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1. Carrier - does not show disease symptoms but can pass on the disease-causing allele to offspring. 2. Sex-linked genes - Genes that are located on the sex chromosomes 3. X chromosome inactivation - In each cell of female mammals, one of the two X chromosomes is randomly “turned off” 4. Incomplete dominance - in which a heterozygous phenotype is somewhere between the two homozygous phenotypes 5. Codominance - in which both traits are fully and separately expressed 6. Polygenic traits - Traits produced by two or more genes 7. Linkage maps - which are maps of the relative locations, or loci, of genes on a chromosome 8. Pedigree - can help trace the phenotypes and genotypes in a family to determine whether people carry recessive alleles 9. Karyotype - is a picture of all the chromosomes in a cell 10. Bacteriophage - takes over a bacterium’s genetic machinery and directs it to make more viruses 11. Nucleotides - The small units, or monomers, that make up DNA 12. Double helix - in which two strands of DNA wind around each other like a twisted ladder 13. Base pairing rules - thymine (T) always pairs with adenine (A), and cytosine (C) always pairs with guanine (G). 14. Replication - process by which DNA is copied during the cell cycle 15. DNA polymerases - bond the new nucleotides together 16. Central dogma - which states that information flows in one direction, from DNA to RNA to proteins 17. RNA - or ribonucleic acid, is a chain of nucleotides, each made of a sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogen containing base 18. Transcription - the process of copying a sequence of DNA to produce a complementary strand of RNA 19. RNA polymerases - enzymes that bond nucleotides together in a chain to make a new RNA molecule 20. Messenger RNA - an intermediate message that is translated to form a protein 21. Ribosomal RNA - forms part of ribosomes, a cell’s protein factories 22. Transfer RNA - brings amino acids from the cytoplasm to a ribosome to help make the growing protein 23. Translation - is the process that converts, or translates, an mRNA message into a polypeptide 24. Codon - is a three-nucleotide sequence that codes for an amino acid 25. Stop codons - signal the end of the amino acid chain 26. Start codon - which signals the start of translation and the amino acid methionine 27. Anticodon - is a set of three nucleotides that is complementary to an mRNA codon 28. Promoter - is a DNA segment that allows a gene to be transcribed 29. Operon - is a region of DNA that includes a promoter, an operator, and one or more structural genes that code for all the proteins needed to do a specific task 30. Exons - are nucleotide segments that code for parts of the protein 31. Introns - are nucleotide segments that intervene, or occur, between exons 32. Mutation - a change in an organism’s DNA 33. Point mutation - a mutation in which one nucleotide is substituted for another 34. Frameshift mutation - involves the insertion or deletion of a nucleotide in the DNA sequence 35. Mutagens - agents in the environment that can change DNA