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Learning Outcomes Week 1a – Characteristics of life Understand the unit outline and the expectations for the trimester Define the characteristics of life List the levels of the hierarchy of life o From biosphere atom Understand the conventions of binomial nomenclature List the levels of classification o From domain species Understand atomic structure, and interpret the periodic table Be aware of the different types of bonds Be able to highlight the importance of water Understand the basic concepts of pH Week 1b – Macromolecules Understand the major classes of macromolecules o Carbohydrates o Lipids o Proteins o Nucleic acids Understand the structure of DNA, and its importance in cellular function Week 2a – Prokaryotes Understand the concept of surface area : volume ratio Know the differences between different types of microscopes Identify the key differences and similarities between prokaryotes and eukaryotes Be aware of the classifications of prokaryotic organisms Identify the key features of a prokaryotic organism, as well as the function of these features Be aware of how to identify different prokaryotes, particularly using Gram staining Understand the process of binary fission Be aware of endospores and the conditions that they exist in Understand how prokaryotic organisms can have an impact upon other organisms Week 2b – Eukaryotes Identify the key features of a eukaryotic organism, as well as the function of these features Week 3a – Cytoskeleton and Cell membrane Understand the components of the cytoskeleton and what their function is Understand the structure of eukaryotic flagella and cilia Be aware of the difference between the different types of intercellular junctions Understand the role of the plasma membrane, and how its fluidity can change Be aware of other components that make up the plasma membrane Week 3b – Cell membrane, membrane transport and origins of life Understand the different methods of membrane transport and their purpose o Passive and Active transport o Bulk transport Be aware of tonicity and how it can impact upon cells and their contents o Hypertonic o Isotonic o Hypotonic Understand some of the theories about how life originated o Early experiments on the origin of life o Protobionts o Major Extinction events Week 4a – Mitosis Understand the key events of cell division Be aware of how DNA replicates Understand the Cell Cycle, as well as how it is controlled Understand the key stages of mitosis, and what happens during each stage Week 4b – Metabolism and library workshop Be aware of the different types of metabolism Understand how enzymes impact upon reactions, and how they function Be able to explain how energy coupling works Understand how ATP works as an energy carrier (shuttle) List the ways that factors such as temperature and pH impact enzymes Be able to compare the different types of enzymatic inhibition Understand the importance of cofactors and coenzymes Be aware of feedback mechanisms Be able to complete a library search and reference a published article Week 5a – Cellular respiration Understand how energy flows through the biosphere Be able to define redox reactions Be aware of the key processes that make up cellular respiration Understand the input and output of each process, and where each process takes place o Glycolysis o Acetyl CoA conversion o Citric Acid Cycle o Electron Transport Chain Be able to explain the importance of oxygen, and what happens when it is not present Understand how other molecules interact with cellular respiration and its processes Week 5b – Revision for mid-trimester test Should be prepared for the mid-trimester test Week 6a – Meiosis Understand the role that genes play in heredity Be aware of what chromosomes are, as well as the meaning of haploid and diploid Understand the differences between asexual and sexual reproduction Be aware of varied life cycles o Animals o Plants – alternation of generations Week 6b – Meiosis Understand the role of meiosis Be aware of the products of meiosis Understand the key stages, and what happens in each stage for both: o Meiosis I o Meiosis II Be able to compare mitosis and meiosis Be aware of the mechanisms that allow for genetic variation o Independent assortment o Crossing over o Random fertilisation Understand what happens when errors occur during meiosis Be able to recognise non-disjunction disorders from a karyotype Week 7a – Mendelian Genetics Be able to define the following terms o Character o Trait o True breeding o Hybridisation o P/F1/F2 generations Be aware of how Mendel conducted his experiments, and the results that he got Be able to define the following terms o Allele o Dominant/recessive allele o Locus o Homozygous/Heterozygous o Genotype/Phenotype Week 7b – Mendelian Genetics Understand Mendel’s 4 concepts of genetics o Alternative versions of genes account for variations in inherited characters o