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Prepared by: Gayatinea , Baby Ann BS BIO 2-B Alcairo , Vincent Group 1: Narrative Report Lesson 3: GENDER AND SEXUALITY AS A SUBJECT OF INQUIRY Lesson Objectives: •Define gender studies •Discuss its historical origins •Explain its importance in society Gender studies is about looking into, analyzing, and examining society so that we notice power relations in the seemingly "simple things". It helps us see the issues in our everyday lives through a different lens. Gender studies emerged from the need to analyze how gender, sex, and sexuality impact our lives, especially how it creates gender equality. It came about in the mid 1970's after the second wave feminism as a way to challenge the male-defined and male – centered knowledge. Gender role or sex role are “sets of culturally defined behaviors such as masculinity and felinity”. • These roles are not fixed such that the “culturally defined behaviors” for men and women may be very different 50 years ago or very different for people from other countries or tribe. • In a binary system of viewing gender roles, we only see the male and female where men are expected to be masculine while women are expected to be feminine. This is the norm or the accepted standards of how to behave like a woman (mahinhin) or how to behave like a man (matipuno/matapang). Definition of terms Gender studies – a field of study concerned about how reproductive roles are interpreted and negotiated in the society through gender. Social Research – the process of investigating social realities. Research approach – the orientation in understanding social relatives. This can be qualitative (interpretive), quantitative (deductive), of both. Ethics in research - these are considerations in conducting research to make sure that the well-being of the participants are ensured, and that the outcome of the study is sound without undue to people involved. CONTEMPLATE. The following are common statements we hear from people. Reflect why you think people agree or disagree with the statement. Reflect about your own thoughts. Do you agree or disagree with each statement? Why or Why not? Statement Boys should not cry. Girls are bad drivers while boys are superb drivers. Boys should not be allowed to play dolls. Women should be prim and Why People Agree Why People Disagree proper. It is ok for men to be rowdy, they are men anyway. Gender studies is not just for women or all about women, it is about everyone. It explores how our gender roles have changed throughout our history. One hundred years ago, women were not allowed to study at universities since their role was only restricted to domestic or the household. Since then, our society has evolved dramatically, and careers are no longer dependent on physical ability, making them more accessible to women. Most mothers now have a job and are able to support their families. Gender studies wonder if it's still correct to state that men are the family's breadwinners when both moms and fathers now work and make money. Diversity and Inclusion Gender roles are socially constructed and are not something that we are "born with". Society, through a lifelong process of normalization, encourages or reprimands behaviors to make a child adapt to these social expectations. If a child does not follow these gender roles, they are reprimanded by parents, relatives, friends, or anybody that they interact with. Gender roles are socially constructed and are not something that we are "born with". Society, through a lifelong process of normalization, encourages or reprimands behaviors. Lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender people often do not fit in the traditional binary gender roles so they are often reprimanded, bullied, and discriminated. Gender studies let us analyze the creation and maintenance of these gender norms so that it does not create inequalities in our social, political, and economic spheres. COMMUNICATE. The following are common statements we hear from people. Reflect why you think people agree or disagree with the statement. Reflect about your own thoughts: do you agree or disagree with each statement? Why or Why not? Would you be Willing to Befriend Someone who…. Is a native of a different country? Does not have the same religious belief as you do? Has a physical or mental disability? Does not speak your language? GENDER STUDIES AND RESEARCH As a subject of inquiry, Gender Studies utilizes a systematic approach in making assumptions, gathering data and drawing conclusions. Approaches in Research Since Gender and Sexuality cuts across a variety of issues that could be biomedical, psychosocial, or political-legal, there is no singular way in conducting the research process. These are however a variety of approaches which can be used. Qualitative approach focuses more on the meanings created and interpretations made by people about own personal or vicarious (observe) experiences. For example, if you want to know how women, men, or LGBTQ+ make sense of their lived experiences, then the qualitative approach is fitting. Phenomenology – conducting intensive interviews with individuals who have experienced a particular event and understanding their “live experience” Hermeneutics – understanding the meaning of texts (literary works, art works) and what they convey about human realities; and Ethnography and ethnomethodology – immersing in a community and talking note of their experiences, beliefs, attitudes, and practices Quantitative approach, on the other hand, focuses more on characterizing population (total number of individual in a group) or a sample. For instance, if you want to know how many Filipino teenagers are engaged in a romantic relationship, then a quantitative approach is appropriate. Survey – collecting information from a sample ; and Experiment- creating actual set-ups to observe behavior of people in an experimental group (a group receiving treatment such as training or a new experience) and comparing it to the behavior of people in a control group (a group without any treatment). In some cases, researchers prefer to used mixed methods (combining qualitative and quantitative methods to derived data from multiple sources). Ethics in Gender and Sexuality Research Ethics is a prerequisite to a properly conducted study. It makes sure that people involved in the research are protected from harm. There are some principles to remember in conducting and sexuality researches. These principles are referred to as ethical principles . Informed consent - researchers should make sure the participants in a study are aware of the purpose and processes of the study they are taking part in. They should also ensure that only those participants who agree (in writing) will be included in the study, and they shall not force any participants to join.. Confidentiality and anonymity – researchers should not share any of the participants' personal information, including their identities, to anyone who isn't involved in the study. All information acquired through surveys or interviews should be saved in a secure filing system. Non-maleficence and beneficence – a study should do no harm (non-malefecence) to anyone. Especially in researches involving humans, a study should be beneficial (beneficence) for it to be worth implementing. Distributive justice – any study should not disadvantage a particular group, especially the marginalized and the oppresses (e.r., poor people, women, LGBTQ+, the elderly). The benefits of a study should be for all. GENDER, SEXUALITY, AND HUMAN ECOLOGY A human ecological approach looks at human sexual lives and experiences at various levels and spheres of analysis. First, it sees gender and sexuality as an organismic and personal experience. Second, it recognizes the interplay between internal and external environmentsphysical, socio-economic, cultural. Summary Genders, being male or female, have socially constructed meanings, and it is different in every culture. It is important to analyze how society enforce gender roles on everyone so we can further understand how power relations in gender roles can limit an individual's freedom and promote inequality.