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11/8/21 First President and Vice President George Washington 57 at the time he was elected President Never wanted the job April 30, 1789 took the oath of office in New York City the temporary capital Would establish precedents (traditions) that would shape the future of the United States John Adams The first vice president 1 2 Washington’s Cabinet Other Offices Created by Congress Three departments The State Department ○ To handle relations with other nations Thomas Jefferson Edmund Randolph The Treasury Department ○ To deal with financial matters ○ Secretary of the Treasury Alexander Hamilton The War Department ○ Provide for the national defense ○ Secretary of War - Henry Knox 3 Attorney General To handle the government’s legal affairs ○ Secretary of State - Postmaster General To direct the postal service Samuel Osgood 4 Financial Problem Hamilton Goals The national debt - the amount the nation’s government owed - was growing Short term Establish nation’s financial stability Get the most powerful financial interest to support the government Encourage economic development Long term Make the US a major commercial and military power 5 6 1 11/8/21 Hamilton Plan Establish Credit Worthiness New government should pay off the millions of Five Parts dollars in debt owed by the Confederation government to other countries and individual American citizens Hamilton believed by having the federal government pay off the states’ debts, this would give the states a strong interest in the success of the new government Establish credit worthiness Creation of a new national debt Creation of a national bank Raise revenue Tariff 7 8 National Bank Creation of a New National Debt Hamilton proposed the creation of a national bank Old debts would be replaced by new interest Private corporation not a branch of the government bearing bonds issued to the government’s creditors Men of economic subsistence would have a stake in promoting the economic stability of the nation Hold public funds, issue bank notes (currency), make loans to the government Why? 9 10 National Taxes Madison and Jefferson opposed the bank saying it would benefit the wealthy and was unconstitutional Hamilton argued that Congress had the power to create a bank even though the Constitution had no provision Washington signed the bill, creating the Bank of the United States 11 Hamilton also proposed creating national taxes The government could have funds to operate and use to make interest payments on the national debt Congress approved a variety of taxes, including one on American whiskey 12 2 11/8/21 Tariff The Emergence of Opposition Hamilton plan hinged on close ties with Britain Hamilton proposed a tariff on imports He hoped this would protect American industry from foreign competition and encourage people to buy American goods The South opposed the tariff because they had little industry to protect Hamilton did win support in Congress for a low tariff to raise money 13 Madison and Jefferson believed America’s future lay in westward expansion not in connections with Europe The development of an agrarian society marketing grain, tobacco, and other products to the rest of the world Free trade not system of government favoritism through tariffs and subsidies 14 Opposition Grows Congress agreed to pay money to other nations, but they could not agree to pay off the debt to American citizens When the government borrowed money during the war, it issued bonds, or paper notes, promising to repay the money in a given period of time Speculators bought many of the original bonds for less than their value Hamilton’s plan proposed paying off these bonds at their original value, and opponents said this would make the speculators rich 15 The original bond owners were also opposed because they had lost money on their bonds and the new owners had made money, even more if Hamilton’s plan was enacted The Southern states also presented opposition because their state debt was less than the Northern states, and they would have to pay more than their fair share under Hamilton’s plan 16 Compromise Results in a New Capital 17 Hamilton agrees to a proposal by leaders of Virginia and Maryland to move the nation’s capital from New York City to a special district in the South - Washington D.C. The Southerners then agreed to support his plan to pay off the state debts 18 3 11/8/21 Problems with Europe 19 1793 Britain and France went to war Hamilton, Adams, and manufacturers and merchants who traded with the British favored Britain Jefferson was pro-French Americans, particularly in the South, sympathized with France Washington hoped the nation could maintain its neutrality - that it would not take sides in the conflict between France and Britain 20 Jay’s Treaty (1794) French try to involve the United States In April 1793 sent