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Name
Class
Date
The Biosphere
Matter of Energy, Interdependence in Nature
Q: How do Earth’s living and nonliving parts interact and affect the survival
of organisms?
WHAT I KNOW
3.1 How do we
study life?
3.2 How do
different organisms
get the energy they
need to survive?
3.3 How
does energy
move through an
ecosystem?
3.4 Why is the
cycling of matter
important to life on
Earth?
WHAT I LEARNED
SAMPLE ANSWER:
Biologists study
life by observing many
different kinds of life forms.
SAMPLE ANSWER: Modern
ecologists use three methods
to study life: observation,
experimentation, and
modeling.
SAMPLE ANSWER:
Plants use
sunlight for their energy.
Other animals eat food to get
energy.
SAMPLE ANSWER:
Autotrophs can
capture energy from sunlight
or chemicals and convert it
into forms that living cells
can use. Heterotrophs must
acquire energy from other
organisms.
SAMPLE ANSWER:
Energy moves
through ecosystems when one
organism ingests another
organism.
SAMPLE ANSWER:
Energy flows
through an ecosystem in
a one-way stream, from
primary producers to various
consumers.
SAMPLE ANSWER:
SAMPLE ANSWER: Living
organisms are composed
mostly of four elements:
oxygen, carbon, hydrogen,
and nitrogen. The availability
of these elements depends on
how quickly they are cycled
through the environment.
Organisms need
certain kinds of matter in
order to grow and perform
life processes.
Chapter 3 • Workbook A • Copyright © by Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved.
29
Name
Class
Date
3.1 What Is Ecology?
Lesson Objectives
Describe the study of ecology.
Explain how biotic and abiotic factors influence an ecosystem.
Describe the methods used to study ecology.
Lesson Summary
Studying Our Living Planet Ecology is the scientific study of interactions among
organisms and between organisms and their environment.
▶ Earth’s organisms live in the biosphere. The biosphere consists of the parts of the planet
in which all life exists.
▶ Ecologists may study different levels of ecological organization:
• Individual organism
• An assemblage of individuals that belong to the same species and live in the same area is
called a population.
• An assemblage of different populations that live together in an area is referred to as a
community.
• An ecosystem includes all the organisms that live in a particular place, together with
their physical environment.
• A group of ecosystems that have similar climates and organisms is called a biome.
Biotic and Abiotic Factors Ecosystems include biotic and abiotic factors.
▶ A biotic factor is any living part of an environment.
▶ An abiotic factor is any nonliving part of an environment.
Ecological Methods Ecologists use three basic methods of research: observation,
experimentation, and modeling:
▶ Observation often leads to questions and hypotheses.
▶ Experiments can be used to test hypotheses.
▶ Modeling helps ecologists understand complex processes.
Studying Our Living Planet
1. What is ecology?
It is the scientific study of interactions among organisms and between organisms and
their environment.
2. What does the biosphere contain?
It contains all the organisms and physical environments of Earth.
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30
Name
Class
Date
3. How are human economics and ecology linked?
Economics has to do with human “houses” and interactions based on money and
trade. Ecological interactions have to do with nature’s “houses” and are based on
energy and nutrients. Humans depend on ecological processes to provide nutrients
that can be bought or traded.
Use the diagram to answer Questions 4–5.
biosphere
biome
ecosystem
population
individual
community
4. Label each level of organization on the diagram.
5. Explain the relationship between ecosystems and biomes.
An ecosystem describes all of the organisms that live in a place, together with
their physical environment. A group of ecosystems that share similar climates and
organisms is considered a biome.
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31
Name
Class
Date
Biotic and Abiotic Factors
6. Use the terms in the box to fill in the Venn diagram. List parts of the environment that
consist of biotic factors, abiotic factors, and some components that are a mixture of both.
air
animals
bacteria
heat
mushrooms
plants
precipitation
soil
sunlight
Both
Biotic
Factorss
animals,
plants,
mushrooms,
bacteria
soil
sunlight,
heat,
precipitation,
air
Ab
Abiotic
Factors
Fa
Ecological Methods
7. Why might an ecologist set up an artificial environment in a laboratory?
An ecologist might do that to imitate and manipulate conditions that organisms
would encounter in the natural world.
8. Why are many ecological phenomena difficult to study?
They occur over long periods of time or over large areas.
9. Why do ecologists make models?
They make models to gain insights into complex phenomena.
10. What makes a planet living? Explain your answer by comparing Earth with Mars.
Earth is a living planet because it contains organisms. Life exists on Earth on the land,
in the water, and in the atmosphere. Earth’s environments can be described based
on biotic and abiotic factors. In contrast, Mars is a planet void of life. Mars can be
described based only on abiotic factors such as sunlight, heat, wind, soil type, and
so on.
Lesson 3.1 • Workbook A • Copyright © by Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved.
32
Name
Class
Date
3.2 Energy, Producers, and Consumers
Lesson Objectives
Define primary producers.
Describe how consumers obtain energy and nutrients.
Lesson Summary
Primary Producers Sunlight is the main energy source for life on Earth. Organisms that
can capture energy from sunlight or chemicals and use that energy to produce food are called
autotrophs, or primary producers.
▶ The process in which autotrophs capture light energy and use it to convert carbon dioxide
and water into oxygen and sugars is called photosynthesis.
▶ The process in which autotrophs use chemical energy to produce carbohydrates is called
chemosynthesis.
Consumers Organisms that rely on other organisms for their energy and food are called
heterotrophs. Heterotrophs are also referred to as consumers. There are many different types
of heterotrophs:
▶ Herbivores, such as cows, obtain energy by eating only plants.
▶ Carnivores, such as snakes, eat only animals.
▶ Omnivores, such as humans, eat both plants and animals.
▶ Detritivores, such as earthworms, feed on dead matter.
▶ Decomposers, such as fungi, break down organic matter.
▶ Scavengers, such as vultures, consume the carcasses of other animals.
Primary Producers
1. What do autotrophs do during photosynthesis?
They use light energy to power chemical reactions that convert carbon dioxide and
water into oxygen and energy-rich carbohydrates such as sugars and starch.
2. Can some organisms survive without energy from the sun? Explain your answer.
Yes, some deep-sea ecosystems do not depend on the sun for their energy source.
Primary producers can harness chemical energy from inorganic molecules such as
hydrogen sulfide to produce carbohydrates through chemosynthesis.
3. Can organisms create their own energy? Explain your answer. No, primary producers
harness energy from the sun or chemicals to produce carbohydrates. They do not produce their own energy. Other organisms obtain their energy from primary producers.
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Class
Date
Consumers
4. Complete the table about types of heterotrophs.
Types of Heterotrophs
Type
Definition
Examples
Herbivore
Heterotroph that obtains energy by
eating only plants
cows, rabbits
Carnivore
Heterotroph that eats animals
snakes, dogs, owls
Omnivore
Heterotroph that eats both plants and
animals
humans, bears, pigs
Detritivore
Heterotroph that feeds on detritus
mites, earthworms, snails,
crabs
Decomposer
Heterotroph that breaks down organic
matter
Scavenger
Heterotroph that consumes the carcasses of
dead animals but does not typically kill them
itself
bacteria, fungi
vulture, hyena
5. What is a consumer?
A consumer is any organism that relies on other organisms for energy and nutrients.
6. How would you categorize a consumer that usually catches and eats prey, but also eats
dead animal carcasses? a carnivore
7. What role do producers play in establishing Earth as a living planet? Energy enters
the biotic portion of Earth’s ecosystems through primary producers. Primary producers convert nonliving, abiotic factors, such as sunlight or chemicals, into carbohydrates. In this way, producers make the energy accessible to other organisms on the
planet. Photosynthetic producers also give off oxygen, a gas that is required by most
other organisms, during photosynthesis.
Lesson 3.2 • Workbook A • Copyright © by Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved.
34
Name
Class
Date
3.3 Energy Flow in Ecosystems
Lesson Objectives
Trace the flow of energy through living systems.
Identify the three types of ecological pyramids.
Lesson Summary
Food Chains and Food Webs Energy flows through an ecosystem in one direction from
primary producers to various consumers.
▶ A food chain is a series of steps in which organisms transfer energy by eating and being
eaten. Producers, such as floating algae called phytoplankton, are at the base of every food
chain.
▶ A food web is a network of all the food chains in an ecosystem. Food webs are very
complex. Small disturbances to one population can affect all populations in a food web.
Changes in populations of zooplankton, small marine animals that feed on algae, can
affect all of the animals in the marine food web.
