉใ ่ญฐใ ๅใ ๆใ ๅฑฅใ ๆฌงใ ่ฒใ ๆฟใใ ็ใใ ๅใใ ๅฑใพใ ๅฑใ ๅใใ ็ฎฑ ๅฝ ้ใถ ๆฌใถ ๅณก ๆใพใ ๆใ 1847 1967 1020 1425 1882 1561 1699 1699 170 828 696 199 110 795 49 956 49 267 494 669 907 1086 1464 963 570 1626 755 75 1893 1027 714 1472 1141 1319 769 1048 2067 2067 110 617 1823 1067 801 290 292 292 index iv: japanese readings ใฏใ ใฏใ ใฏใใ ใฏใใพใ ใฏใใ ใฏใใใฆ ใฏใใใ ใฏใใ ใฏใใใ ใฏใใ ใฏใใ ใฏใใใใ ใฏใใใใใ ใฏใใ ใฏใใ ใฏใใใ ใฏใใ ใฏใ ใฏใ ใฏใ ใ ใฏใใใใ ใฏใใ ใฏใใ ใฏใใใ ใฏใค ใฏใฆ ใฏใฆใ ใฏใจ ใฏใช ใฏใชใ ใฏใชใ ใฏใชใค ใฏใชใฏใ ็ซฏ ๆฉ ๆฅ ๅผพใ ๅงใพใ ๅใ ๆ ๅใใฆ ๅงใใ ๆฑ ๆฅใใใ ่ตฐใ ๅฅใ ๆฅใใ ๆฅใใใใ ่พฑใใ ๅคใ ๅผพใ ๅคใใ ็ใใ ็ ๆ ็ซฏ ๆฉ ่ ่ ่ฃธ ่ฆ ็ ๆใใ ๅใ ๅ ๆใฆ ๆใฆใ ้ณฉ ่ฑ ่ฏ ้ผป ่ฑ ่ฉฑ ๆพใ ่ฉฑใ ้ขใ ๆพใค ็บใค ็ใ 1967 293 2005 1861 1268 1692 1094 1692 1268 1332 2005 1757 1926 2005 2005 553 962 1861 962 319 589 1253 1967 301 586 895 763 1758 589 760 333 1692 760 760 653 111 1151 1800 827 947 508 947 868 508 1543 844 ใฏใชใฏใ ใใ ใฏใชใถใ ใฏใชใใ ใฏใญ ใฏใญใ ใฏใฏ ใฏใฐ ใฐใฐ ใฏใฐใ ใฏใถใ ใฏใพ ใฏใ ใฏใใ ใฏใใ ใฏใใ ใฏใใพใ ใฏใใใ ใฏใ ใฏใใ ใฏใใ ใฏใใ ใฏใใใ ใฏใ ใฏใ ใฏใใ ็ใ ใใ ่ฑ ๆพใใ ้ขใใ ็พฝ ่ทณใญใ ๆฏ ๅน ๅฉ ้ปใ ็ใ ๆต ๆฉ ๆฉใ ้ใ ่ฟ ใ ๅฅใ ๆ ็ใใ ๆฉใพใ ๆฉใใ ้ใใ ๅ ่ น ๆใ ๆดใใ ๅฆใ ่ใ ๅจ ใ ่ ธ ่ ้ ๅธณ ๆฅ ๅผตใ ๆดใใ ่นใใ | 359 844 827 508 868 2043 1109 1109 746 1425 152 1125 1822 1835 1835 1023 1569 1926 1674 70 1835 1835 1023 812 712 2118 81 903 1266 732 1372 491 1725 67 1794 66 81 68 ใใฒใ ใฒ ใฒใใงใ ใฒใใ ๆฅ ็ซ ๆฐท ็ฏ ้ฝ ็งใงใ ๅทใใ 561 976 1789 1134 1150 1868 686 360 | index iv: japanese readings ใฒใใใ ใฒใใ ใฒใใ ใฒใใ ใฒใ ใฒใใใ ใฒใใใพใ ใฒใ ใฒใใ ใฒใใพใ ใฒใใใ ใฒใ ใฒใใ ใฒใ ใฒใใ ใฒใใใ ใฒใ ใฒใใ ใฒใใ ใฒใใ ใฒใใ ใฒใใ ใฒใ ใ ใฒใใ ใฒใคใ ใฒใคใ ใฒใจ ใฒใฉใ ใฒใจใ ใฒใจใใ ใฒใจใค ๆงใใ ๆฑ ๅ ๆ ๅ ใ ๅน ็ใใ ๅธฅใใ ๅฐใใ ็ทใพใ ๅผใ ๅผพใ ๆฝใ ๆดใ ไฝใ ไฝใพใ ไฝใใ ๅฝฆ ๅผใใ ๆก ไน ไบ ๅป ไน ใใ ่ฑ ่ ๅฏใ ๆฝใ ้ก ้ก ๆตธใ ๅทฆ ๆตธใ ๆฃบ ็พ ๆช ไธ ไบบ ไป ้ ทใ ๅ ็ญใใ ๅใใ ๆใใ ไธใค ๅฃฑใค 1988 937 1100 976 1100 2171 525 1982 514 877 1806 1861 1348 1558 153 153 153 648 1806 1167 34 1927 425 2157 639 1042 534 2182 1359 1038 252 77 252 129 1449 756 965 962 32 927 1000 1439 1570 1541 965 973 ใฒใจใฟ ใฒใจใ ใฒใจใ ใฒใชใ ใฒใฎใ ใฒใฎใจ ใฒใณใ ใฒใณใ ใฒใพ ใฒใ ใฒใใ ใฒใ ใฒใใใ ใฒใใ ใฒใ ใฒใใ ใฒใใใ ใฒใ ใฒใใใใ ใฒใใใใ ใฒใ ใฒใใ ใฒใใ ใฒใใใ ใฒใใใ ใฒใใ ใฒใใพใ ใฒใใใ ้ปใค ็ณ ็ ็ฌใ ้ฝ ไธ ไธ ้ปใ ้ฟใ ้ฟใ ๆ ้ ๅงซ ๅช ็งใใ ๅทใ ๅทใใใ ๅทใใ ๅนณ ๆ ้ใ ๆซใ ๅใ ๆใ ๅขพใ ้ใใ ๆผ ๅนฒใ ็ฟปใ ็ฟปใ ไธ ๅผ ๅฐ ๅฝฆ ๅบใ ๅผใ ๅใ ๅฏใ ๆพใ ๅบใใ ๅบใใ ๅผ ๅ ไบ ๅบใพใ ๅบใใ 1717 598 1721 1553 1150 272 1064 840 431 431 1817 2146 613 654 998 686 686 686 1570 1089 1594 1422 1718 1428 421 1594 719 1270 2055 2055 663 2243 2058 648 830 2243 1380 2001 1813 830 830 2243 1380 582 830 830 index iv: japanese readings ๆกใใ 832 ใใตใ ใตใ ใตใใ ใตใใ ใตใใ ใตใใพใ ใตใใใ ใตใ ใตใใ ใตใใใ ใตใใใ ใตใใใ ใตใใ ใตใใ ใตใ ใตใใใ ใตใใ ใตใ ใตใ ใตใ ใตใใ ใตใใ ใตใ ใตใ ใถใ ใตใใใณ ใตใใค ใตใก ็ฌ ๆฎใใ ๅขใใ ๆทฑใ ๆดใใ ๆทฑใพใ ๆทฑใใ ๅนใ ๅดใ ๅซใ ๅซใใ ่จใใ ่จใใ ่นใใ ่ข ่ใใ ๆดใใ ๆฟ ็ท ๅฏ ็ชใใ ็ชใ ็ฏ ่ค ไผใ ้ฒใ ไผใใ ไบ ๅ ๆญ ็ ็ฅจ ็ฌฆ ็ฐก ่ฑ ๅใณ ไธกใณ ๅพฉใณ ไบใค ๅผใค ไธกใค ็ธ ็งฉ 2147 1323 1191 1796 863 1796 1796 2130 197 2075 2075 1966 1966 68 271 1146 863 1315 306 659 2065 2065 1694 774 2182 1309 2182 1 454 1711 1237 206 71 397 1549 1684 1148 710 1 234 1148 1916 1379 ใตใง ใตใจใ ใตใจใใ ใตใจใ ใตใช ใตใญ ใตใพใใ ใตใฟ ใตใ ใตใใ ใตใ ใตใ ใตใใ ใตใใ ใตใใใ ใตใใ ใตใใ ็ญ ๅคชใ ๆ ๅคชใ ่ ่น ่ ่น ่ช ่ธใพใใ ๆ ๅ ๅฒ ๆธ ็ฑ ่ธใ ่ทตใ ๆฎใใ ๅขใใ ๅฌ ๆฏใ ้ใ ๅคใ ๆงใ ๆ ใ ๆฏใใ ้ใ ๅฅฎใ ๆฎใ ้ใใ ๅคใ ่งฆใใ | 361 1100 19 389 19 2185 823 2185 823 222 2175 860 1091 908 959 1495 2175 1261 1323 1191 1803 733 1792 1215 1609 1217 733 731 1808 1520 731 1256 1864 ใใธใ ใน ใธใ ใธใใ ในใ ใใผใธ ใธใ ใใ ใธใ ใฆใ ในใซ ใธใ ใธใใ ่พบ ้จ ๅก ๅนใ ๅฏใ ้ ้ใใ ้ใฆใ ็ด ๅ ๅฎค ๆธใใ 184 13 930 2173 105 585 1984 1984 118 1311 1025 1607 362 | index iv: japanese readings ใธใ ใธใ ็ธ ็ตใ ๆธใ ่ใ ๆญดใ 1916 720 1607 804 443 ใใปใ ใป ใปใใใ ใปใ ใปใ ใปใใใ ใปใ ใผใ ใปใใ ใปใ ใปใใ ใปใ ใปใใ ใปใใ ใปใใ ใปใฃใใ ใปใฉ ใปใจใ ใปใจใ ใปใฉใใ ใปใจใ ใปใญ ใปใฎใ ใปใพใ ใปใใ ใปใ ใปใ ใปใ ใปใ ใปใใณใ ใปใใผใ ็ซ ๅธ ็ฉ ่ฌใ ๆด ไป ๅค ๆใใ ็ ๅน ่ชใ ๆ ๆฌฒใใ ๅนฒใ ็ดฐใ ็ดฐใ ่ ๆฌฒใใ ็จ ็ผถ ไป ๆฝใ ็ ้ชจ ็ ่ชใ ่ชใใ ่คใใ ่ณใใ ่ณใใ ๆด ๅ ๅฝซใ ๆใ ๅน ๆป ใณใ ไบกใณใ ๆป ใผใ 976 343 2128 1807 2210 1132 962 890 1242 2173 1971 706 1489 1270 1770 1770 1928 1489 461 1933 1083 1289 168 422 2029 1877 1877 2184 1740 1339 1165 623 1532 303 597 579 1182 579 ใใพใ ใพ ใพใ ใพใใชใ ใพใใ ใพใ ใพใ ใพใใ ใพใใ ใพใใใ ใพใใชใ ใพใใ ใพใ ใพใใใ ใพใใใใใ ใพใใใใ ใพใใใ ใพใ ใพใใ ใพใใ ใพใ ใพใใใ ใพใใจ ใพใ ใพใใซ ใพใใ ใพใใ ใพใใใ ใพใใ ็ฎ ็ ้ฆฌ ้ ่ ่ณใ ๅใ ่ใ ๅ ่ฉ ไปปใ ่ฒ ใใ ไปปใใ ่ณใ ๆฒใใ ็ง ๅทป ่ช ็ดใใ ็ดใใใใ ็ดใใใ ็ดใใ ๅทปใ ่ฒ ใใ ๆฒใใ ๅญซ ๅฟ ่ช ๅ ไฟก ็ ๆฌพ ๆญฃ ๅ ๆ ๅฟใซ ๅฐใซ ๅใ ่ณขใ ไบคใใ ๆททใใ ไบคใใ ไบคใใ ๆททใใ ้ใใ 1129 923 1840 396 325 573 498 325 1012 2152 902 1606 902 573 1812 1703 179 249 383 383 383 383 179 1606 1812 874 58 1176 2161 1002 923 1742 1204 2161 580 1011 514 775 876 671 1647 671 671 1647 575 index iv: japanese readings ใพใใใ ใพใ ใพใ ใพใใ ใพใใใ ใพใใ ใพใ ใพใ ใพใใใ ใพใก ใพใค ใพใฃใใ ใพใฃใจใใใ ใพใคใ ใพใคใใใจ ใพใคใ ใพใจ ใพใฉ ใพใฉใ ใพใชใ ใพใชใถ ใพใฌใใใ ใพใญใ ใพใญใ ใพใผใใ ใพใฟใใ ใพใ ใพใใ ใพใ ใพใใ ใพใ ใพใใ ใพใใใ ้ฏใใ ไบคใใ ๅ ็ใ ๅขใ ๅ ๆใ ่ฒงใใ ไบคใใ ๆททใใ ๅคใใ ๅ ๆชใ ็ฌใ ็บ ่ก ๆพ ้ ๅพ ใค ้ใค ๅ จใ ๅฎใใใ ็ฅญใ ๆฟ ็ฅญใ ็ ็ช ๆใ ็ผ ๅญฆใถ ๅ ใใ ๆใ ๅฃใ ๅนป ่ฌใใ ่ฑ ๅฎใ ่ญทใ ่กใ ็นญ ่ฟทใ ไธธ ไธธใ ๅใ ๅฃใ ไธธใใ 1497 671 510 1641 1191 245 2211 1157 671 1647 1542 609 756 1585 1459 1384 1481 35 1034 366 989 989 532 1050 532 1129 307 1550 1399 960 1117 680 509 2061 1213 1153 516 859 1224 2174 1550 1861 1861 972 957 1861 ใพใ ใพใใใฉ ใพใใ ใพใใ ใพใใ ๅธ ๅฎข ่ณ ๅใ ๅจใ ๅใ | 363 820 1097 1972 1087 1533 1087 ใใฟใ ใฟ ใฟใใ ใฟใใ ใฟใใฉ ใฟใ ใฟใ ใฟใใ ใฟใใจ ใฟใใจใฎใ ใฟใใใ ใฟใใ ใฟใใ ใฟใใใ ใฟใใใ ใฟใใ ใฟใ ใฟใใใฟ ใฟใใใ ใฟใ ใฟใใ ใฟใ ใฟใใ ใฟใ ใ ใฟใ ใ ใฟใ ใใ ใฟใก ไธ ่บซ ๅฎ ๅทณ ่ฆใใ ็ฃจใ ๅธ ๅนน ๅณ ๆธ ๆถฏ ๅฐ ่ฉ ๅ ๅจ ใ ๆ ๅฒฌ ้ต ็ญใ ๆจใ ๆฐด ๆน ่ชใ ๅบ ่ ่ฆใใ ๆบ ๆบใใ ไนฑใ ๅฆใ ๆผซใ ๆฟซใ ไนฑใใ ๆฟซใใ ้ ้ ่ทฏ ๅซ 2 1620 1629 665 1013 138 462 1060 1754 629 1385 1720 683 1478 732 228 626 2244 1448 499 979 1216 945 1010 61 1013 173 1636 1045 1952 435 751 1045 751 277 1514 448 899 364 | index iv: japanese readings ใฟใกใณใ ใฟใกใ ใฟใค ใฟใคใ ใฟใคใ ใฟใฃใค ใฟใจใใ ใฟใฉใ ใฟใช ใฟใชใจ ใฟใชใฟ ใฟใชใใจ ใฟใซใใ ใฟใญ ใฟใฎใ ใฟใฟ ใฟใ ใฟใใ ใฟใใณใใ ใฟใ ๅฐใ ๆบใกใ ๅ ใกใ ไธ ็ง ็จ ่ณฆ ่ฒขใ ไธใค ่ชใใ ็ท ็ ๆธฏ ๅ ๆบ ้ใ ๅณฐ ๅฎใ ้ ใ ่ณ ๅฎฎ ้ฝ ไบฌ ้ ใใ ่ฆใ ่จบใ ็ใ ่ฆณใ ่ฆใ ็ฃใ ่ฆงใ 335 1636 917 2 150 577 2013 120 2 311 297 378 1024 1842 813 1976 353 1629 633 1834 2106 990 938 786 1013 1656 1713 752 1702 748 1119 ใใใใ ใใใ ใใ ใใ ใใใใ ใใใ ใใ ใใใ ๅ ญ ๅ ญ ๅใใ ๅฏพใใ ่ฟใใ ๆ ้บฆ ๅใ ๅ ฑใใ ้ ฌใใ ๅใใ ๅฉฟ ้ ทใ ใใ ใใใใใ ใใใถ ใใใ ใใ ใใก ใใค ใใฃใค ใใคใพใใ ใใคใถ ใใช ใใญ ใใ ใใใใ ใใใใ ใใใ ใใ ใใใ ใใ ใใใ ใ ใใ ใใใ ใใใ ใใ ใใใ 97 97 1650 862 1716 1494 1786 1650 991 259 1650 2139 927 ๅใใ ่ซ ๅฏงใ ๅธญ ่ธใ ้ฃใใ ็ตใถ ็ท ใถ ๅจ ๅฌข ๅ ็ญ ็ฆ ๅ ญ ๅ ญใค ็ฆใพใใ ็ฆใถ ่ธ ๆฃ ๆจ ่ธ ๆฃ ๅฎ ๆ ็พค ็พคใใ ็ดซ ่ธใใ ็พคใ ่ธใใ ็พคใใ ๅฎค 1650 2022 