diplomat Edmond Genet to recruit American volunteers to attack British ships Washington issues Proclamation of Neutrality (April Withdraw from American soil Pay for damages for ships they had seized Allow some American ships to trade with British colonies in the Caribbean Provide for the settlement of debts from before 1776 22, 1793) Prohibited Americans from fighting in the war Barred French and British warships from American ports British began capturing American ships that traded with the French British stopped American merchant ships, took their crews, and forced them into the British navy, or impressed them To avoid war with Britain, Washington sent John Jay to negotiate a peaceful solution 21 British agreed to the following: Many people disapproved of the treaty because it did not deal with British impressment or British interference in American trade Senate narrowly approved the treaty 22 Disputed Territorial Claims Between Spain & the U. S.: Pinckney’s Treaty (1795) 1783-1796 Agreement with Spain Gave Americans the right to freely navigate the Mississippi River and to trade at the port of New Orleans Promised to dismantle all forts on American soil 23 24 4 11/8/21 Distrust of Political Parties Opposing Views Most Americans in the late 1700s considered political parties harmful and to be avoided Political parties were not mentioned in the Constitution Washington also denounced them 25 By 1796 Americans were beginning to divide into opposing groups and form political parties In Washington’s cabinet, Hamilton and Jefferson often took opposing sides Washington was a partisan also favoring one side of an issue 26 Federalists Democratic-Republicans Generally supported the policies of Alexander Hamilton policies favored A strong federal government Banking and shipping interests Rule by the wealthy A national bank Representative government in which elected officials ruled in the people’s name A loose interpretation of the Constitution or implied powers (powers not specifically mentioned in the Constitution) A British alliance Protective tariff It 27 Strong state governments and limited federal government powers Emphasis on agricultural products Rule by the people State banks Government in which the people participate A strict interpretation of the Constitution A French alliance Free trade 28 Whiskey Rebellion Farmers in western Pennsylvania used whiskey to barter (exchange) for the items they needed Mob of about 500 people with swords, guns, and pitchforks attacked tax collectors and burned buildings President Washington led an armed force 13,000 soldiers to crush the rebellion 29 Led by Thomas Jefferson and James Madison Favored Mary Wollstonecraft 1759-1797 Published A Vindication of the Rights of Women (1792) Women, like men, need an education to become virtuous and useful 30 5 11/8/21 Washington’s Farewell 1797-1801 31 Washington had served to terms and chose not to serve a third term; this set a precedent for later presidents to follow At 64 and ailing, he looked forward to retiring to Mt. Vernon He was greatly troubled by the division in American politics and political parties - which he considered a grave danger to the new nation In his farewell address who spoke about the evils of political parties and entanglement in foreign affairs 32 The Election of 1796 33 Candidates members of a political party At caucuses, or political party meetings, leaders chose their party’s candidates Federalists nominated John Adams for president and Charles Pinckney for vice president Democratic-Republicans nominated Thomas Jefferson for president and Aaron Burr for vice president Alexander Hamilton tries to get Pinckney elected by getting Southerners to make him their second vote Adams won the election with 71 electoral votes; Jefferson received 68 votes Jefferson became vice president, because at the time, the person with the second highest electoral votes became the vice president 34 XYZ Affair 35 A dispute with France over the terms of Jay’s Treaty leads to XYZ affair French saw the treaty as the United States helping the British in the war with France, so they sized American ships carrying cargo to Britain To avoid war with France, Adams sends a delegation to Paris to resolve the issue Charles de Talleyrand, the French foreign minister, refused to meet with the Americans, and sent three agents who demanded a bribe and a United States loan to France The Americans refused the terms, and when Adams heard about the incident, he referred to the three agents as X, Y, and Z. 36 6 11/8/21 US Response to the XYZ Affair Adams urged Congress to prepare for war Congress strengthened the armed forces, established the Navy Department in May 1798, and allotted money to build warships George Washington was appointed commanding general Undeclared sea war between the United States and France (1798-1800); more than 90 