Trophic Levels and Ecological Pyramids Each step in a food chain or food web is
called a trophic level. Producers make up the first trophic level. Consumers make up higher
trophic levels. Each consumer depends on the trophic level below it for energy.
An ecological pyramid is a diagram that shows the relative amounts of energy or matter
contained within each trophic level in a food chain or food web. Types of ecological pyramids
are pyramids of energy, pyramids of biomass, and pyramids of numbers:
▶ Pyramids of energy show relative amounts of energy available at different trophic levels.
▶ Pyramids of biomass show the total amount of living tissue at each trophic level.
▶ A pyramid of numbers shows the relative numbers of organisms at different trophic levels.
Food Chains and Food Webs
1. Complete the table about feeding relationships.
Feeding Relationships
Relationship
Description
Food Chain
A series of steps in which organisms transfer energy by eating and
being eaten
Food Web
A network of complex interactions formed by the feeding relationships among the various organisms in an ecosystem
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Class
Date
Use the food chain to answer Questions 2–4.
2. Draw arrows between the organisms to show how energy moves through this food chain.
Write producer, herbivore, or carnivore under each organism.
carnivore
carnivore
carnivore
producer
herbivore
3. Explain how energy flows through this food chain. Phytoplankton are photosynthetic
organisms. They use energy from the sun to create carbohydrates. The zooplankton
eats the phytoplankton to obtain energy. The small fish eat the zooplankton. The
squid eats the small fish. The shark eats the squid.
4. What would happen to this food chain if a disturbance caused a serious decline in the
shark population? If the shark numbers declined, there would be no natural predator to control the number of squids. Therefore the squid population might increase.
The larger population of squid would then eat more fish than the typical population
would have. Eventually the squid would run out of fish to eat and start to die out.
5.
What role does energy play in the diagram, and how is it
represented? Energy is both taken in and recycled by the decomposers and the primary producers. The recycling machines represent the mechanisms by which those
organisms convert energy from the forms they use (the house and building blocks) to
the forms into which they recycle it (building blocks, ship and bridge).
Lesson 3.3 • Workbook A • Copyright © by Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved.
36
Name
Class
Date
Trophic Levels and Ecological Pyramids
Write True or False on the line provided.
False
6. Primary consumers always make up the first trophic level in a food web.
True
7. Ecological pyramids show the relative amount of energy or matter contained
within each trophic level in a given food web.
False
8. On average, about 50 percent of the energy available within one trophic level is
transferred to the next trophic level.
False
9. The more levels that exist between a producer and a given consumer, the
larger the percentage of the original energy from producers is available to that
consumer.
Use the diagram to answer Questions 10–17.
Marsh hawk
Shrew
Grasshopper
Ribbed mussel
Zooplankton
Algae
Detritus
Marsh grass
Match the organism with its trophic level. A trophic level may be used more than once.
Organism
Trophic Level
A
_____
10. algae
A. primary producer
B
_____
11. grasshopper
B. first-level consumer
A
_____
12. marsh grass
C. second-level consumer
D
_____
13. marsh hawk
D. third-level consumer
C
_____
14. plankton-eating fish
B
_____
15. ribbed mussel
C
_____
16. shrew
B
_____
17. zooplankton
Lesson 3.3 • Workbook A • Copyright © by Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved.
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Name
Class
Date
18. Complete the energy pyramid by writing the source of the energy for the food web and
how much energy is available to first-, second-, and third-level consumers.
Heat
0.1%
1%
Heat
Heat
Third-level consumers
Second-level consumers
10%
Heat
First-level consumers
100% Producers
Light or chemical
energy
For Questions 19–21, complete each statement by writing the correct word or words.
biomass
19. A pyramid of _______________
illustrates the relative amount of living organic matter
available at each trophic level in an ecosystem.
numbers
20. A pyramid of _______________
shows the relative numbers of individual organisms at
the trophic levels in an ecosystem.
energy
21. A pyramid of _______________
shows the relative amounts of energy available at the
trophic levels of a food chain or food web.
22. Identify which type of ecological pyramid best traces the flow of matter through an
ecosystem. Explain your answer.
Biomass pyramids show the amount of organic material at each trophic level;
thus, they are the best type of ecological pyramid to use in order to model the flow
of matter through an ecosystem. A numbers pyramid would not as accurately display
this kind of information because a larger producer, such as a tree, which contains a
great deal of matter, would be able to feed hundreds or thousands of small first-level
consumers, such as wood-eating insects.
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38