559 1140 1964 1673 880 463 635 101 994 1695 2140 97 97 2140 2140 867 1960 287 867 1960 1588 1591 845 845 522 1964 845 1964 845 754 ใใใ ใ ใใใใ ใใใ ใใใ ใใใ ๅฅณ ็ฎ ็ผ ่ฝ ้ ๅฆปใใ ๆตใ ็ฒ ๅทกใ ่ฌใ ้ฑใ ๆใ 3 1129 1399 785 523 1903 1559 1187 1948 800 1018 1969 index iv: japanese readings ใใ ใใ ใใใใใ ใใจใ ้ฃฏ ้ ๅฌใ ๅพดใ ็ใใ ๅฅใใ ๅฉใจใ 943 523 677 328 1940 218 916 ใใใ ใ ใใใใ ใใใ ใใใ ใใใ ใใใ ใใใใฏ ใใ ใใใ ใใก ใใกใใ ใใฃใฆ ใใค ใใฃใจใ ใใฃใฐใ ใใจ ใใจใ ใใฉใ ใใจใฅใ ใใจใใ ใใฉใ ใใฎ ๅช ่ป ่ฃณ ่จญใใ ็ณใ ๅใ ็ใใ ็ ๆฝใ ่ฅใใใฏ ็ใ ่ฃณ ้ ็จใใ ๅบธใใ ไปฅใฆ ๆใค ๆใ ๅฐใ ไธ ๅ ็ด ๆฌ ๅบ ๅ ่ณ ่ณช ๅบ ๆปใ ๅบใฅใ ๆฑใใ ไบใใ ็ดขใใ ้ใใ ๆปใ ็ฉ ่ ใใฎใใฟ ใใ ใใใ ใใใใ ใใใ ใใ ใใ 2059 229 1338 1416 144 1718 441 1442 2182 563 441 1338 35 1643 2219 11 1434 1468 1051 958 298 1762 986 1255 812 668 1037 1255 2187 1225 230 582 1670 366 2187 557 936 ใใใ ใใ ใใใใ ใใใ ๆ ๆก ็พ ็ใใ ๅฌใ ๆผใใ ๅฎ ๆฃฎ ็ใ ๆผใ ๆผใใ ่ซธ ่ซธ ๅ | 365 1540 1172 550 441 1664 1911 516 1674 1175 1911 1911 1364 1364 1027 ใใใ ใ ใใใฐ ใใใ ใใใ ใใ ใใใ ใใใใ ใใใ ใใใชใ ใใใ ใใใ ใใใพใ ใใใ ใใใใ ใใค ใใฃใค ใใฉ ใใจใ ๅ ซ ็ข ๅฑ ๅฎถ ่ฐท ๅ ้คจ ่ผฉ ๆ ็ผใ ็ผใใ ๆใใ ๅชใใ ้ธ ้คใ ็คพ ๅฎใ ๆใ ๆณฐใ ๅบทใ ๅฏงใ ไผใพใ ไผใ ไผใใ ๅ ซใค ๅฅด ๅ ซใค ๅฎฟ ้ใ ่ณใ 1159 2121 1820 281 1491 2199 130 1427 1138 1681 1681 1137 481 156 1452 941 52 1137 1818 1149 559 1574 1574 1574 1159 47 1159 492 520 904 366 | index iv: japanese readings ใใฉใ ใใฉใ ใใชใ ใใซ ใใถใ ใใถใใ ใใพ ใใพใ ใใ ใใใ ใใ ใใใใ ใใใใใ ใใใใ ใใใใใ ๅฎฟใ ๅฎฟใ ่ใ ๆณ ่ ็ ดใ ็ ดใใ ๆใใ ๅผใใ ๅฑฑ ็ ็พ ็ ใ ๆญขใ ็พใ ่พใใ ้ฃใ ๆใใ ่ปใใ ๆใใใ ่ปใใใ ๅใใ ๅใใใ 492 492 911 1890 289 1423 1423 1061 345 985 274 1923 274 370 1923 988 1560 1007 2064 1007 2064 12 12 ใใณ ใใฟ ใใ ใใใ ใใ ใใใ ใใใ ใใใ ใใใ ใใใใ ใใใใ ใใใ ใใใใ ใใ ใใ ใใ ใใ ใใ ใใใถใ ใใใ ใใใ ใใใ ใใ ใญใ ๆนฏ ๅค ็ตใ ๆ ๅบ ้ช ไน ่กใ ้ใ ไนใ ๅพใ ๅพใ ้ฉใ ๆฑฝ ๆบใใถใ ๆบใใ ่ญฒใ ็ฆ ใ ่ฑใ ่ฃ ๅงใญใ 1373 2123 880 1217 1865 2201 34 2238 2194 34 1337 1207 157 411 475 475 102 1118 1446 1493 1706 288 2053 837 2052 475 475 2062 475 1654 478 2002 2062 2062 2062 475 880 ใใใ ใ ใใ ใใใ ใ ใใ ๆ ๅผ ๅผง ๅคข ๆบใใ ๆบใ ็ทฉใ ๆบใใ ่จฑใ ๅฎนใ ่ตฆใ ็ทฉใ ็ทฉใใ ็ทฉใใ ๆบใใ ็ตใใใ ใใ ใใใใ ใใ ใใ ใใใใพ ใใใ ใใใใ ใใ ๅ ไธ ไปฃ ๅค ๅฎต ่ฏใ ๅใ ๅใ ไฝณใ ็พฉใ ๅ ซ ้ ใ ๆผธใ ๅ ใ ่ฝใ ๆจช ็ทฏ ้ช ๆฑใ ๆฑใใ ็ฑ ไผ ๅ ่ถ ๅ ไฝณ ๆ ่พฐ 967 7 269 1830 728 46 486 554 1388 74 1159 888 2057 1280 1779 403 1223 787 1676 1676 14 33 2161 2185 554 1388 580 730 index iv: japanese readings ใใใ ใใใใ ใใค ใใฃใค ใใถ ใใ ใใ ใใ ใใ ใใใใถ ใใใใ ใใใ ใใใ ใใใพใ ใใใใ ใใใ ใใ ๅฝฆ ๅฏใใ ่ฃ ใ ็ฒงใ ๅใค ๅใค ๅผใถ ๅใถ ่ฉ ใ ่ชญใ ๅซ ไน ๅค ๅ ใ ๅฏใ ไพใ ๆ ใ ๅใถ ๆฆใถ ๆ ถใถ ่ณใถ ๆญใถ ๅฎใใ ไธ ้ฝข ๅผฑใ ๅผฑใพใ ๅผฑใใ ๅผฑใ ๅ 648 219 262 1563 967 967 1866 393 196 1105 284 34 1830 905 219 1627 1957 1859 1391 1011 790 754 1828 973 689 1782 1782 1782 1782 967 ใใใ ใ ใใใ ใใใ ใใใค ใใใ ใใใใ ๅพ ๆ ็ฐ ่ผช ่ฅใ ็จใ ๆฒธใใ ๅใใค ๅใใ ๅใใใ ๅฅใใ 86 338 395 900 563 1637 2015 945 945 945 540 ใใ ใใใพใใ ใใ ใใ ใใใ ใใ ใใใจ ใใใใ ใใใใซ ใใใใ ใใใใใใ ใใใใใ ใใใใ ใใ ใใใใ ใใใ ใใใ ใใ ใก ใใใ ใใใ ใใ ใใใ ใใใน ใใ ใใใต ใใ ใใใ ใใ ใใใ ่ ๅผใใ ๆ ๆฒธใ ่จณ ๅใใ ็ญใใ ้ ใใ ๅใใ ๆ ๆฅญ ่ธ ๆ ใจ ็ฆใ ็ฝใ ๆใซ ๆฃใ ็ ฉใ ็ ฉใใใ ็ ฉใใ ๅฟใใ ็ถฟ ็ง ็ง ๆธกใ ่ป ๆธกใ ไบใ ่ชใ ๆธใ ๅใ ็จฟ ็ฌใ ็ซฅ ๅฒ ็ฌฆ ๅฒใ ๆชใ ๅถใ ๆ ๅพ ๆ ๅฒใใ | 367 614 953 591a 2015 1069 945 1750 1252 2047 1405 2228 1075 1690 217 1682 1094 1719 2143 2143 2143 1184 1871 1662 1662 469 1854 469 582 222 1408 393 415 1783 1571 881 71 881 1704 866 338 86 2136 881 index v Cross-Reference List The purpose of this ๏ฌnal Index is to facilitate cross-referencing between vol. 1 and vol. 2. The Index is laid out in the order in which the kanji appear in vol. 1. The column of numbers preceded by an r- refer to frames in the present book. The kanjiโwith Japanese readings and in๏ฌ ection where applicableโare given in the ๏ฌnal two columns. 1 r-965 2 r-1 3 r-2 4 r-967 5 r-85 6 r-971 7 r-968 8 r-1159 9 r-969 10 r-971 11 r-1556 ไธ ไธใค ไบใค ไบ ไธใค ไธ ไธใค ๅ ๅใค ๅ ๅใค ไบ ไบใค ๅ ญ ๅ ญ ๅ ญใค ไธ ไธใค ไธ ๅ ซ ๅ ซ ๅ ซใค ๅ ซ ไน ไนใค ๅ ๅ ๅฃ ใฒใจ ใฒใจใค ใตใใค ใตใ ใฟใค ใฟ ใฟใฃใค ใ ใใค ใใ ใใฃใค ใใค ใใคใค ใใปใใ ใใค ใใฃใค ใชใช ใชใชใค ใชใฎ ใ ใใค ใใฃใค ใใ ใใใฎ ใใใฎใค ใจ ใจใ ใใก 12 r-561 ๆฅ ๆฅ 13 r-546 ๆ 14 r-1862 ็ฐ 15 r-1129 ็ฎ ็ฎ 16 r-1215 ๅคใ ๅคใ 17 r-86 ๅพ 18 r-320 ๅใ 19 r-354 ๆ 20 r-436 ๆใใ ๆใใ ๆใ ๆใ ๆใใ ๆใใ ๆใใ ๆใใ ๆใใ 21 r-308 ๅฑใใ 22 r-309 ๆถ 23 r-1582 ๅ 24 r-39 ๅ 25 r-580 ๆ 26 r-1835 ๆฉใ ๆฉใพใ ๆฉใใ ใฒ ใ ใคใ ใ ใพ ใ ใตใใ ใตใใ ใใ ใใใ ใจใ ใใใใ ใใใใ ใใ ใใใใ ใใใใ ใใใ ใใใ ใใใ ใใใ ใจใชใใ ใใช ใฏใใ ใฏใใพใ ใฏใใใ index v: cross-reference list 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 r-581 r-7 r-1809 r-715 r-716 r-582 r-2173 r-2172 r-1605 r-945 r-89 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 r-550 r-57 r-4 r-1502 r-510 r-511 r-1861 45 46 47 48 r-53 r-1051 r-1380 r-1710 49 r-1657 50 r-958 51 r-1639 ๆญ ไธ ่ ๆฆ ่ ไบใ ๅน ๅธ ๆงใ ่ชใ ็ฝ ็ฝใ ็ฝ ็พ ไธญ ๅ ่ ๅ ๆใ ไธธ ไธธใ ไธธใใ ๅฏธ ๅฐใ ๅ ๅ ใใ ๅ ใ ไธ ไธ ไธ ไธใ ไธใใ ไธใ ไธใใ ไธใใ ไธใใ ไธใ ไธใ ไธใใ ไธใใ ไธ ไธ ไธใใ ไธใใ ไธ ๅ ใใใฒ ใ ใใใ ใผใ ใงใ ใตใใ ใฟใใใ ใใ ใใใ ใใ ใชใ ใก ใใ ใพใ ใฎใผใ ใพใ ใพใใ ใพใใใ ใใฃใฑใ ใใใ ใใใชใ ใใ ใใ ใใฟ ใฎใผใ ใฎใผใใ ใฎใผใ ใใใ ใใใ ใใ ใใ ใใ ใ ใใ ใ ใใใ ใใใ ใใ ใใ ใใใ ใใใ ใใจ 52 53 54 55 56 57 r-330 r-583 r-584 r-312 r-839 r-1013 58 59 60 61 62 63 r-1571 r-298 r-585 r-299 r-342 r-1606 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 r-973 r-1573 r-585 r-372 r-2197 r-1129 r-1565 r-565 r-1045 73 r-1325 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 r-1124 r-923 r-114 r-5 r-1754 r-1066 r-573 r-120 r-119 r-1831 r-2199 r-504 86 87 88 89 r-677 r-678 r-266 r-745 ๆ ๅช ่ฒ ่ฒ ๅก ่ฆใใ ่ฆใใ ่ฆใ ๅ ๅ ้ ้ ๅก ่ฒ ใ ่ฒ ใใ ่ฒ ใใ ไธ ๅฅ ่ ๆฌ ๅบ ็ ้ฆ ไน ไนฑใ ไนฑใใ ็ดใ ็ดใกใซ ็ดใ ๅ ท ็ ๅทฅ ๅทฆ ๅณ ๆใ ่ณใ ่ฒขใ ้ ๅ ๅ ๅใ ๅใใ ๅฌใ ๆญ ๅ ๅฏ | 369 ใใ ใใ ใใ ใฟใใ ใฟใใ ใฟใ ใใจ ใใผใธ ใใ ใพใใ ใพใใ ใฏใ ใพใจ ใใณ ใฟใ ใ ใฟใ ใใ ใชใใ ใใ ใกใซ ใชใใ ใพ ใฒใ ใ ใฟใ ใใ ใพใใชใ ใฟใคใ ใใใช ใฏ ใใ ใใใ ใใ 370 | index v: cross-reference list 90 91 92 93 94 r-540 r-1064 r-1459 r-105 r-1460 95 r-1077 96 r-1724 97 r-1601 98 r-3 99 r-1816 100 r-1845 101 102 103 104 105 r-1109 r-390 r-1276 r-1280 r-1035 106 r-1407 107 r-960 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 r-8 r-2123 r-587 r-962 r-351 r-1732 r-725 r-727 r-889 117 r-1049 118 r-729 119 r-1100 120 r-19 ๅฅใใ ไธ ็บ ๅฏ ้ ้ ใ ๅญ ๅญ ๅญ ไบ ๅฅณ ๅฅณ ๅฅฝใ ๅฅฝใ ๅฆใ ๅฆใ ๆฏ ่ฒซใ ๅ ๅ ๅฐ ๅฐใใ ๅฐใชใ ๅฐใ ๅคง ๅคงใใซ ๅคงใใ ๅคใ ๅค ๆฑ ๅค ๅค ๅคใ ๅคใใ ๅ ็ณ ่ ็ก ็ ใ ็ ใใ ็ ๅใ ๅ ๅ ใ ๅคชใ ๅคชใ ใใใใ ใพใก ใใใ ใ ใใใ ใ ใ ใญ ใใใช ใ ใใฎใ ใใ ใใจใ ใใจใ ใฏใฏ ใคใใฌใ ใใซ ใใปใ ใกใใใ ใใใชใ ใใใ ใใ ใใใใซ ใใใใ ใใใ ใใ ใใ ใใจ ใปใ ใฏใใ ใฏใใใ ใช ใใ ใใ ใ ใใ ใใ ใใช ใใใ ใฒใใ ใฒใใ ใตใจใ ใตใจใ 121 122 123 124 r-1919 r-1873 r-1413 r-1125 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 r-1698 r-218 r-1832 r-257 r-1851 r-979 r-1789 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 r-194 r-502 r-812 r-814 r-195 r-682 r-59 r-28 r-2027 r-331 r-813 r-1054 r-726 145 r-1278 146 