French armed ships seized 37 38 Public Opinion toward France Shifts Britain looking on from on high 5 members of the Directory in France Rest of the world looking on The XYZ affair - Maiden America ravaged by the French 39 40 Peace with France 41 Alien and Sedition Acts Federalists urged Adams to step up the war with France They hoped to gain politically from a war Adams refused and appointed a commission to seek peace with France In 1800 France agreed to a treaty and stopped attacks on American ships This agreement hurt Adams chances for reelection Hamilton and his supporters now opposed their own president Group of measures passed in 1798 to protect the nation’s security 42 7 11/8/21 Naturalization Act Alien Acts What did it do? Increases from five to fourteen number of years required to qualify for U.S. citizenship What did it do? Authorized the president to deport any aliens considered to be dangerous Authorized the president to detain any enemy aliens in a time of war Why would it favor the Federalists? Most immigrants voted with the Democratic-Republicans Why would it favor the Federalists? Democratic-Republicans sympathetic to the French Revolution 43 44 Sedition Act Responses to Alien and Sedition Acts What did it do? Makes it illegal for newspapers to criticize the president or Congress Imposed heavy penalties for editors who violated the new law Judicial Review not yet established, so no Supreme Court case Fines Imprisonment Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions Argument: Since states had entered into the compact (Constitution), they can nullify a federal law that breaks the agreement. Try to get other state legislatures enact “nullification” laws. They didn’t. Written, respectively, by Jefferson and Madison Why would it favor the Federalists? Are you kidding? Representative Matthew Lyon of Vermont, arrested under the Sedition Act of 1798, attacking a fellow congressman 45 46 Election of 1800 Judging Adams Dislike for the Federalist Congress and the Alien and Sedition Acts cost Adams his reelection and gave control of Congress to the Republicans. But in weighing his presidency, we have to consider the negative along with the positive: Relationship with France damaged Keeps U.S. out of war, preserves neutrality New taxes imposed Party politics become entrenched Strengthens the Navy Peaceful transfer of power in 1800 47 Republicans say that they violate First Amendment Federalists President Adams for president and Charles Pinckney for vice president Democratic-Republicans Thomas Jefferson for president and Aaron Burr for vice president Jefferson and Burr both received 73 electoral votes House of Representatives needed to break the tie Federalists decided to support Burr to prevent the election of Jefferson Hamilton distrusted Burr and disliked Jefferson; at his request one Federalist voted against Burr and for Jefferson To avoid another deadlock Congress passed the Twelfth Amendment in 1803; it requires electors to vote for the president and vice president on separate ballots Jefferson inaugurated on March 4, 1801 Jefferson was a proponent of a wise a frugal government, states rights, and laissez faire economics - the government should intervene as little as possible in the nation’s economy 48 8 11/8/21 49 50 Jefferson’s Policies Jefferson filled his cabinet with men who shared his Part I The Republicans Take Power 51 Republican principles James Madison - Secretary of State Albert Gallatin - Secretary of the Treasury Allowed Alien and Sedition Acts to expire and repealed the Naturalization Act Reduced the huge national debt Cut back military expenses by reducing the size of the army and navy Repeal federal internal taxes (including the whiskey tax) Government revenue would come from customs duties, or taxes on imported goods and from the sale of Western lands Number of federal government employees was small Responsibility of government should be limited to delivering the mail, collecting customs duties, and conducting a census every 10 years 52 Judiciary Act of 1789 53 A compromise between two groups in Congress One group favored a national legal system The second group favored state courts Act established a federal court system with 13 district courts and 3 circuit courts Federal courts would have the power to reverse state decisions Supreme Court was to be the highest court with final authority Washington appoints John Jay as chief justice 54 9 11/8/21 Marbury v. Madison (1803) Federalists, Adams, and the Courts Federalists controlled the court system Marbury, sued Secretary of State Madison to force him to deliver his commission as a justice of the peace Federalist controlled Congress passed the Judiciary Act of 1801 before Jefferson took office; created regional courts of the United States Prior to leaving office, Adams made hundreds of appointments to the courts