For each character, an organism inherits two alleles, one from each parent o If the two alleles at a locus differ, the dominant allele determines the organism’s appearance and the recessive allele has no noticeable effect on appearance o Law of segregation Be aware of how to utilise Punnett squares and probability to solve genetic problems o Monohybrid Cross o Dihybrid Cross o Probability questions Week 8a – Modes of Inheritance Understand each of the following modes of inheritance, how to recognise them, and be aware of examples of traits that are inherited in these modes o Complete dominance o Incomplete Dominance o Co-dominance o Multiple alleles o Pleiotropy o Epistasis o Polygenic inheritance o Sex-linked genes o Maternal/Mitochondrial inheritance Week 8b – Pedigree Analysis Be able to recognise the different features of a pedigree Understand how to analyse a pedigree Be able to recognise the following inheritance patterns o Recessive/Dominant o Autosomal/X-linked o Y linked/mitochondrial Week 9a – Linked genes and DNA structure Understand what linked genes are and how they occur Recognise the difference between parental and recombinant phenotypes Understand what a linkage map is, and how it is constructed Be able to calculate the recombination frequency of a gene Be able to interpret a linkage map Understand the structure and function of DNA, and how these were discovered o Nucleotide pairing o Purines and Pyrimidines o Hershey-Chase experiment/ Franklin/ Watson & Crick Understand the basic principles of DNA replication Be able to describe the function of the following enzymes o Helicase o Single strand binding protein o Topoisomerase o Primase o DNA Pol I and DNA Pol III o DNA ligase Be able to distinguish between the leading and lagging strands during replication Understand how enzymes can repair errors in DNA replication Week 9b – Transcription and Translation Understand the difference between the processes in prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms Be aware of the differences between DNA and RNA Understand how the 3 key stages of transcription work o Initiation o Elongation o Termination Understand how mRNA is modified after transcription Understand the role that tRNA plays in translation Understand the role that ribosomes play in translation Understand how the 3 key stages of translation work o Initiation o Elongation o Termination Week 10a – Mutations in protein synthesis and control of gene expression Understand how to interpret a codon table Be able to recognise the following mutations, and their underlying cause o INDELS (insertion/deletion/substitution) o Duplication o Translocation o Silent mutations o Missense mutations o Nonsense mutations o Frameshift mutations Be aware of how mutagens impact on mutation rates Understand the mechanisms that cause cancer Be able to explain why our cells look different, despite containing the same genetic material Understand the importance of gene regulation, and how it can be regulated Understand the 2 main ways that chromatin can be modified o Histone acetylation o DNA methylation Week 10b – Gene regulation and Viruses Be able to define epigenetics, and understand the role it plays in inheritance Understand how transcription is regulated Be able to explain how mRNA can be altered or degraded Understand what microRNA is, and the role it plays in regulating translation Understand how embryonic development is genetically controlled Be aware of how post-translational modification occurs Identify features of viruses Be aware that viruses can contain many varying forms of genetic material Understand the 2 reproductive cycles of viruses, and how they work o Lysogenic o Lytic Be able to explain how bacteria can defend themselves against viruses o CRISPR – Cas system Be aware of some of the major classes of viruses Understand the HIV virus lifecycle Explain how retroviruses synthesise genetic material Be aware of how viroids and prions act, and how they differ from viruses Week 11a – DNA technology Understand the general concepts of recombinant DNA technology o Genetic engineering o Gene cloning o Vectors o Restriction enzymes o Genomic/cDNA libraries Understand how plasmids are utilised in biotechnology, and why they are so useful Understand the following processes o blue-white screening o gel electrophoresis o PCR Week 11b – DNA technology Understand the general concepts of DNA sequencing Understand the following processes o Chain termination sequencing o Next-generation sequencing o Nanopore sequencing o High resolution melting o CRISPR-Cas 9 o Cloning o Gene therapy Understand how biotechnology can be used to study gene expression o RT-PCR and sequencing o Microarrays Be aware of some application for PCR and sequencing Understand the process of DNA fingerprinting, and how to interpret those results Be aware of the use of transgenic organisms, and the impact they can have Be aware of genomics and proteomics