r-109 147 r-90 148 149 150 151 152 153 154 155 156 157 158 159 160 161 162 r-1216 r-267 r-987 r-1893 r-538 r-588 r-589 r-1387 r-1389 r-1385 r-1433 r-970 r-1570 r-976 r-2029 ๅจ ่ญใ ๅฆ ็ใ ็ใฟใ ๅใ ๅฅ ๅท ๅท ้ ๆฐด ๆฐท ๆฐท ๆฐธใ ๆณ ๅ ้กใ ๆณณใ ๆฒผ ๆฒ ๆฑ ๆฑ ๆฝฎ ๆบ ๆดป ๆถใ ๆถใใ ๆณ ๆฒณ ๆณใพใ ๆณใใ ๆน ๆธฌใ ๅ ๅใ ๅง ๅผ ๅฃ ๅญ ๅฐ ๆถฏ ๅฏบ ๆ ๅ ็ซ ็ ใใคใ ใใใ ใฏใถใ ใใใใฟใ ใใคใ ใใ ใ ใฟใ ใใใ ใฒ ใชใใ ใใใฟ ใฏใ ใญใใ ใใใ ใฌใพ ใใ ใ ใใ ใใ ใฟใชใใจ ใใ ใใใ ใใ ใจใพใ ใจใใ ใฟใใใฟ ใฏใใ ใคใก ใฏใ ใใ ใใ ใฆใ ใจใ ใฒใปใป ใปใฎใ index v: cross-reference list 163 r-2143 164 r-1887 165 r-1134 166 r-589a 167 168 169 170 r-1682 r-1882 r-1053 r-679 171 172 173 174 r-1686 r-1611 r-1160 r-1603 175 176 177 178 179 r-1726 r-590 r-494 r-1161 r-1995 180 181 182 183 r-1162 r-1165 r-1164 r-1650 184 r-2236 185 r-993 186 r-516 187 188 189 190 191 192 r-989 r-1136 r-728 r-52 r-1723 r-219 193 r-747 194 r-1462 195 r-980 ็ ฉใ ็ ฉใใ ๆทกใ ็ฏ ็ ็ ็ฝใ ็ฐ ็น ็ งใใ ็ งใ ็ งใใ ้ญ ๆผ ้ ้ป ้ปใ ๅขจ ้ฏ ้ใ ๅ ๅใพใ ๅใใ ๅใใใ ๅใ ๆด ่ด ๅใใ ๅใ ๅใใ ๅใใ ๅฐ ๅญ ๅฎใ ๅฎ ๅฎ ๅฎฃ ๅฎต ๅฎใ ๅฎด ๅฏใ ๅฏใใ ๅฏ ๅฏใ ่ฒฏ ๆจ ใใใใ ใใใใใ ใใใ ใฒ ใฏใ ใฏใใ ใใใใ ใฏใ ใฆใใ ใฆใ ใฆใใ 196 197 198 199 200 201 202 203 204 205 r-1674 r-1674 r-1386 r-591 r-591a r-592 r-593 r-594 r-1167 r-1324 206 r-1218 ใใใปใใใช 207 208 209 210 211 212 213 214 215 216 217 218 219 r-2210 r-1591 r-263 r-530 r-986 r-1711 r-442 r-315 r-227 r-756 r-284 r-285 r-757 ใใใ ใใ ใใใ ใใใ ใชใ ใใ ใพใใ ใใ 220 221 222 223 224 225 r-759 r-182 r-595 r-563 r-1836 r-1219 ใใ ใใใ ใใใ ใใ ใใใ ใจใฟ ใจใ 226 r-2001 227 r-1381 ใใจ ใใ ใใใ ใใฟ ใใ ใฏใใ ใใพใ ใใใ ใใใใ ใใชใ ใปใ ใ 228 r-1839 229 r-2002 230 r-703 ๆ ๆฃฎ ๆก ๆ ๆ ๆขข ๆฃ ๆ ๆก ๆคใใ ๆคใใ ๆฏใใ ๆฏใใ ๆด ๆ ็ธ ๆบ ๆฌ ๆญ ๆฆ ๆก ็ฅ ๆช ๆซ ๆฒซ ๅณ ๅณใใ ๅฆน ๆฑ ๆ ช ่ฅใ ่ ่ฆใใ ่ฆใใ ่ฆใใใ ่ฆใ ่ฆใ ๅฏ ่ใ ่ใพใ ่ใใ ่ใใ ่ใใ ่ ๆจก ๆผ | 371 ใฏใใ ใใ ใใคใ ใใใ ใใ ใใใ ใใช ใใใ ใใ ใใใ ใใใ ใใใ ใใใ ใใ ใใ ใคใใ ใใจ ใตใ ใใใฟ ใใ ใใ ใใใใ ใใใใจ ใใถ ใใใ ใใ ใใใใ ใใใใ ใใใใใ ใซใใ ใซใใ ใใใ ใใใพใ ใใใใ ใใใใ ใใใใ ใฏ 372 | index v: cross-reference list 231 r-696 232 r-697 233 r-701 234 r-278 235 r-1168 236 237 238 239 240 241 242 243 r-1172 r-1171 r-1685 r-1858 r-1727 r-440 r-596 r-517 244 245 246 247 248 249 250 251 252 253 r-280 r-977 r-1065 r-926 r-245 r-246 r-380 r-381 r-543 r-1074 254 255 256 257 258 259 r-536 r-1113 r-548 r-1869 r-184 r-1135 260 r-1833 261 262 263 264 265 266 r-1557 r-460 r-989 r-1759 r-963 r-997 267 r-1128 ๅข ๆฎใใ ๆฎใใ ่ ่ ่ ๅ ใ ๅ ใ ๆก ็บใใ ็ฌ ็ถ ้ปใ ็ถ ่ป ็ฉใ ็ฉใ ็ซ ็ ็น ๅใใ ๅ ๆดใ ไป ็ ่ถ ๅใ ๅใใ ๅใใใ ๅก ็ ็ ๅฎ ็ ็พใ ็พใใ ็ใ ็ใใใ ็ ๅ ๅ จใ ๆ ็ ไธป ไธป ๆณจใ ใฏใ ใใใ ใใใ ใชใ ใชใ ใใใ ใใใ ใใ ใชใใใ ใใฌ ใ ใพใ ใใ ใใ ใใ ใญใ ใใ ใคใใ ใใ ใใใ 268 r-1332 269 r-984 270 271 272 273 274 275 276 r-247 r-2240 r-1163 r-2189 r-1725 r-351 r-925 277 278 279 280 281 282 283 r-334 r-335 r-596a r-1569 r-928 r-91 r-1173 284 r-1821 285 r-1948 286 r-955 287 r-1672 ใใ ใใใ ใใใใ ใใพ ใใใ ใใใใ ใใใใใ ใใใ ใใใใใ 288 289 290 291 292 293 294 295 296 297 298 299 r-1854 r-178 r-1012 r-1351 r-2159 r-570 r-1097 r-1359 r-484 r-1746 r-1648 r-1356 300 301 302 303 304 r-994 r-1522 r-1521 r-1067 r-1807 ใพใฃใใ ใใ ใฌใ ใใใ ๆฑ ้ ้ ้ ้ข ้ ้ฃใ ้ ้ ้ฎใพใ ้ฎใใ ้ ๅฐใ ่พป ่ฟ ้ ใ ่ฟซใ ้ใ ้ใใ ้ใใ ้ใใ ่พบใ ่พบ ๅทกใ ่ป ้ฃใชใ ้ฃใญใ ้ฃใใ ่ป ่ผธ ๅ ๅ ๆ ผ ็ฅ ๅฎข ้ก ๅค ๅฆ ๆก ่ฝใกใ ่ฝใจใ ๅ ่ป ่ผใ ้ใถ ๅ ใฏใใ ใใญ ใใช ใคใ ใฏใ ใใใพใ ใใใใ ใฟใก ใฟใกใณใ ใคใ ใคใใ ใใพใ ใฎใใ ใฎใใใ ใซใใ ใซใใ ใใใ ใน ใใใ ใใใพ ใคใใชใ ใคใใญใ ใคใใ ใพใ ใใฎใใฎ ใฒใใ ใชใค ใจใใ ใใกใ ใใจใ ใใใใ ใฏใใถ ใใใใ index v: cross-reference list 305 r-2052 ๅคข 306 r-221 ๅ 307 r-414 ้ซ 308 309 310 311 312 313 r-1828 r-370 r-371 r-464 r-938 r-2177 314 315 316 317 318 319 320 321 322 323 r-1130 r-1917 r-911 r-1533 r-1018 r-140 r-554 r-260 r-261 r-1036 324 r-960 325 r-1849 326 r-1699 327 328 329 330 331 332 333 334 335 r-959 r-1863 r-1703 r-116 r-1061 r-1089 r-1217 r-884 r-1599 336 r-885 337 r-49 338 r-1721 339 r-1464 340 r-1655 ้ซใ ้ซใพใ ้ซใใ ไบซ ๅกพ ็ใใ ไบญ ไบฌ ๆถผใใ ๆถผใ ๆฏ ้ฏจ ่ ๅจใ ้ฑ ๅฃซ ๅ ๅฃฎ ่ ๅฃฒใ ๅฃฒใใ ๅญฆใถ ่ฆใใ ่ฆใใ ่ฆใพใ ๆ ใใ ๆ ใ ๆธใ ๆดฅ ็ง ๆปใใ ๆใใ ๆ ๆ ๆฌใ ่จใ ่จ ่ญฆ ่จใใ ่จใ ็ ่จ ่จใค ใใ ใใ ใใใ ใใใพใ ใใใใ ใใใ ใใใใ ใใใ 341 r-1771 342 r-683 343 r-879 344 r-947 345 r-196 346 r-1437 347 r-88 348 r-1105 349 r-1531 ใใใ ใพใใ ใใใใ ใใ ใใใ ใพใชใถ ใใผใใ ใใใ ใใพใ ใใใใ ใใใ ใใ ใค ใพใ ใใใ ใใถใใ 350 351 352 353 354 r-994 r-1760 r-180 r-1587 r-1059 355 356 357 358 359 r-234 r-551 r-1855 r-742 r-741 360 r-2212 361 r-1174 362 363 364 365 r-1177 r-1176 r-1870 r-579 366 r-1607 ใใ ใใใพใ ใใ ใใจ ใฏใใใ ใฏใใ ใใค 367 368 369 370 371 r-1262 r-1260 r-1259 r-20 r-1127 372 r-1408 373 r-1944 374 r-1766 ่จ ่ฉ ่ฉฐใพใ ่ฉฐใใ ่ฉฐใ ่ฉฑ ่ฉฑใ ่ฉ ใ ่ฉฉ ่ชใใ ่ชใ ่ชญใ ่ชฟในใ ่ชฟใ ่ชฟใใ ่ซ ่ซพ ่ซญใ ๅผ ่ฉฆใ ่ฉฆใฟใ ๅผ ๅ ่ณ ๆ ฝ ่ผใใ ่ผใ ่ใ ๆใ ๆใ ๅ ่ช ๅจ ๆป ใณใ ๆป ใผใ ๆธใใ ๆธใ ๆก ้ญ ๆต ใ ๆญขใพใ ๆญฉใ ๆญฉใ ๆธ ้ ป ่ฏ | 373 ใฟใใจใฎใ ใคใพใ ใคใใ ใคใ ใฏใชใ ใฏใชใ ใใ ใใใใ ใใใ ใใ ใใในใ ใจใจใฎใ ใจใจใฎใใ ใใจใ ใใใ ใใใใฟใ ใฎใใ ใฎใ ใใใ ใชใ ใชใ ใใ ใพใใจ ใปใใณใ ใปใใผใ ใธใใ ใธใ ใใซ ใใใ ใจใพใ ใใใ ใใใ 374 | index v: cross-reference list 375 376 377 378 379 r-1739 r-443 r-22 r-2013 r-1204 380 r-1208 381 r-1050 382 r-360 383 r-361 384 r-1757 385 r-684 386 r-1954 387 r-1973 388 389 390 391 r-576 r-1038 r-1486 r-406 392 r-1596 393 394 395 396 397 r-1063 r-1634 r-2139 r-23 r-740 398 r-262 399 r-1936 400 r-388 401 r-1095 402 r-56 403 r-277 404 r-1692 ไผใฆใ ๆญด ๆญฆ ่ณฆ ๆญฃใใ ๆญฃใ ๆญฃ ่จผ ๆฟ ๅฎใ ๅฎใพใ ๅฎใใ ้ ่ตฐใ ่ถ ใใ ่ถ ใ ่ตดใ ่ถใใ ่ถใ ๆฏ ้ก ๅ ค ๅปบใค ๅปบใฆใ ๅปถใฐใ ๅปถใณใ ๅปถในใ ่ช ็ค ๅฉฟ ่กฃ ่ฃใ ่ฃใค ่ฃ ใ ่ฃ ๅฃใ ๅฃใใ ๅใ ๅใใ ้ ใ ็ฟ ๅ ๅ ๅใใ ๅใ ๅใใฆ ใใใ ใฆใ ใใ ใใ ใใ ใ ใพใ ใพใคใใใจ ใใ ใ ใใ ใพ ใใ ใใ ใฏใใ ใใใ ใใ ใใใใ ใใใ ใใ ใคใคใฟ ใใค ใใฆใ ใฎใฐใ ใฎใณใ ใฎในใ ใใใใ ใใ ใใใ ใใฐใ ใใค ใใใใ ใใ ใใใ ใใใใ ใใใ ใใใใ ใจใใ ใใ ใใ ใฏใค ใใใ ใฏใใ ใฏใใใฆ 405 406 407 408 409 410 411 412 413 414 415 r-818 r-343 r-746 r-321 r-702 r-597 r-2141 r-848 r-849 r-850 r-456 416 r-457 417 r-1152 418 r-500 419 r-501 420 r-1005 421 r-1075 422 r-1545 423 424 425 426 427 428 r-1843 r-2178 r-1896 r-265 r-1803 r-54 429 r-293 430 r-295 431 r-1553 432 r-2125 433 r-254 434 r-1277 435 436 437 438 439 440 441 r-462 r-1571 r-598 r-1875 r-1010 r-159 r-157 ๅธ ๅธ ๅน ๅธฝ ๅน ๅน ้ฆ ๅธ ๅง ่บ ๅธฏ ๅธฏใณใ ๆปใ ๅบใใ ๅบใ ๅถ ่ฃฝ ่ปขใใ ่ปขใใ ่ปขใใ ่ปขใถ ่ธ ้จ ้จ ้ฒ ๆใ ้ท ้ ๅฌ ๅคฉ ๅคฉ ๆฉ ๅฌ ็ซใค ็ซใฆใ ๆณฃใ ็ซ ็ซถใ ็ซถใ ๅธ ็ซฅ ็ณ ้ ๅใ ๅซก ้ฉ ใฌใฎ ใป ใฏใฐ ใปใ ใซใใ ใใก ใใญ ใใณ ใใณใ ใจใฉใใใ ใใใ ใใ ใใใใ ใใใใ ใใใใ ใใใถ ใใพ ใใ ใใ ใใใ ใใฟใชใ ใใ ใตใ ใใพ ใใ ใฏใ ใใค ใใฆใ ใชใ ใใใ ใใ ใใใน ใฒใจใฟ ใใญ ใใใชใ index v: cross-reference list 442 r-161 443 444 445 446 r-158 r-599 r-549 r-1860 447 448 449 450 r-21 r-2022 r-378 r-1647 451 452 453 454 455 456 457 458 459 460 461 462 463 r-1212 r-1213 r-1211 r-1210 r-287 r-289 r-973 r-1031 r-1307 r-1305 r-1101 r-600 r-1155 464 r-712 465 r-711 466 r-1697 467 r-2130 468 r-1844 469 r-108 470 r-2064 471 r-666 472 473 474 475 476 477 r-601 r-668 r-667 r-669 r-165 r-163 ๆปด ๆปดใ ๆต ๅ ๅ ่ ่ ่ใ ่ใใ ๆฏในใ ๆ ็ ๆททใใ ๆททใใ ๆธใ ่ฌ ่ค ๅ ๆจ ่ ๅฃฑ ๆฏ ๆ ๆข ๆตท ไน ไนพใใ ไนพใ ่ น ่ค ๆฌ ใ ๆฌ ใใ ๅนใ ็ใ ๆญ ๆญใ ่ปใใ ่ปใใใ ๆฌก ๆฌกใ ่จ ่ณ ๅงฟ ่ซฎใ ่ณ ๅนใ ใใใ ใใใใ ใใใ ใใ ใใ ใ ใใ ใใใ ใใใใ ใใในใ ใฟใช ใพใใ ใพใใ ใใใ ใใญ ใใถใ 478 r-2047 ๅ 479 r-1022 ้ณ 480 481 482 483 484 485 486 487 488 r-1301 r-840 r-932 r-433 r-432 r-1182 r-1187 r-1952 r-418 489 490 491 492 493 494 495 r-1183 r-1316 r-1312 r-1311 r-1317 r-1313 r-1318 ใใจ 496 r-508 ใใ ใใฟ ใใใใ ใใใ ใฏใ ใใ ใใใ ใตใ ใใ ใใ ใใใ ใใใใ ใใใใใ ใคใ ใคใ ใใฐใ 497 498 499 500 501 502 r-1319 r-1395 r-1058 r-1394 r-48 r-1191 503 r-1193 504 r-937 505 r-1960 506 r-1327 507 r-903 508 r-212 509 r-1676 ใใใ ใฏใใ ใคใกใใ 510 r-441 ้ณ ๆใ ้ป ่ญ ้ก ๅข ไบกใ ็ฒ ๅฆ ่ใ ่ใใ ่ใใ ๆใ ๆน ๅฆจใใ ๅ ่ณใใ ่ช ่จชใใ ่จชใญใ ๆพใ ๆพใค ๆพใใ ๆฟใใ ่ฑใ ่ชฌใ ้ญใ ๆฝใฆ ๅขใ ๅขใใ ๅขใใ ่ดใ ๆฑ ๆฃ ๆฃ ๅใ ๅใใ ๅฆ ๅปท ๆใฟ ๆใฟใ ๆใพใ ๆใใ ็ใใ | 375 ใใจ ใญ ใใใ ใใใฟ ใใใ ใชใ ใใใ ใใใ ใใใ ใฎใใ ใใ ใใพใใใ ใใใฐใใ ใใจใใใ ใใใญใ ใฏใชใ ใฏใชใค ใฏใชใใ ใฏใใใ ใฌใ ใจใ ใใใฉใ ใใคใฆ ใพใ ใตใใ ใตใใ ใใใ ใฒใใ ใใช ใใญ ใใใ ใใใใ ใใฟ ใใฟใ ใใพใ ใใใ ใใใ 376 | index v: cross-reference list 511 512 513 514 515 516 517 518 519 520 521 522 523 524 r-1972 r-2016 r-408 r-602 r-956 r-1288 r-2022 r-1928 r-603 r-1885 r-1553 r-1668 r-1070 525 r-24 526 r-1228 527 r-1231 528 r-1631 529 530 531 532 533 534 535 536 537 538 539 540 541 542 r-1227 r-95 r-99 r-96 r-97 r-1927 r-947 r-1924 r-604 r-1549 r-2069 r-1881 r-281 r-284 543 544 545 546 547 548 549 r-1883 r-1372 r-1020 r-1373 r-1449 r-45 r-1047 ็ใ ็ใใ ่ณ ๆญณ ็ ๆ ๅฐ ๆฑ ่ซ ่ ่ ่น ่ถ ็ฌใ ่ ้ขจ ้ขจ ๅทฑ ่ตทใใ ่ตทใใ ่ตทใใ ๅฆ ๆนใพใ ๆนใใ ่จใ ๅ ใ ่ ็ ฒ ๆณก ไบ ้ป ็ซ ๆป ่ฑ ้ ้ใใ ๅฎถ ๅซ ๅซใ ่ฑช ่ ธ ๅ ด ๆนฏ ็พ ็พใใ ๆด ใใ ใใใ ใจใก ใใ ใใ ใปใใ ใธใณ ใซใ ใฒใจใ ใใใ ใใ ใใ ใใฎใ ใใใ ใใใ ใใใ ใใใใพใ ใใใใใ ใใใ ใคใคใ ใใ ใใ ใใค ใใ ใถใ ใจใใ ใใ ใใ ใจใคใ ใฐ ใ ใฒใคใ ใใคใใใ 550 551 552 553 554 555 r-1455 r-1456 r-572 r-2093 r-1815 r-1671 556 r-1829 557 r-512 558 r-513 559 r-1576 560 r-1961 561 r-1586 562 r-575 563 r-523 564 565 566 567 r-1767 r-1808 r-1906 r-1738 568 569 570 571 572 573 r-981 r-1654 r-754 r-755 r-752 r-2043 574 575 576 577 578 579 580 r-1044 r-2051 r-976 r-2208 r-605 r-1373 r-791 581 r-962 ่ฉณใใ ้ฎฎใใ ้ ็พจใพใใ ๅทฎใ ็ใ ็ใใ ็ใ ็ใใ ๅฏ ็ฆใ ็ฆใใ ็ฆใใใ ็ฆใใ ็ค ้ใ ้ใพใ ้ใใ ๅ ้ฒใ ้ฒใใ ้ ้ ้ ๆบ ๅฅฎใ ๅฅชใ ็ขบใ ็ขบใใใ ๅ ่จฑใ ๆญ ๆจฉ ่ฆณ ็พฝ ็พฝ ็ฟใ ็ฟ ๆ ๆฟฏ ๆฅใ ๅฐใ ๅบใ ๅบใพใ ๅบใใ ๅฝ ใใใใ ใใใใ ใใใใพใใ ใใ ใคใ ใคใใ ใใ ใใใ ใใใ ใใใ ใใใใ ใใใ ใคใฉใ ใใคใพใ ใใคใใ ใใใ ใใใใ ใ ใใ ใตใใ ใใฐใ ใใใ ใใใใใ ใใพ ใใใ ใฏใญ ใฏ ใชใใ ใใใ ใใพใ ใใใ ใใใพใ ใใใใ ใใซ index v: cross-reference list 582 583 584 585 586 r-957 r-905 r-906 r-276 r-1087 587 588 589 590 591 592 r-718 r-1010 r-1043 r-214 r-1461 r-1865 593 594 595 596 597 r-136 r-138 r-946 r-1184 r-310 598 r-311 599 r-1230 600 r-142 601 602 603 604 605 606 607 608 609 610 611 r-143 r-58 r-606 r-1719 r-1568 r-907 r-1011 r-856 r-264 r-1801 r-1505 612 r-31 613 r-1903 614 r-1550 615 r-518 616 r-480 617 r-485 618 r-1185 ๅฃ ๅ ใ ๅงป ๅ ๅใ ๅใ ๅฃ ๅบ ๅบซ ๅบญ ๅบ ๅบ ๅบ ้บป ็ฃจใ ๅฟ ๅฟใใ ๅฟใฐใใ ๅฟใถ ่ชใใ ๅฟใพใใใ ๅฟใ ๅฟ ๅฟใ ่ช ๅฟ ไธฒ ๆฃใ ๆใ ๆฉ ๅฟ ๆ ๆณ ๆฏ ๆฉใ ๆฉใ ๆตใ ๆใ ๆใใใ ๆใ ๆ ๆใ ๆใ ๆใใ ๅฏก ๅฟใใ ใใ ใใฎ ใพใใ ใพใใ ใฟใ 619 620 621 622 623 624 r-1391 r-1638 r-2017 r-87 r-819 r-419 625 r-1303 ใซใ 626 r-1192 ใใ ใจใ ใใ ใฟใใ ใใใ ใใใใ ใใฎใฐใใ ใใฎใถ ใฟใจใใ ใใพใใใ ใใ ใใใใใ ใใใใใ ใใ ใใใใ ใใใ ใใ ใใใ ใใใ ใใใ ใใใ ใใใใใ ใพใฉใ ใใ ใใใ ใใใใ ใใใใใ 627 r-391 628 629 630 631 632 633 634 r-179 r-898 r-924 r-519 r-855 r-700 r-1989 635 r-999 636 r-1293 637 r-1052 638 r-1713 639 r-137 640 r-338 641 642 643 644 645 r-74 r-75 r-77 r-286 r-98 646 647 648 649 650 651 652 r-537 r-1409 r-223 r-347 r-680 r-1644 r-92 ๆฆ ๆ ๆผใ ๆใ ๆใ ๆ ใใ ใใ ๆ ใฆใ ๆใใ ๆใใ ๆใใ ๆใ ๆใใฟ ๆใ ๆใใใ ๆ ฃใใ ๆ ฃใใ ๆ ๆฐ ๆ ใ ๆพ ๆถ ๆ ใ ๆทปใ ๆทปใใ ๅฟ ใ ๆณ ๆ ๆ ็ ๆฉ ๆ ๆ ็พฉ ่ญฐ ็ ๆน ๆฑใใ ๆฑใ ๆฑใ ๆญ ๆ ๆ ๆน ๆใ ๆ ๆ | 377 ใใใ ใใจใ ใใใ ใใใใ ใใ ใใใฆใ ใใใ ใใใใ ใใใ ใซใใ ใซใใใฟ ใซใใ ใซใใใใ ใชใใ ใชใใ ใคใคใใ ใใใ ใใ ใใใ ใใชใใ ใ ใฆ ใใ ใ ใใใใ ใ ใ ใใ ใ ใพใญใ 378 | index v: cross-reference list 653 654 655 656 657 658 659 r-1465 r-1956 r-912 r-1753 r-160 r-1170 r-288 660 661 662 663 664 r-1434 r-1501 r-1520 r-1752 r-1371 665 r-1485 666 r-841 667 r-1813 668 r-717 669 r-1957 670 r-279 671 r-228 672 r-1579 673 r-1214 674 r-607 675 676 677 678 679 680 681 682 683 684 685 686 687 r-939 r-386 r-387 r-1800 r-450 r-451 r-1094 r-1046 r-1516 r-578 r-1135 r-36 r-1645 688 r-185 ๆใค ๆ ๆจใฆใ ๆ ๆใ ๆใ ๆ ๆใ ๆใค ๆฌ ๆฎ ๆจใ ๆใใ ๆใใ ๆใใ ๆใชใ ๆใญใ ๆพใ ๆ ใ ๆ ใ ๆ ๆใ ๆ ๆใ ๆฅใ ๆฒใใ ๆใใ ๆใใ ๆใใ ็ ใ ๆใใ ๆขฐ ้ผป ๅ ๅ ๆ ่ฒก ๆ ๅญ ๅจใ ไน ๆบใใ ๆบใใ ๅใผใ ๅใณ ๅใถ ใใค ใใฆใ ใคใ ใใฉใ ใใณ ใใ ใใค ใใ ใใใ ใใใ ใใใ ใใใชใ ใใใญใ ใฒใใ ใซใชใ ใใคใ ใใใ ใฟใใ ใใใคใ ใคใ ใใใใ ใใใ ใใใ ใใใ ใจใ ใใพใใใ ใฏใช 689 690 691 692 693 694 r-186 r-608 r-961 r-908 r-910 r-863 695 696 697 698 699 700 701 702 703 r-864 r-609 r-454 r-455 r-1717 r-859 r-857 r-47 r-192 704 r-1774 705 r-2054 706 707 708 709 710 711 712 713 714 715 716 r-1678 r-541 r-1616 r-1640 r-2142 r-1402 r-1405 r-1403 r-1404 r-722 r-724 ใใ 717 r-721 ใใ ใใใใใ ใใใใใ ใใใผใ ใใใณ ใใใถ 718 r-1295 719 r-1297 720 r-1298 721 r-1296 722 r-1234 723 r-1233 ๅธใ ๆฑใ ไธ ๅฒ ๅ ๆด ๆดใใ ๆดใใ ็กฌใ ๅ ๅ ๆก ้ป ่ญท ็ฒใ ๅฅด ๆใ ๆใ ๅ ๆใใ ๆใใ ๆใ ๆใใ ๆใใ ๆฒก ่จญใใ ๆใค ๆฎป ๆฏใใ ๆ ๆ ่ข ่ ๆชใใ ๆชใใ ่ปฝใ ่ปฝใใ ๅ ็ฃ ๅฏ ๅฏใใ ๅฏใใ ๆท ๅใใ ๅใ ๅ ใใ ใใคใใ ใใ ใใ ใตใใ ใตใใ ใใใ ใพใ ใตใ ใใ ใใ ใใค ใใใ ใใใ ใจใ ใฌใใ ใฌใใ ใฌใ ใฌใใ ใชใใ ใใใใ ใใค ใใ ใใใใ ใใ ใใ ใใ ใใใใ ใใใใ ใใใ ใใใใ ใใณ ใใณใใ ใใณใใ ใใใ ใใ ใใ index v: cross-reference list 724 r-1235 ๆฟ 725 r-1240 ่ฟใ 726 727 728 729 r-1236 r-610 r-1776 r-977 730 r-1867 731 732 733 734 735 r-514 r-515 r-242 r-243 r-364 736 r-365 737 r-1096 738 r-2118 739 r-830 740 741 742 743 r-832 r-831 r-953 r-1918 744 r-1070 745 r-1265 746 r-1099 747 r-1268 748 749 750 751 752 r-1266 r-307 r-1008 r-1106 r-382 ่ฟใ ่ฒฉ ็ช ๅฆฅ ไนณ ไนณ ๆตฎใใถ ๆตฎใในใ ๆตฎใใใ ๆตฎใ ๅฐ ๅฅจ ๆกใ ่ ๅใใ ๅใใ ๆใใ ๆใใ ๆ ๆใ ๅบใ ๅบใใ ๅบใใ ๅบใพใ ๅบใใ ๆก ้ฑ ๅผ ้ ้ ๅฐ ๆ ใ ๆ ใใ ๆฒปใพใ ๆฒปใใ ๆฒปใ ๆฒปใ ๅงใพใ ๅงใใ ่ ็ช ๅปใ ๆณ ไผใ ใใ ใใใ ใใใ ใคใ ใกใก ใก ใใใถ ใใในใ ใใใใ ใใ ใจใ ใช ใใใ ใใใ ใใใใ ใใใใ ใฏใใ ใฒใใ ใฒใใใ ใฒใใใ ใฒใใพใ ใฒใใใ ใ ใใ ใใใใ ใชใพใใ ใใใพใ ใใใใ ใชใใ ใชใใ ใฏใใพใ ใฏใใใ ใพใฉ ใใ ใใ 753 754 755 756 757 758 759 r-1947 r-1025 r-526 r-1997 r-1559 r-1659 r-1141 760 761 762 763 764 r-467 r-917 r-918 r-497 r-15 765 r-2161 766 r-2023 767 r-571 768 769 770 771 772 773 774 r-985 r-2211 r-1732 r-1735 r-1406 r-610a r-355 775 776 777 778 779 r-534 r-535 r-611 r-612 r-1561 780 r-612a 781 r-945 782 783 784 785 786 787 788 r-1157 r-1252 r-1015 r-1481 r-1484 r-1482 r-1491 ่ณใ ๅฎค ๅฐ ่ดใ ไบใ ๆฃ ่ฒใค ่ฒใฆใ ๆค ๅ ใฆใ ้ ็กซ ๆตใ ๆตใใ ๅ ๅใ ๅบใ ๅบใ ๅฑฑ ๆ ๅฒฉ ็ญ ๅฒ ๅณ ๅดฉใใ ๅดฉใ ๅฏ ่ ๅต ๅด ๅ ฅใ ๅ ฅใใ ๅ ฅใ ่พผใ ่พผใใ ๅใใค ๅใใ ๅใใใ ๅใใ ่ฒงใใ ้ ๅ ฌ ๆพ ็ฟ ่จ ่ฐท | 379 ใใใ ใใ ใใใ ใใใ ใใ ใค ใใ ใฆใ ใใฆใ ใชใใ ใชใใใ ใใใฎใใ ใงใ ใ ใ ใใพ ใใ ใใฟ ใจใใ ใใใใ ใใใ ใใใ ใใ ใใ ใใใ ใฏใใ ใใ ใใใ ใใใค ใใใ ใใใใ ใใใ ใพใใใ ใใใใ ใพใค ใใซ 