Adams appointed John Marshall, his secretary of state, as chief justice of the United States after Chief Justice Ellsworth resigned Adams and Marshall worked around the clock to process the papers (commissions) for these last-minute “midnight judges” When Jefferson took office on March 4 a few of the commissions had not been processed Jefferson tells James Madison, his secretary of state, to hold them; one was for William Marbury 55 Chief Justice Marshall declared that Madison should have delivered the commission to Marbury, but then held that the section of the Judiciary Act of 1789 that gave the Supreme Court the power to issue writs of mandamus exceeded the authority allotted the Court under Article III of the Constitution, and was therefore null and void. The critical importance of Marbury is the establishment of judicial review - the right of the Supreme Court to declare acts of Congress, and by implication acts of the president, unconstitutional if they exceeded the powers granted by the Constitution 56 The United States Expands West Part II 57 Colonization west of the Appalachian mountains Ohio population grew from 45,000 in 1800 to 231,000 in 1810 58 The Louisiana Purchase 59 Jefferson wanted to purchase the port of New Orleans and western Florida from the French Jefferson sent James Monroe to France Revolution in Saint Dominque (Haiti) convinces Napoleon to abandon the idea of a global empire Before Monroe arrives Napoleon decides to sell the entire Louisiana Territory to the United States Louisiana Purchase cost the United States $15 million and doubled the size of the country 60 10 11/8/21 Lewis and Clark Jefferson appointed Meriwether Lewis to lead an expedition to explore the Louisiana Territory Lewis choose William Clark as the second in command Sacajawea served as an interpreter and guide Study the area’s plants, animal life, and geography, and discover how the region could be exploited commercially 61 62 Events leading to the War of 1812 63 Britain and France both seized U.S. ships and confiscated their cargoes 64 Grievances Against Britain Embargo Act of 1807 Americans were upset with the British policy of impressment Jefferson convinced Congress to declare an embargo Jefferson thought the embargo would hurt European powers and force them to honor American neutrality Embargo hurt American more than Europe Congress lifted the ban on foreign trade except with France and Britain in 1809 Ban on exporting products to other countries Seizing American ships at sea and drafting sailors into the British navy Chesapeake incident (June 1807) British commander demanded the right to board and search the U.S. naval frigate Chesapeake for British deserters U.S. Captain refused British opened fire, killing 3 and wounding 18 65 Fighting between France and Britain threatens American shipping Napoleon tries to exclude British goods from Europe Britain retaliates by blockading French ports 66 11 11/8/21 Tecumseh’s Confederacy 67 In 1809 William Henry Harrison, the governor of the Indiana territory, persuaded Native American chiefs to sign away 3 million acres In order to protect their lands against white intruders some Native American chiefs believed a confederation was necessary Tecumseh and his younger brother formed a confederation, they also sought assistance from the British 68 The War Hawks In 1811 with British weapons the Natives attacked Harrison Harrison struck back by burning down the Shawnee capital along the Tippecanoe River American forces suffered heavy casualties Group of young Congressmen from the West and South, known as the War Hawks, called for war against Britain James Madison Henry Clay [KY] Wins election as President in 1808 Macon’s Bill No. 2 In 1812 he decided to go to war against Britain In June Congress declares war on Britain What did it do? John C. Calhoun [SC] 69 70 The War in Canada Americans unprepared for war British capture Detroit Failed attempt to take Montreal Retook Detroit Perry defeats the British fleet on Lake Erie Native Americans fight on both sides 71 72 12 11/8/21 The War at Sea 73 US Navy outnumbered Relied on 44 gun frigates British blockade US ports along the Chesapeake and Delaware bays Extend the blockade along the entire eastern seaboard 74 British Attack Washington, D.C. In 1814 British burn the White House Federal officials and the president flee (August 24) 75 76 Bombarding of Fort McHenry by The British (September 1814) The Battle of New Orleans General Andrew Jackson, general from Tennessee won several battles Greatest victory was won after the won was over Defeated the British at the Battle of New Orleans (January 8, 1815) Oh Say Can You See By the Dawn’s Early Light… -- Francis Scott Key 77 78 13 11/8/21 The Treaty of Ghent Signed by British and Americans on Christmas eve 1814 Did not address the issue of impressment Ended the fighting 79 14