380 | index v: cross-reference list 789 r-1490 ๆตดใณใใ 790 r-478 791 r-479 792 r-1489 793 794 795 796 797 798 799 r-1493 r-822 r-821 r-1339 r-1344 r-1040 r-983 800 801 802 803 804 805 806 r-1338 r-1341 r-1418 r-18 r-1425 r-1422 r-1423 807 r-1419 808 r-1114 809 r-373 810 r-183 811 r-1323 812 r-768 813 r-770 814 815 816 817 818 819 820 821 822 823 r-769 r-1743 r-1807 r-1585 r-1834 r-1466 r-1467 r-1468 r-1469 r-2005 ๆตดใณใ ๅฎน ๆบถใใ ๆบถใ ๆบถใใ ๆฌฒใใ ๆฌฒใใ ่ฃ ้ ๆฒฟใ ่ณ ๅ ๅ ๅธธ ๅธธ ่ฃณ ๆ ็ฎ ๆณข ๅฉ ๆซ ็ ดใ ็ ดใใ ่ขซใ ๆฎใ ๆฎใ ๆฎ ๆฎ ๆฎใใ ๆฎใใ ๅ ่ฃใ ่ฃใใ ็ ๆญปใฌ ่ฌใ ็ฌใ ่ณ ๅใ ่ถฃ ๆใ ๆฎใ ๆฅ ๆฅใใใ ๆฅใใ ใใณใใ ใใณใ ใจใใ ใจใ ใจใใ ใปใใ ใปใฃใใ ใชใพใ ใใ ใคใญ ใจใ ใ ใใ ใชใฟ ใใถใ ใใถใใ ใใใใ ใฎใใ ใฎใใ ใใจ ใตใใ ใตใใ ใใ ใใใ ใใฌ ใปใใใ ใพใใใ ใฟใฟ ใจใ ใใใใ ใใฃใจใ ใจใ ใฏใ ใฏใใใ ใฏใใ 824 825 826 827 828 r-933 r-1042 r-1920 r-1590 r-389 829 830 831 832 833 834 835 r-434 r-435 r-1552 r-1322 r-1577 r-559 r-1889 836 837 838 839 840 841 842 r-395 r-394 r-824 r-825 r-404 r-826 r-2137 843 r-1740 844 r-2182 845 846 847 848 849 850 851 852 853 854 855 856 857 858 859 860 861 r-1061 r-958 r-1377 r-1593 r-613 r-490 r-491 r-876 r-875 r-1700 r-1119 r-224 r-225 r-567 r-950 r-1112 r-699 ๆฅใใใใ ่ท ่ ๆข ่ดใ ๆใใใ ๆใใใ ๆใใ ๆใ ๆ ๆ ข ๆผซ ่ฒทใ ็ฝฎใ ็ฝฐ ๅฏง ๆฟใ ๆฟใ ็ฐ ้ ๅคซ ๆถ ๆธ ่ฆ ๆฟใใ ๆฟใใ ่ณ ๆฝใ ๆฝใ ๅคฑใ ้ ่ฟญ ่ฃ ๅงซ ่ต ่ ่ณขใ ๅ ใ ่จใ ่ฆง ๅทจ ๆใ ๅ ็ท ๅด ๅใ ใฏใใใใ ใใ ใชใคใใใ ใชใคใใใ ใชใคใใ ใชใคใ ใตใจใใ ใใ ใใ ใซใใ ใซใใ ใใฃใจ ใใใ ใใใ ใฒใใ ใใใ ใใใชใ ใฒใ ใใ ใใใใ ใใใ ใฎใใ ใใฐใ ใกใใ ใใจใ ใคใฎใ index v: cross-reference list 862 863 864 865 866 r-1415 r-115 r-753 r-193 r-2067 867 r-25 868 r-790 869 r-789 870 r-614 871 r-305 872 r-304 873 r-974 874 r-566 875 r-710 876 r-1623 877 r-368 878 879 880 881 882 883 r-1055 r-1034 r-1337 r-1207 r-723 r-1420 884 885 886 887 888 r-1575 r-1793 r-466 r-328 r-329 889 890 891 892 893 894 895 896 r-1783 r-1384 r-1971 r-415 r-283 r-461 r-577 r-1637 ๅฃใ ๅ ๅงใใ ๅชใใ ๅฑใพใ ๅฑใ ๅ ใใ ๅ ใใ ่ณ ๆถใใ ๆถใใ ่ ่ ใใ ่ ใ ่ ใใ ๅ ่กใ ่กใ ๅพ ๅพฉ ๅพใ ๅพใ ๅพใ ๅพใใ ๅพ ๅพ ใค ๅพ ๅพ ๅพ ๅฝผ ๅฝผ ๅฝน ๅพณ ๅพน ๅพด ๆฒใใใใ ๆฒใใ ๆฒใใ ๅพฎ ่ก ่กก ็จฟ ็จผใ ็จ ็จ ็จ ใใจใ 897 r-12 ใใใใ ใคใจใใ ใฏใใพใ ใฏใใ ใใใใ ใใใใ 898 899 900 901 r-1775 r-1412 r-482 r-483 902 903 904 905 906 907 908 909 910 r-1662 r-1379 r-998 r-2080 r-10 r-237 r-858 r-2128 r-1908 ใใใ ใใใ ใใ ใใณใใใ ใใฉใ ใใฉใใ ใใ ใใใชใ 911 r-1714 ใใ ใใ ใใใใ ใใใใใ ใพใค ใใ ใใฎ ใใใใใ ใใใ ใใใ ใพใก ใใใ ใปใฉ 912 913 914 915 r-1667 r-1706 r-1868 r-1999 916 917 918 919 920 r-1753 r-1785 r-1894 r-539 r-1248 921 922 923 924 925 926 927 928 929 r-1968 r-1888 r-1563 r-1550 r-887 r-495 r-555 r-1708 r-1663 930 r-1876 931 r-1566 ๅใ ๅใใ ๅใใ ๅใใใ ็งปใ ็ง ็ง ๆใ ๆใใ ็ง ็งฉ ็งใใ ็งฐ ๅฉใ ๆขจ ็ฉซ ็ฉ ็จฒ ็จฒ ้ฆใ ้ฆใ ้ฆ ๅญฃ ๅง ็งใงใ ้ใใ ้ใ ้ใใ ่ชใ ็ฉ ่ ็ฑณ ็ฒ ็ฒ ็ฒใ ็ฒ ็ฒง ่ฟทใ ็ฒ ็ณง ่ ๅฅฅ ๆฐ ๆฐใใ ๆฅผ ้ก | 381 ใชใใ ใชใใใ ใใใใ ใใใใใ ใใคใ ใใ ใใใ ใใใใ ใใใใ ใฒใใ ใใ ใชใ ใป ใใญ ใใช ใใใ ใใใ ใ ใฒใใงใ ใใใ ใใ ใใใ ใใใ ใใ ใใช ใ ใญใฐใ ใคใถ ใพใใ ใใฆ ใใ ใใ ใใใใ 382 | index v: cross-reference list 932 933 934 935 936 937 938 r-1907 r-1451 r-230 r-232 r-231 r-2036 r-1783 939 940 941 942 943 944 945 946 947 r-615 r-616 r-1899 r-617 r-1103 r-1166 r-1439 r-1669 r-1651 948 949 950 951 952 953 954 r-1695 r-1383 r-1617 r-962 r-897 r-618 r-995 955 956 957 958 959 960 961 962 r-1578 r-60 r-1084 r-1959 r-1649 r-141 r-1132 r-2182 963 r-1136 964 r-1083 965 r-1574 966 967 968 969 r-1241 r-94 r-1143 r-1002 ๆผ ๆง ๆฑใใ ็ ๆใ ็ซน ็ฌใ ็ฌใ ็ฌ ็ฌน ็ญ ็ฎฑ ็ญ ็ญ ็ญใใ ็ฎ ็ญใ ็ญใใ ็ญ ็ฐฟ ็ฏใ ไบบ ไฝ ไฝใ ไฝใ ไฝใพใ ไฝ ไปฒ ไฝ ๆ ไปถ ไปใใ ไป ไผใใ ไผใ ไผใใ ไผใใ ไผใใ ไป ไผใพใ ไผใ ไผใใ ไปฎ ไผฏ ไฟ ไฟก ใใใ ใใพ ใใจใใ ใใพ ใใใ ใใ ใใใ ใใ ใใ ใใ ใใ ใฏใ ใตใง ใคใค ใฒใจใใ ใใใ ใใใใ ใใใ ใฒใจ ใใ ใ ใใ ใใพใ ใใใ ใชใ ใใใ ใคใใใ ใตใใ ใตใ ใคใใ ใคใใใ ใคใใใ ใปใจใ ใใใพใ ใใใ ใใใใ ใใ 970 971 972 973 974 975 976 977 978 r-1388 r-1627 r-771 r-792 r-407 r-268 r-1435 r-465 r-1321 979 r-509 980 r-527 981 982 983 984 985 986 987 988 989 990 991 992 993 r-313 r-1189 r-854 r-76 r-1340 r-1092 r-1664 r-32 r-1306 r-909 r-865 r-162 r-481 994 r-316 995 r-492 996 r-1375 997 998 999 1000 r-16 r-2184 r-1878 r-69 1001 r-71 1002 r-70 1003 r-902 1004 r-904 1005 r-269 ไฝณ ไพ ไพใใ ๅ ๅฅใใ ๅด ไพ ๅ ๅค ๅค ๅฃใ ๅใ ๅใใ ๅต ๅง ๅ ๅ ๅใ ไป ๅฌใ ไป ไพฎใ ไฝฟใ ไพฟใ ๅ ๅชใใ ๅชใใ ไผ ๅฎฟ ๅฎฟใ ๅฎฟใ ๅท ๅทใใ ๅทใ ไฟใค ่คใใ ๅ ไปใ ไปใใ ็ฌฆ ๅบ ไปปใ ไปปใใ ่ณ ไปฃใใ ไปฃใใ ใใจใใ ใใใใ ใใ ใใใใ ใใใ ใญ ใชใใ ใใใ ใใใใ ใคใใชใ ใใใใ ใใชใฉใ ใคใใ ใใใ ใใใใ ใใใใ ใใฉ ใใฉใ ใใฉใ ใใ ใใใใ ใใใ ใใใค ใปใใ ใคใ ใคใใ ใพใใ ใพใใใ ใใใ ใใใ index v: cross-reference list 1006 r-271 1007 r-270 1008 r-110 1009 r-111 1010 r-112 1011 r-1756 1012 r-106 1013 1014 1015 1016 1017 r-107 r-2074 r-1314 r-43 r-619 1018 r-1778 1019r-944 1020 r-272 1021 r-273 1022 r-562 1023 r-73 1024 1025 1026 1027 1028 1029 1030 1031 1032 1033 1034 1035 1036 1037 r-574 r-524 r-2154 r-620 r-11 r-1784 r-929 r-621 r-931 r-2024 r-1026 r-486 r-1008 r-1830 1038 1039 1040 1041 r-1781 r-622 r-344 r-345 ไปฃ ไปฃ ่ข ่ฒธใ ๅใใ ๅใใ ่ฑ ่ฒจ ๅพใ ๅพใใ ไฝ ไฝ ่ท ไฟ ๅใ ไน ใใ ็ ็ ๅ ๅ ไธ ๆ ๆ ่ ่ ใใ ่ ใ ่ ใใ ๅบงใ ๅ ๅ ๅ ไปฅ ไผผใ ไฝตใใ ็ฆ ็ถ ๅฎฎ ๅถใ ๅใ ๅนด ๅค ๅค ๆถฒ ๅก ๅนฃ ๅผ ใ ใใ ใตใใ ใใ ใฐใใ ใฐใใ ใฏใช ใใใใ ใใใใใ ใชใซ ใชใ ใซ ใใใใ ใฒใใใ ใใญ ใ ใใก ใ ใใ 1042 r-393 1043 r-392 1044 1045 1046 1047 1048 1049 1050 1051 1052 1053 1054 1055 1056 1057 1058 1059 1060 1061 1062 1063 1064 r-1666 r-1289 r-1969 r-1795 r-975 r-569 r-557 r-1137 r-2060 r-564 r-2233 r-545 r-930 r-714 r-1820 r-1873 r-302 r-303 r-623 r-1220 r-624 ใใใใ ใใใ ใใใใ ใใใ 1065 r-1188 1066 r-1078 1067 r-1886 ใใ ใใใ 1068 r-1911 ใซใ ใใใใ ใใใ ใฟใ ใใจใชใ ใใ ใจใ ใ ใใ ใคใ 1069 r-1731 1070 r-1159 1071 r-1898 1072 1073 1074 1075 1076 1077 1078 1079 r-1062 r-1069 r-1996 r-719 r-1837 r-1901 r-1315 r-1660 ๅ ๆใใ ๆใใ ่ ๆฝใ ๆ ้ใถ ๆ ๅฟ ็ฉ ๆใใ ่ณใใ ๅฐฟ ๅฐผ ๆณฅ ๅก ๅฑฅใ ๅฑ ๆกใ ๅฑ ๆใ ๅ ๅฑ ใ ๆฎใใ ๆฎใใ ๅฑค ๅฑ ้ ใใ ้ ใใ ้ ใ ๆผใ ๆผใใ ๆผใใ ๅทใ ๅฐบ ๅฐฝใใ ๅฐฝใใ ๅฐฝใใ ๆฒข ่จณ ๆ ๆผ ๆธ ่ฉ ๆฟ ๆ | 383 ใใใ ใใใ ใปใฉใใ ใใใถ ใใณ ใใฎ ใใใใ ใใพใใ ใใพ ใฉใ ใฏใ ใ ใซใใ ใปใ ใปใ ใใ ใใใ ใใใ ใใใใ ใใใใ ใใใ ใใ ใใใ ใใใ ใใ ใคใใ ใคใใ ใคใใ ใใ ใใ ใฒใ ใจ ใใ ใตใ ใใใ 384 | index v: cross-reference list 1080 r-2028 ็ 1081 r-2187 ๆปใ 1082 1083 1084 1085 1086 1087 1088 1089 1090 1091 1092 1093 1094 1095 1096 r-1902 r-520 r-521 r-1718 r-1744 r-51 r-1454 r-1279 r-744 r-1751 r-941 r-1702 r-37 r-358 r-359 1097 1098 1099 1100 1101 1102 r-1742 r-446 r-447 r-1588 r-1979 r-532 1103 r-452 1104 r-453 1105 1106 1107 1108 1109 1110 r-14 r-1348 r-1346 r-1350 r-1347 r-625 1111 1112 1113 1114 r-2147 r-552 r-1897 r-1693 1115 r-626 1116 r-1945 1117 r-144 1118 r-146 ๆปใ ๆถ ้ใ ้กงใฟใ ๅ ็คบใ ็คผ ็ฅฅ ็ฅใ ็ฆ ็ฅ ็คพ ่ฆ ๅฅ ๅฐ ๆ ฐใ ๆ ฐใใ ๆฌพ ็ฆ ่ฅ ๅฎ ๅด ็ฅญใ ็ฅญใ ๅฏ ๆฆใ ๆฆใใ ็ฑ ๆฝ ๆฒน ่ข ๅฎ ๅฑใ ๅฑใใ ็ฌ ่ปธ ็ฒ ๆผใใใ ๆผใ ๅฒฌ ๆฟใ ็ณใ ็ณ ไผธใฐใ ใใฉใ ใใฉใ ใชใฟใ ใใจใ ใใใใฟใ 1119 r-145 1120 r-1670 1121 r-760 ใใใ ใใใ ใใใ 1122 1123 1124 1125 1126 1127 1128 1129 1130 r-762 r-761 r-763 r-2198 r-2012 r-995 r-1998 r-1014 r-1633 1131 1132 1133 1134 1135 1136 r-1715 r-2194 r-1981 r-2010 r-2057 r-1581 1137 1138 1139 1140 1141 1142 1143 1144 1145 1146 1147 1148 1149 r-1037 r-1761 r-1653 r-692 r-695 r-691 r-2201 r-296 r-2058 r-1029 r-1970 r-251 r-252 ใชใใใ ใชใใใใ ใใ ใพใคใ ใพใคใ ใใ ใใใ ใใ ใใถใ ใใง ใจใฉใ ใจใฉใใ ใตใ ใใใใ ใใ ใฟใใ ใใ ใใใ ใใ ใฎใฐใ 1150 r-253 1151 r-1564 1152 r-1027 1153 r-953 ไผธใณใ ็ฅ ็ฅ ็ฅ ๆใ ๆใใ ๆใฆ ๆใฆใ ่ ่ชฒ ่ฃธ ๆค ๆ ๆ ็ฅใ ่ฟใ ๆ ๆใ ๆใใ ๅฒ ้ใ ่ชใ ๆซ ๆผธ ๆญใ ๆญใค ่ณช ๆฅ ่จดใใ ๆจ ่ฉ ไฝใ ้ช ้ฒ ๅฐใญใ ๆฅใ ็ฉใใ ไพตใ ๆตธใ ๆตธใ ๅฏใใ ๅฏใ ๅฉฆ ๆใ ๅฝใฆใ ๅฝใใ ใฎใณใ ใใฟ ใใ ใใ ใใใ ใฏใใ ใฏใฆ ใฏใฆใ ใฏใ ใ ใใฎ ใจใใ ใใฎใ ใกใใ ใใ ใใ ใใใ ใใ ใกใใ ใใจใใ ใใค ใใฃใใใ ใคใใ ใใ ใใใญใ ใใใ ใใ ใใ ใใใ ใฒใใ ใฒใใ ใญใใ ใญใ ใฏใ ใใฆใ ใใใ index v: cross-reference list 1154 1155 1156 1157 1158 1159 1160 1161 1162 1163 r-835 r-833 r-1107 r-470 r-471 r-1149 r-1679 r-33 r-847 r-845 1164 1165 1166 1167 r-1905 r-366 r-367 r-1967 1168 r-1148 1169 r-1636 1170 r-1086 1171 r-1847 1172 r-1812 1173 1174 1175 1176 1177 1178 1179 1180 1181 1182 1183 r-174 r-176 r-177 r-175 r-1912 r-963 r-1122 r-956 r-1643 r-2219 r-1767 1184 1185 1186 1187 r-1494 r-1497 r-1498 r-1496 1188 r-1499 1189 r-55 ไบใ ๆต ไบ ๅ ็ณ ๅบท ้ฎ ไผ ๅ ็พค ็พคใ ็พคใใ ่ใใ ้ ๅ ็ซฏ ็ซฏ ็ซฏ ไธก ๆบใใ ๆบใกใ ็ป ๆญฏ ๆฒใใ ๆฒใใ ๆน ้ญใ ๆผใ ๆงฝ ๆ ๆ ็ง ๅณใ ็จใใ ๅบธ ๅใใ ๅใใ ๆ ้ฏ ๅใใ ๆใใ ๆใใ ๆช ๆฃใใใ ๆฃใใใ ๆฃใใ ใใใใ ใใจ ใใ ใใฟ ใใ ใใ ใใใ ใใใ ใฏใ ใฏ ใฏใ ใฟใใ ใฟใกใ ใฏ ใพใใ ใพใใ 1190 1191 1192 1193 1194 1195 r-627 r-2217 r-1963 r-1140 r-468 r-469 1196 1197 1198 1199 1200 r-1926 r-197 r-199 r-198 r-1681 1201 1202 1203 1204 1205 1206 1207 r-2179 r-166 r-169 r-168 r-167 r-1041 r-1791 1208 r-2000 1209 r-775 ใใใ ใใใ ใใใ 1210 1211 1212 1213 1214 1215 1216 1217 1218 1219 1220 1221 1222 1223 1224 1225 1226 ใกใใใ ใกใใใ ใกใใ 1227 r-1243 1228 r-1244 1229 r-1750 ใใ ใใ ใฏใใ ใใกใใ ใใชใใ ใใชใใ ใใใ r-774 r-772 r-1943 r-1237 r-34 r-1157 r-628 r-6 r-1628 r-1085 r-2126 r-294 r-1138 r-9 r-190 r-1242 r-1007 ๆฃใ ๅปฟ ๅบถ ้ฎใ ๅธญ ๅบฆ ๆธกใ ๆธกใ ๅฅ ๅดใ ๅขณ ๆคใ ็ผใ ็ผใใ ๆ ๅใฐ ไผดใ ็ ๅค ๅธ ๅทป ๅทปใ ๅ ๅใค ๅใ ่ค ่ฌ ็ ็ ไน ไนใใ ่ ไธ ๅฆ ๆฏ ็ข ็ฏใใ ๆ ็ฅใ ๆบ ็ ๆใใ ๆใใใ ๅใใ ้ง ็ญ | 385 ใกใ ใซใใ ใ ใใใใ ใใณ ใใใ ใใใ ใตใ ใใใฉใใ ใใ ใใใ ใใใคใ ใชใใฐ ใจใใชใ ใพใ ใพใ ใใค ใพใใ ใตใ ใใ ใจใผใใ ใใฐ ใใช ใใใใ ใ ใใใ ใใ ใปใ ใใใใ ใใใใใ ใคใจใใ ใใ 386 | index v: cross-reference list 1230 r-1772 1231 r-2053 1232 r-1806 1233 r-1874 1234 r-2243 1235 r-952 1236 r-1782 1237 r-2015 1238 1239 1240 1241 1242 1243 1244 1245 r-1643 r-1116 r-544 r-121 r-948 r-1892 r-1977 r-1676 1246 r-27 1247 r-1028 1248 1249 1250 1251 r-1620 r-506 r-507 r-1146 1252 r-1546 1253 r-869 1254 r-871 1255 r-1994 1256 r-936 1257 r-1361 ๅธฐใ ๅธฐใ ๅผ ๅผใ ๅผใใ ๅผใ ๅผ ๅผทใ ๅผทใพใ ๅผทใใ ๅผทใใ ๅผฑใ ๅผฑใพใ ๅผฑใใ ๅผฑใ ๆฒธใใ ๆฒธใ ่ฒปใใ ็ฌฌ ๅผ ๅทงใฟ ๅท ๆฝใกใ ่ชใ ๆฑใ ๆฑใ ๆฑใใใใ ๆฑใ ๆฑใใ ๆฑใใ ไธใใ ๅใ ๅใ ่บซ ๅฐใ ่ฌใ ่ใใ ่ใใ ่ใใ ๅญ ๆใใ ๆใใ ๆท ่ ็ ฎใใ ็ ฎใ ใใใ ใใใ ใใฟ ใฒใ ใฒใใ ใจใใใ ใคใใ ใคใใพใ ใคใใใ ใใใ ใใใ ใใใพใ ใใใใ ใใใ ใใใ ใใ ใคใใใ ใใจใใจ ใใใฟ ใใกใ ใปใใ ใใใชใ ใใใ 1258 r-1365 1259 1260 1261 1262 1263 1264 1265 1266 r-1362 r-1363 r-1364 r-1366 r-629 r-1369 r-290 r-291 1267 r-292 1268 1269 1270 1271 1272 1273 1274 1275 r-1642 r-1819 r-1982 r-127 r-129 r-128 r-1108 r-671 1276 1277 1278 1279 r-673 r-676 r-672 r-336 1280 1281 1282 1283 1284 r-337 r-226 r-448 r-449 r-1169 ใใใใใใ ใใใ ใใใใ ใใใใ ใใใใ ใใคใ ใใคใ ใฟ ใใ ใใใพใ ใใใ ใตใใ ใใใใใ ใใใใ ใใใใ ใใฎ ใซใใ ใซใ 1285 r-2076 1286 r-1261 1287 r-2175 1288 r-422 ็ ฎใใ ่ใใ ่ใ ็ฝฒ ๆใ ่ซธ ็ช ๆธ ่ณญใใ ๅณก ็ญใพใ ็ญใใ ็ญใ ๆใพใ ๆใ ่ฟฝใ ๅธซ ๅธฅ ๅฎ ๆฃบ ็ฎก ็ถ ไบคใใ ไบคใใ ไบคใใ ไบคใใ ไบคใใ ไบคใ ๅนใ ่ผ ๆ ก ่ถณใ ่ถณใ ่ถณใใ ่ถณ ไฟใ ่ท ่ทฏ ้ฒ ่ทณใญใ ่ทณใถ ่บใ ่ทต ่ธใพใใ ่ธใ ้ชจ ใซใใ ใใกใใใใ ใใใใ ใใคใ ใใฎใใ ใชใใ ใใใ ใใฐใพใ ใใฐใใ ใใพใ ใฏใใพใ ใฏใใ ใใ ใฒใคใ ใใ ใกใก ใพใใ ใพใใใ ใพใใ ใพใใใ ใใใ ใใ ใใ ใใ ใใ ใใใ ใใ ใใชใใ ใ ใคใ ใฏใญใ ใจใถ ใใฉใ ใตใพใใ ใตใ ใปใญ index v: cross-reference list 1289 r-423 1290 1291 1292 1293 1294 1295 1296 1297 1298 1299 1300 1301 1302 1303 1304 1305 1306 1307 1308 r-401 r-217 r-216 r-215 r-1238 r-2235 r-533 r-256 r-400 r-164 r-1150 r-1330 r-1309 r-72 r-1158 r-1978 r-1773 r-2009 r-1792 1309 r-379 1310 r-1857 1311 r-1980 1312 r-1984 1313 r-2213 1314 r-2031 1315 r-2068 1316 r-1805 1317 r-556 1318 1319 1320 1321 r-1988 r-1675 r-940 r-2065 ๆปใ ๆปใใ ้ซ ็ฆ ๆธฆ ้ใก ้ใค ้ใใ ้ใใ ้ช ้ฟ ้ ้ใ ้ ้ช ้ฝ ้ณ ้ฒใ ้ ้ข ้ฃ ้ ๅข ้ใ ้ใใ ้ใใ ้ ้ ้ฃ ้ฃใ ้ใใ ้ใฆใ ้ ใ ้ ใใ ๅ ้ฅใ ้ฅใใ ็ฉด ็ฉบ ็ฉบใใ ็ฉบใ ็ฉบ ๆงใใ ็ชใ ็ฉถใใ ็ช ใในใ ใชใใใ ใใ ใใใพใก ใใใพใค ใใใ ใใใ ใใ ใใ ใใใ ใตใใ ใตใ ใใใ ใใใ ใจใชใ ใจใชใ ใธใ ใฆใ ใธใ ใฆใ ใใใ ใใใใ ใใกใใ ใใจใใใใ ใใช ใใ ใใใ ใใ ใใ ใฒใใใ ใคใ ใใใใ 1322 1323 1324 1325 1326 r-505 r-630 r-694 r-1453 r-2049 1327 r-1765 1328 r-1796 1329 1330 1331 1332 1333 1334 1335 1336 r-2127 r-2025 r-1773 r-1822 r-2174 r-934 r-487 r-493 1337 1338 1339 1340 r-1308 r-369 r-503 r-463 1341 1342 1343 1344 1345 r-1630 r-1953 r-1044 r-966 r-1755 1346 r-383 1347 r-919 1348 r-675 1349 r-1030 1350 r-1355 1351 r-880 1352 r-1053 ็ช ็ชช ๆพใ ็ชฏ ็ชฎใใ ็ชฎใพใ ๆขใ ๆขใ ๆทฑใ ๆทฑใพใ ๆทฑใใ ไธ ๅฒณ ๅ ต ๆต ็ณธ ็นใ ็นใ ็ธฎใพใ ็ธฎใ ็ธฎใใ ็ธฎใใ ็ธฎใใ ็น ็ธฆ ็ท ็ท ใพใ ็ท ใใ ็ถญ ็พ ็ทดใ ็ท ็ถใ ็ถใใ ็ตต ็ตฑในใ ็ตใ ็ตใ ็ตใใ ็ตฆ ็ตกใพใ ็ตกใ ็ตใ ็ตใใใ ็ตใถ ็ตใใ | 387 ใใผ ใใผใ ใใพ ใใใใ ใใใพใ ใใใ ใใใ ใตใใ ใตใใพใ ใตใใใ ใใ ใใ ใฏใพ ใใจ ใใ ใคใใใ ใกใขใพใ ใกใขใ ใกใขใใ ใกใขใใ ใกใขใใ ใใฆ ใใพใ ใใใ ใญใ ใ ใคใฅใ ใคใฅใใ ใในใ ใใผใ ใใพใ ใใใ ใใใพใ ใใใ ใใ ใใใใ ใใใถ ใใใ 388 | index v: cross-reference list 1353 r-187 1354 r-1229 1355 r-118 1356 r-1612 1357 r-1310 1358 r-1247 1359 1360 1361 1362 1363 r-681 r-720 r-147 r-1068 r-1770 1364 1365 1366 1367 1368 1369 1370 1371 1372 1373 1374 1375 1376 1377 1378 1379 r-1677 r-1670 r-306 r-1871 r-1802 r-631 r-1592 r-297 r-1916 r-1186 r-877 r-522 r-1382 r-1848 r-1637 r-981 1380 1381 1382 1383 1384 1385 1386 1387 r-2077 r-29 r-301 r-528 r-326 r-327 r-529 r-1983 ็ตใใ ็ด ็ด ็ด ็ด ็ดใพใ ็ดใใ ็ดกใ ็ดใใ ็ดใใใใ ็ดใใใ ็ดใใ ็ดน ็ตใ ็ดณ ็ด ็ดฐใ ็ดฐใใ ็ดฐใ ็ดฐใ ็ดฏ ็ดข ็ท ็ถฟ ็ตน ็นฐใ ็ถใ ็ท ็ธ ็ถฒ ็ท ็ดซ ็ธใ ็ธ ๅนผใ ๅพ ๅพใ ๅพใใ ๅนฝ ๅนพ ๆฉ ็ ็ ่ใใ ๅผฆ ๆ ใใใ ในใซ ใใใชใ ใใใพใ ใใใใ ใคใใ ใพใใใ ใพใใใใใ ใพใใใใ ใพใใใ 1388 1389 1390 1391 1392 r-211 r-209 r-210 r-872 r-873 1393 r-874 1394 r-409 1395 r-428 1396 r-429 1397 r-632 ใใพใ ใใพใใ ใปใใ ใปใใ 1398 1399 1400 1401 1402 1403 1404 r-943 r-1076 r-982 r-685 r-687 r-689 r-686 ใใ ใใฌ ใใ ใคใ ใฟใฉใ ใตใก ใใฟ 1405 1406 1407 1408 r-690 r-688 r-1790 r-920 ใธใ ใใใใ ใใฐใ ใชใ ใใใชใ ใฎใกใปใใจ ใใใ ใใใใ ใใ ใฏใ ใใใใใ ใคใ 1409 r-922 1410 r-815 1411 r-816 1412 r-817 1413 1414 1415 1416 r-1600 r-1615 r-1932 r-1154 1417 r-782 1418 r-783 ๆป ๆ ใใ ็ฃ ็ณป ไฟ ไฟใ ๅญซ ๆธใใ ๆธใใ ๅด ่ ๅธ ๅธใ ๅพก ๆ ๅฝ ไปค ้ถ ้ฝข ๅทใใ ๅทใพใ ๅทใใ ๅทใ ๅทใใใ ๅทใใ ๅทใใ ้ ้ด ๅใ ้ใ ้ใ ้ใ ่ธใ ่ธใ ็ใ ๆฌ ๅใใ ๅใ ็ฏ ็ฏใ ๅ ๅฑใถใ ๅฑใชใ ๅฑใใ ๅฎใฆใ ่ ใใคใใใ ใใใ ใใใ ใพใ ใใใ ใใใ ใใ ใใใ ใใใ ใใ ใใฎใก ใใใ ใใพใ ใคใใใ ใฒใ ใฒใใใ ใฒใใ ใฒใใ ใใ ใใใ ใจใใ ใจใใ ใใใ ใใฉใ ใใฉใ ใใใใ ใใใ ใใ ใใใ ใใใถใ ใใถใชใ ใใใใ ใใฆใ ใใง index v: cross-reference list 1419 1420 1421 1422 1423 r-780 r-781 r-1890 r-1915 r-17 1424 r-1137 1425 r-1731 1426 r-1598 1427 r-633 1428 r-1661 1429 1430 1431 1432 1433 1434 1435 1436 1437 1438 1439 r-1925 r-870 r-927 r-259 r-1357 r-693 r-888 r-1232 r-1788 r-1937 r-1720 1440 r-1153 1441 r-1081 1442 1443 1444 1445 1446 1447 1448 1449 1450 1451 1452 r-1448 r-1446 r-1872 r-1859 r-1613 r-634 r-1846 r-978 r-437 r-670 r-1121 1453 r-748 1454 r-751 ่ ๆจ ๆณ ๅต ็ใพใ ็ใใ ่ฒฟ ๅฐ ่ใ ่ใ ้ ้ ้ ้ ใ ้ ต ้ ท ้ ฌ ้ ช ้ ข ้ ใ ้ ใ ้ ธใ ็ถ ๅฐใ ๅฐใถ ๅฐใ ๅฐใถ ่ฑ ้ ญ ้ ญ ็ญใ ่ฑใ ้ผ ๅใถ ๆจน ็ฟ ่ก ็ ็ ็ใ ๆธฉใ ๆธฉใใ ๆธฉใพใ ๆธฉใใ ็ฃ ๆฟซ ใใฎ ใใชใ ใใพใ ใจใพใ ใจใใ ใใใ ใใใ ใใใ ใจใ ใใ ใใ ใใ ใ ใใ ใใฐใ ใใ ใใฃใจใ ใใฃใจใถ ใจใใจใ ใจใใจใถ ใพใ ใใใพ ใใใ ใฟใใใ ใใใ ใคใฅใฟ ใใใใถ ใใ ใก ใฌใใ ใใใใ ใใใใใ ใใใใพใ ใใใใใ 1455 r-750 1456 r-1730 1457 r-1175 1458 r-1639 1459 r-974 1460 r-1397 1461 1462 1463 1464 1465 r-1396 r-1900 r-2218 r-1694 r-1401 1466 1467 1468 1469 1470 1471 1472 r-1398 r-1399 r-46 r-890 r-891 r-635 r-1040 1473 1474 1475 1476 1477 1478 1479 1480 r-943 r-1841 r-531 r-339 r-1949 r-130 r-1452 r-100 1481 1482 1483 1484 r-811 r-809 r-810 r-1570 1485 1486 1487 1488 1489 1490 1491 r-1866 r-636 r-1626 r-637 r-820 r-866 r-867 ้ ็ ็ใ ็ใ ็ใ ๅกฉ ้ ๆจใ ๆจใใใ ๆ น ๅณ ็ต ็ฏ ้ใ ้ใใ ้ใ ็ผ ่ฏใ ๆใใ ๆตช ๅจ ้ฃในใ ้ฃใ ้ฃใใ ้ฃฏ ้ฃฒใ ้ฃขใใ ้ค ้ฃพใ ้คจ ้คใ ้ฃฝใใ ้ฃฝใใ ๆขใซ ๆฆ ๆ จ ๅนณใ ๅนณ ๅนณ ๅผใถ ๅช ่ฉ ๅใ ๅธ ๅถ ่ธ | 389 ใใ ใใใ ใใใ ใใ ใใใ ใใใใใ ใญ ใตใ ใใใใ ใใใใใ ใใใ ใพใชใ ใใ ใปใใใ ใใใ ใในใ ใใ ใใใ ใใ ใฎใ ใใใ ใใใ ใใใชใ ใใใ ใใใ ใใงใซ ใใใ ใใใ ใฒใ ใใถ ใคใผ ใใ ใใญ 390 | index v: cross-reference list 1492 r-868 1493 r-1609 1494 r-1991 1495 r-2071 1496 1497 1498 1499 1500 1501 1502 r-1909 r-988 r-638 r-2088 r-851 r-853 r-248 1503 r-249 1504 r-252 1505 r-1696 1506 1507 1508 1509 1510 1511 r-1745 r-991 r-1992 r-2014 r-1552 r-348 1512 r-349 1513 r-568 1514 r-2140 1515 1516 1517 1518 1519 1520 1521 1522 1523 1524 1525 r-1610 r-560 r-639 r-1946 r-640 r-1537 r-1538 r-1535 r-1536 r-376 r-377 ่ธ ้ขใ ้ขใใ ๆฎบใ ็ด ้ใ ้ใ ่พใ ่พใใ ๆข ๅฎฐ ๅฃ ้ฟใใ ๆฐ ๆฐใ ๆฐใใ ่ช ่ฆช ่ฆชใใ ่ฆชใใ ๅนธ ๅนธใ ๅนธใ ๅทใ ๅ ฑใใ ๅซใถ ็ณพ ๅใพใ ๅใใ ๅใใ ๅใใใ ็ข ้ธ ็ฆใถ ็ฆใพใใ ๅขใ ็ฑ ่ฑ ้ต ไบฅ ๆ ธ ๅปใ ่ฉฒ ๅพ ่ฟฐในใ ่ก ใใช ใฏใชใ ใฏใชใใ ใใใ ใซใถใ ใซใถใ ใใใ ใใใ ใใใ ใใน ใใใ ใซใ ใใใ ใใใใใ ใใใ ใใ ใใใใ ใใใใ ใใก ใใใใ ใใใใ ใจใ ใใใใ ใใใถ ใใใพใ ใใใใ ใใใใ ใใใใใ ใใคใถ ใใคใพใใ ใใใใ ใฒใ ใฟใใใ ใใฎใใ ใใใ ใฎในใ 1526 1527 1528 1529 1530 1531 1532 1533 1534 r-1734 r-104 r-102 r-103 r-101 r-1126 r-1762 r-1786 r-78 ๅฏใ ้ธใ ่ญฒใ ๅฃ ๅฌข ๆฏ ็ด ้บฆ ้ ้ใ 1535 r-79 ็ฒพ 1536 r-83 ่ซใ ่ซใใ 1537 r-84 ๆ ใ 1538 r-81 ๆดใใ ๆดใใ 1539 r-80 ๆธ ใ ๆธ ใพใ ๆธ ใใ 1540 r-82 ้ ้ใ ้ใพใ ้ใใ 1541 r-764 ่ฒฌใใ 1542 r-766 ็ธพ 1543 r-765 ็ฉใ 1544 r-767 ๅต 1545 r-641 ๆผฌใใ ๆผฌใใ 1546 r-356 ่กจ ่กจใ ่กจใใ 1547 r-357 ไฟต 1548 r-1799 ๆฝใ 1549 r-1652 ๅฅใ 1550 r-1017 ๅซ 1551 r-883 ๅฎณ 1552 r-882 ่ฝ 1553 r-881 ๅฒใ ๅฒ ๅฒใ ๅฒใใ 1554 r-1547 ๆฒ 1555 r-704 ็ ็ใใ ็ ใใใ ใใใ ใใใ ใใ ใใ ใใใ ใใ ใใใ ใชใใ ใฏใใ ใฏใใ ใใใ ใใใพใ ใใใใ ใใ ใใใ ใใใพใ ใใใใ ใใใ ใคใ ใคใใ ใคใใ ใใใฆ ใใใใ ใใใใใ ใใใ ใใใใใ ใกใใ ใใ ใใ ใใ ใใใ ใ ใฏใใ ใชใพ index v: cross-reference list 1556 1557 1558 1559 1560 r-706 r-707 r-705 r-708 r-709 1561 1562 1563 1564 1565 1566 1567 1568 1569 1570 1571 1572 r-2176 r-353 r-352 r-1142 r-1859 r-2073 r-1495 r-1794 r-642 r-1818 r-1990 r-1629 1573 1574 1575 1576 1577 1578 1579 r-797 r-798 r-799 r-413 r-412 r-993 r-1832 1580 r-1673 1581 r-1151 1582 r-736 1583 r-737 1584 r-738 1585 r-362 1586 r-363 1587 r-1018 ็ใใ ็ใใ ็ใใ ็ใพใใ ็ใ ็ใ ็ใใ ๆ ๅง ๆง ็ฒ ็ฃ ็ฃใพใใ ็ฃใ ้ ๅณฐ ็ธซใ ๆใ ๅฏฟ ้ณใ ็ฑ ๆฅ ๆคฟ ๆณฐ ๅฅใงใ ๅฎ ๅฎใ ๅฅใ ไฟธ ๆฃ ่ฌนใ ๅคใพใ ๆผข ๅใใใใ ๅใ ้ฃใใ ้ฃใ ่ฏ ๅใใ ๅใใ ็ก ้ ไนใใ ไนใ ๅฐ ไป ใใใ ใใใ ใใใ ใใพใใ ใใ ใใ ใฏใใ ใปใ 1588 r-2075 ๅซใ 1589 1590 1591 1592 r-2195 r-1114 r-2151 r-1931 1593 r-1133 1594 r-1508 1595 r-1507 ใใถ ใใพใใ ใใ 1596 r-954 1597 r-1199 1598 r-1201 ใฟใญ ใฌใ ใใใ ใใจใถใ ใใ 1599 1600 1601 1602 1603 1604 1605 1606 1607 1608 1609 1610 1611 ใฏใ ใคใฐใ ใใชใงใ ใฟ ใฟใฎใ ใใฆใพใคใ r-1203 r-1200 r-1202 r-1047 r-1665 r-476 r-477 r-206 r-207 r-208 r-643 r-2050 r-713 1612 r-1016 ใคใคใใ ใคใจใพใ ใชใใใใใ ใชใใ ใใใใใ ใใใ ใฏใช ใใใ ใใใ ใคใ ใฎใใ ใฎใ ใใพ 1613 1614 1615 1616 1617 r-1842 r-644 r-1939 r-1051 r-1037 1618 r-1390 1619 r-317 1620 r-396 1621 r-397 1622 r-1594 ๅซใใ ๅ ๅฟต ็ด ้ฐ ้ฐใ ไบ ๅบ ้ ใใ ้ ใใ ้ ๅ ผใญใ ๅซ ๅซใ ้ ่ฌ ๅป ่ฅฟ ไพก ่ฆใ ่ ฐ ็ฅจ ๆผใ ๆจ ๆ ้ท ่ฆใ ่ฆใ ็ ใ ็ ็ ใ ๅ ๆฅ ็ฎ ้ ๅใ ๅใ ๅ ้ฒ ้ฅ ้ ้ ็ฐก ้ใ ้ใใ | 391 ใตใใ ใตใใใ ใใจ ใใ ใใใ ใใใใ ใใใใ ใฎ ใใญใ ใใ ใใใ ใใพ ใซใ ใใใ ใใ ใใ ใใ ใใ ใใ ใใคใใใ ใใคใใใ ใใใ ใใใ ใใใ ใฟใชใฟ ใใใฎใ ใใฉ ใจใ ใจใ ใจใ ใใใ ใพ ใใ ใใใ 392 | index v: cross-reference list 1623 r-1519 1624 r-1353 1625 r-2146 1626 r-1009 1627 r-2003 1628 1629 1630 1631 1632 1633 1634 1635 r-1935 r-1443 r-472 r-473 r-983 r-1426 r-1428 r-1430 1636 1637 1638 1639 1640 1641 r-983 r-1427 r-1431 r-416 r-417 r-1602 1642 r-1810 1643 r-1222 1644 r-1221 1645 1646 1647 1648 1649 1650 1651 1652 1653 1654 1655 1656 1657 r-1223 r-1224 r-1225 r-1270 r-1273 r-1271 r-1272 r-1090 r-1147 r-1060 r-645 r-30 r-1515 ้ใ ้ใใ ้ใพใ ้ใใ ้ใใ ้ใใ ้ฃ ้ ่ใ ่ใใใ ๆฝคใ ๆฝคใ ๆฝคใ ๆฌ ้ใ ๅ ๅต ้ ไฟณ ๆ ๆฒใใ ๆฒใใ ็ฝช ่ผฉ ๆ ไพฏ ๅ ๆฑบใพใ ๆฑบใใ ๅฟซใ ๅใ ้ใ ้ใใ ็ทฏ ่ก ้ ๅนฒใ ่ ๅ ๆฑ ่ป ๅฒธ ๅนน ่ ๅฎ ไฝใ ใฒใใ ใฒใใ ใใพใ ใใใ ใจใใ ใจใใ ใใ ใใใใ ใใใใ ใใใใ ใใใ ใใใใ ใใ 1658 1659 1660 1661 1662 1663 1664 1665 r-1027 r-1512 r-1511 r-1514 r-2066 r-1513 r-1068 r-1480 1666 r-646 1667 r-1478 1668 r-1479 1669 r-1023 1670 r-1206 ใใชใใ ใใชใใ ใคใฟ ใจใณใ ใใใใ ใใพใ ใใใ ใใใใใ ใใใ ใกใใ ใกใใใ ใปใ ใใ ใใ ใฎใ ใใ ใฟใ ใใ ใใพใ 1671 1672 1673 1674 1675 r-135 r-133 r-134 r-131 r-1625 1676 r-332 1677 1678 1679 1680 1681 1682 r-426 r-333 r-1658 r-1633 r-427 r-274 1683 1684 1685 1686 1687 1688 r-189 r-1442 r-1209 r-1923 r-238 r-1421 1689 r-2063 1690 r-921 ไฝใ ้คใ ๅพ ๅ ้ ๆใ ๅกใ ๆ ้ ผใ ้ ผใ ้ ผใใใ ็ฌ ๅ ็ใ ็ใ ้ใใ ้ใใ ้ใ ๆดใ ๆดใใ ๅฃ ้บใใ ๆค ๅน ้ใ ้ใชใ ้ใญใ ้ ๅใใ ๅใ ๅฒ ๅใ ็จฎ ่ก ่ซใ ็ ็ ใ ็ด ็ ็ ็พ ็ข ็ฒใใ ็ฒใใ ็ซ ็ใ ใใพใ ใฎใใ ใชใชใ ใฌใ ใใฐ ใใใ ใใฎใ ใใฎใใใ ใ ใใจใ ใใจใ ใฏใใใ ใใฟใใ ใฏใใ ใจใจใฎใ ใจใจใฎใใ ใคใใ ใใใใ ใใใ ใใใชใ ใใใญใ ใ ใใใใ ใใใ ใฏใใใ ใใญ ใใใ ใใพใ ใใ ใคใใใ ใคใใใ ใใใ index v: cross-reference list 1691 1692 1693 1694 1695 1696 1697 1698 1699 1700 1701 r-852 r-2190 r-1819 r-935 r-2171 r-1470 r-1474 r-1473 r-1472 r-1910 r-1777 1702 r-1716 1703 r-1444 1704 r-1447 1705 r-1543 1706 r-1554 1707 1708 1709 1710 1711 r-239 r-240 r-241 r-1532 r-1032 1712 1713 1714 1715 1716 1717 1718 1719 r-1595 r-647 r-244 r-255 r-648 r-1804 r-35 r-1966 1720 r-498 1721 r-499 1722 r-1768 1723 1724 1725 1726 1727 1728 r-1940 r-1656 r-860 r-862 r-861 r-649 ็ใ ็ใใ ็ ๅฟ ๅ ๅป ๅน ๅบ ๆข ๆฎดใ ๆฌง ๆใใ ไปฐใ ไปฐใ ่ฟใใ ็ปใ ๆพใพใ ๆพใ ็บ ๅปใ ๅปใใ ๅ ๅฏฎ ็ ๅฝซใ ๅฝข ๅฝข ๅฝฑ ๆ ๅฝฉใ ๅฝฐ ๅฝฆ ้ก ้ ่จใใ ่จใใ ๅใ ๆจใ ไฟฎใพใ ไฟฎใใ ็ใใ ่จบใ ๆ ๅฏพ ็ด ่ ใใใ ใใใใ ใใ ใฒใ ใชใใ 1729 r-1541 1730 r-1542 1731 r-1539 1732 1733 1734 1735 r-1540 r-2085 r-1891 r-1022 1736 r-1078 1737 r-525 1738 r-1975 ใใใใ ใใใ ใใใ ใใใใ ใฎใผใ ใใพใ ใใ 1739 1740 1741 1742 ใใใ ใใใใ 1743 r-1825 ใปใ ใใ ใใใก ใใ ใใ ใใใฉใ ใฒใ ใใ ใตใใใ ใตใใใ ใพใใ ใฟใใ ใใใพใ ใใใใ ใใใใใ ใฟใ ใตใฟ ใ r-2242 r-829 r-827 r-828 1744 r-2002 1745 r-1073 1746 r-2030 1747 r-2072 1748 r-1712 1749 r-1102 1750 r-402 1751 1752 1753 1754 r-403 r-2083 r-1130 r-1688 1755 r-2185 1756 r-1618 ๆ ๅค ๆธใ ๆธใพใ ๆ ็ฒ ๅก ๆฅฝใใ ๆฅฝใใ ่ฌ ็ใใ ๆธ ๆธใ ๆธใ ๆ ๅคฎ ่ฑ ๆ ใใ ๆ ใ ๆ ใ ่ตค ่ตคใ ่ตคใใ ่ตคใใใ ่ตฆ ๅคใใ ๅคใใ ่ทก ่ฎ ๆ ๆใใ ๆใ ๆนพ ้ป ้ป ๆจช ๆ ่ฒ ็ตถใใ ็ตถใค ็ตถใใ ่ถ ่ฅ ่ฅใใ ่ฅใใ ่ฅใใ | 393 ใใ ใใพใ ใใฎใใ ใใฎใใ ใใใ ใฒใใใ ใใถ ใใถใ ใใถใ ใฏใใ ใใคใ ใใคใ ใใ ใใใ ใใใใ ใใใใใ ใใใ ใใใ ใใจ ใใ ใใใใ ใใ ใ ใ ใใ ใใ ใใใ ใใค ใใใ ใคใ ใใ ใใใ ใใใ ใใใ 394 | index v: cross-reference list 1757 r-1909 ็ใ 1758 1759 1760 1761 1762 1763 1764 1765 1766 1767 r-1895 r-806 r-807 r-808 r-1257 r-1254 r-1253 r-1256 r-1131 r-1255 1768 r-844 1769 r-843 1770 r-843 1771 r-1798 1772 r-1764 1773 r-1560 1774 r-325 1775 r-324 1776 r-148 1777 1778 1779 1780 1781 1782 r-151 r-150 r-149 r-152 r-1589 r-1558 1783 r-1828 1784 r-1709 1785 r-1938 1786 r-340 1787 r-341 ็ใใ ็ใใใ ็ดบ ๆ ่ฌใ ๅช ๆฌบใ ๆฃ ๆ ๆ ็ข ๅบ ๅบ ็ใ ็ใ ใใ ๅ ๅ ชใใ ่ฒดใ ่ฒดใถ ่ฒดใ ้บ ้ฃใ ้ฃใใ ่ ่ใ ็กใ ็ต ็ตใ ็ฒใ ็ง ็ฅ ้ปใ ๆป ๅฉ ๅฉใใ ๅฉใใ ๅฎ ็ณ ็ณใ ไธฆใณใซ ไธฆใถ ไธฆในใ ไธฆ ๆฎ ่ญ ใใพใ ใใพใใ ใใพใใใ 1788 r-1736 1789 1790 1791 1792 1793 1794 1795 1796 r-1986 r-743 r-1722 r-1026 r-323 r-322 r-1194 r-1196 ใฏใชใฏใ ใใ 1797 1798 1799 1800 1801 r-1814 r-1754 r-1198 r-1024 r-318 ใใใ ใใฃใจใ ใใฃใจใถ ใจใใจใ 1802 1803 1804 1805 r-319 r-1195 r-1052 r-2046 ใคใใ ใคใใใ ใพใ ใพใ ใชใ ใใฟ ใใ ใใใ 1806 r-44 1807 r-1131 ใฏใใ ใใใใ ใฏใ ใใจ ใใจใ ใฏใชใฏใ ใฏใฐใ ใใ ใใใใ ใใใใ ใใใฟ ใใใ ใชใใณใซ ใชใใถ ใชใในใ ใชใฟ 1808 1809 1810 1811 1812 r-1955 r-1818 r-1704 r-972 r-1824 1813 r-1864 1814 r-1572 1815 1816 1817 1818 r-1684 r-170 r-172 r-171 1819 1820 1821 1822 1823 1824 r-173 r-569 r-899 r-900 r-204 r-205 ๆนฟใ ๆนฟใ ้ก ็น ้ ๆฅญ ๆฒ ๅ ๅ ฑ ไพ ไพใใ ็ฐ ็ฟผ ๆดช ๆธฏ ๆดใ ๆดใใ ็ ๆญใใ ้ธใถ ๆฎฟ ๆฎฟ ไบ ๅฒใ ๅฒใ ่ใ ไบ ๆชใ ๅใ ่ง ่ง ่งฆใ ่งฃใ ่งฃใใ ่งฃใใ ๅใณ ่ฌ ่ณผ ๆงใ ๆงใใ ๆบ ่ซ ๅซ ่ผช ๅใ ้ ใใใ ใใใ ใใพ ใใ ใจใ ใจใ ใใชใใ ใใจ ใคใฐใ ใฟใชใจ ใใฐใ ใใฐใใ ใใใใใใ ใใใถ ใจใฎ ใงใ ใ ใใใ ใใใ ใใใใ ใใใ ใพใใ ใใฉ ใคใฎ ใใใ ใจใ ใจใใ ใจใใ ใตใใใณ ใใพใ ใใพใใ ใฟใ ใ ใใใใ index v: cross-reference list 1825 1826 1827 1828 1829 1830 1831 r-203 r-1091 r-988 r-914 r-915 r-916 r-153 1832 1833 1834 1835 r-154 r-155 r-438 r-439 1836 r-64 1837 1838 1839 1840 1841 1842 1843 1844 1845 1846 1847 1848 1849 1850 1851 1852 1853 1854 1855 1856 1857 1858 1859 1860 1861 1862 1863 r-63 r-650 r-61 r-62 r-156 r-1913 r-846 r-674 r-13 r-990 r-739 r-1672 r-430 r-431 r-424 r-425 r-374 r-375 r-1560 r-558 r-1749 r-2026 r-1001 r-1880 r-1857 r-2061 r-122 ็ทจใ ๅ ๅ ธ ๆฐ ็ด ๅฉ ไฝใ ไฝใพใ ไฝใใ ๆต ๅบ ๆฐ ็ ใ ็ ใ ๆใพใใ ๆใพใ ๆใใใ ๆใ ๆใใใใ ๆตฆ ่ฒ ่ ่ฃใ ้ธ ้ญ ้ก ้ ้จ ้ฝ ้ต ้ฆ ้ท ้ฟใ ้ ๅป ็พ ๅพช ๆดพ ่ ่ก ้ ๆฎต ้ใใ ๅ ๅนป ๅธ ใใ ใใ ใใฟ ใฒใใ ใฒใใพใ ใฒใใใ ใใ ใใฟ ใญใใ ใญใใ ใคใใพใใ ใคใใพใ ใจใใใ ใจใ ใจใใใใ ใใ ใใพ 1864 1865 1866 1867 1868 1869 1870 1871 1872 1873 1874 r-125 r-123 r-124 r-126 r-2185 r-93 r-222 r-800 r-802 r-801 r-823 1875 1876 1877 1878 1879 1880 1881 1882 1883 1884 r-749 r-213 r-838 r-837 r-836 r-2174 r-1641 r-1817 r-1320 r-1033 ใใใชใ 1885 r-410 1886 r-411 1887 r-1003 1888 r-1727 ใฟใใ ใฒใณใ ใใฆ ใใใใ ใพใผใใ 1889 1890 1891 1892 r-1903 r-2150 r-2214 r-1098 1893 1894 1895 1896 r-1631 r-113 r-1758 r-1741 1897 1898 1899 1900 r-200 r-201 r-202 r-1964 ไผบใ ่ฉ ้ฃผใ ๅฃ ่ ่ถ ่ช ่ฌ ็ค ๆฌ ่น ่น ่ฆ ่ ็ ๅผง ๅญค ็นญ ็ ๆ ๆทใ ๆฅใ ๆฅใ ๆฐ ๆฑฝ ้ฃใฐใ ้ฃใถ ๆฒใใ ๆฒใ ๅฆป ่กฐใใ ่กท ้ข ้ข ้ข ้ฉ ้ด ่ฆ ๅฃฐ ๅฃฐ ๅ ๅจฏ ่ชคใ ่ธใ ่ธใใ ่ธใใ | 395 ใใใใ ใใ ใตใช ใตใช ใตใญ ใใ ใพใ ใฒใพ ใใ ใใใ ใใใ ใจใฐใ ใจใถ ใใใใ ใใใ ใคใพ ใใจใใใ ใคใ ใใ ใใใฆ ใใ ใใค ใใ ใใ ใใใพใ ใใ ใใใ ใใใ 396 | index v: cross-reference list 1901 r-1747 1902 r-1823 1903 r-1797 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 r-784 r-785 r-787 r-786 r-1572 r-948 r-1551 r-2055 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 r-2152 r-50 r-804 r-805 r-458 r-459 r-26 r-1941 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 r-65 r-66 r-67 r-68 r-2008 r-1621 r-2059 r-1915 r-1000 r-1057 1930 r-1118 1931 r-1861 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 r-2124 r-1879 r-398 r-399 r-1787 1937 r-1942 1938 r-1056 ๆฟใ ๅฝ ๆฅตใพใ ๆฅตใใ ๆฅตใฟ ็ ่ฝ ้ช ้ ้ ็ช ๅฏฉ ็ฟปใ ็ฟปใ ่ฉ ๆฏ ่ ๅฐพ ๅฎ ่จ ็บ ๅฝใ ๅฝ ้ทใ ๅผตใ ๅธณ ่น ้ซช ๅฑ ๅช ๅทฃ ๅ *ๆฆ ๆฆใ ็ฆ ๅผพใ ๅผพใ ๅผพ ๆก ็ฃ ่ณ ๆฉใพใ ๅณใใ ๅณใ ้ ๆใใ ใใใใพใใ ใฏใ ใใใพใ ใใใใ ใใใฟ ใใฐ ใ ใฒใใใใ ใฒใใใใ 1939 r-1877 1940 r-1728 1941 r-1838 1942 r-1811 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 r-651 r-1929 r-652 r-653 r-405 r-1584 r-1733 ใ ใ 1950 r-654 1951 r-1558 1952 r-2062 ใใคใใ ใซใ ใชใใ ใฏใ ใใฟ ใ ใ ใใใ ใใใใ ใฒใ ใฏใใ ใใพ ใใใ ใใใฎ ใชใใพใ ใใณใใ ใใใใ ใใใ ใใใ 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 r-1748 r-2048 r-776 r-777 r-779 r-778 r-1701 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 r-2019 r-655 r-795 r-794 r-796 r-1933 r-1919 r-475 1968 r-474 ๆใใ ่ชใ ่ชใใ ็ ้ณฅ ้ณดใ ้ณดใ ้ณดใใ ้ถด ็ ่ฆ ้ณฉ ้ถ ๅณถ ๆใ ๆใใ ๆใพใ ๆใใ ๅช ๆด ็ทฉใ ็ทฉใ ็ทฉใใ ๅฑ ๅฑ ๅถ ้ ๆใ ้ ้ ้ใใ ๅก ๅฒก ้ผ ็ถฑ ๅ ็ผถ ้ถ ๆบใใถใ ๆบใใ ๆบใใ ๆบใ ๆบใใ ๆบใใถใ ๆบใใ ่ฌก ใใใ ใปใพใ ใปใใ ใจใ ใชใ ใชใ ใชใใ ใคใ ใใใ ใคใ ใฏใจ ใซใใจใ ใใพ ใใใใ ใใใใใ ใใใใพใ ใใใใใ ใฒใ ใใใ ใใใ ใใใใ ใใใ ใใฟ ใใ ใใใใ ใใ ใฏใใญ ใคใช ใใใถใ ใใใ ใใใ ใใ ใใใ ใใใถใ ใใใ ใใใ index v: cross-reference list ่ฌกใ 1969 r-1689 ๅฐฑใ 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 r-420 r-421 r-1117 r-1868 r-949 r-952 r-488 r-489 r-1840 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 r-656 r-132 r-220 r-1333 r-1471 1984 1985 1986 1987 r-1072 r-1993 r-1780 r-886 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 r-2070 r-773 r-1922 r-894 r-895 r-1941 r-2082 r-657 r-893 r-1048 r-2011 r-2229 r-1752 r-1011 r-942 r-658 r-1779 ๅฐฑใใ ๆใ ๅขพ ๅ ใใ ้ธ ๆฉ ๅ ่ฑก ๅ ้ฆฌ ้ฆฌ ้ง ้จ ้จ ้ง ้งใ ้งใใ ้ง ้จใ ้ง ้ฉใใ ้ฉใ ็ฏค ้จฐ ่ ่ ่ ่ ๆฏใใ ่ ๆ ฎ ๅ ่ใใ ้นฟ ่ฆใใ ๆ ถ ้บใใ ็ ่ฝ ใใใ ใคใ ใคใใ ใญใใใ ใพใฌใใใ 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 r-1690 r-659 r-1597 r-730 r-553 r-731 2011 r-733 ใใพ ใพ ใใพ ใใ ใใใ ใใใ ใใฉใใใ ใใฉใใ ใจใ ใใใใใ ใใใ ใใใใใ ใใ ใใใใ ใใใใใ ใใพ 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 2029 2030 2031 2032 2033 2034 2035 2036 2037 2038 2039 2040 2041 2042 r-732 r-734 r-444 r-445 r-1120 r-996 r-660 r-1921 r-1976 r-1914 r-139 r-758 r-1987 r-1763 r-2215 r-2136 r-1249 r-793 r-1329 r-2181 r-1852 r-2188 r-661 r-229 r-1729 r-181 r-2216 r-662 r-663 r-664 r-665 ๆ ๅฏ ๆผ ่พฐ ่พฑใใ ้ใ ้ใใ ๆฏใ ๆฏใใ ๅจ ๅ ่พฒ ๆฟใ ้ใ ้ข ๅฒใ ้ฌผ ้ใ ้ญ ้ญ ้ญ ๅก ่ฅฒใ ๅ ๆ ้ฐ ็ญ ้ฌ ้ต ็ฝท ๅฑฏ ไธใค ่ป ้ท ็ใ ไธน ๆฝ ไธ ๅฏ ๅทณ | 397 ใจใ ใใค ใฏใใใใใ ใตใใ ใตใใใ ใตใ ใตใใ ใใกใณใ ใใ ใใใ ใใ ใใ ใใซ ใฟใซใใ ใใพใใ ใใใพใ ใใใ ใคใค ใใค ใ ใใใ ใใ ใใ ใใ ใ ใฟ