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Science Homework Year 9 B1 Name ……………………….…………………… Tutor ………… Class ……………. Teacher …………………………………… Date set ………………… To be handed in on ……..…………..... Information for Students: Complete all tasks, in any order that you would like. Make sure you use and learn correct spellings of key vocabulary. Information for Parents/Guardians: Ways in which you can support your child. Helping your child to access the internet and Moodle. Testing your child to help them learn science knowledge. Providing opportunities for your child to research and discuss recent developments in the areas of science. Checking your child’s work and encouraging them throughout the tasks. Biology 1 – Keeping Healthy Learning Objectives What does a healthy diet contain? Why can some people eat lots of food without getting fat? How does an athlete’s diet differ from yours? What health problems are linked to being overweight? Why is it unhealthy to be too thin? Why are people who exercise usually healthier than those who do not? How can inherited factors affect your health? Why does your cholesterol level matter? Does exercise make you healthier? What are pathogens? How do pathogens cause disease? How did Ignaz Semmelweis change the way we look at disease? How does your body stop pathogens getting in? How do white blood cells protect us from disease? What is a medicine? How do medicines work? Why can’t we use antibiotics to treat diseases caused by viruses? How can we grow uncontaminated culture of bacteria in the lab? Why do we need uncontaminated cultures? Why do we incubate bacteria at no more than 25 degrees in schools? What is antibiotic resistance? How can we prevent antibiotic resistance developing? [Higher] Why is mutation in bacteria and viruses such a problem? How does your immune system work? How does vaccination protect you against disease? What are the advantages and disadvantages of being vaccinated? How has the treatment of disease changed over time? Key Words Carbohydrates, proteins, fats, vitamins, minerals, fibre, water; malnourishment; metabolic rate; balanced diet; energy intake; energy output Obesity; Body Mass Index (BMI); heart disease; diabetes Malnourishment; vitamin deficiency; mineral ion deficiency √ √ Metabolic rate; heart disease; arteries; cholesterol; exercise Infectious diseases; bacteria; viruses; fungi; micro-organisms; pathogen; toxin; hijack cells; symptoms; antiseptics; washing hands Droplet infection; direct contact; contaminated food and drink; physical defences; biological defences; white blood cells; ingest; antibodies; antitoxins; antigen Pain killers; antibiotics; bacteria; penicillin; Alexander Fleming Aseptic technique; inoculate; culture; mutation; growth medium Antibiotic resistance; natural selection; mutation; pandemic’ epidemic Vaccination; immunisation; white blood cells; dead/inactive pathogen; antibodies [Yr 7/HW/ Working in a lab-1] Keeping healthy 1 It is possible to grow microorganisms in the laboratory. List A shows some temperatures. List B shows situations for which these temperatures might be suitable. Match each temperature to the correct situation. List A List B 25°C Used in industrial laboratories to grow microorganisms quickly 35°C Used in school laboratory to grow microorganisms safely 100°C Used to stop microorganisms growing without killing them (3) Used to kill microorganisms 2 In this question you will be assessed on using good English, organising information clearly and using specialist term where appropriate. We need a balanced diet to keep us healthy. Explain the ways in which an unbalanced diet can affect the body. ................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................... (6) .. 3 A person’s metabolic rate varies with the amount of activity they do. a Metabolic rate is ................... (1) Choose one answer. the breathing rate the rate of chemical reactions in cells the heart rate b Suggest one other factor which can change a person’s metabolic rate. ................................................................................................................................... (1) [Yr 7/HW/ Working in a lab-2] 4 Polio is a disease caused by a virus. In the UK, children are given polio vaccine to protect them against the disease. a Choose the correct words from each list to complete the sentences below. i It is difficult to kill the polio virus inside the body because the virus ...................................... is not affected by drugs ii (1) lives inside cells produces antitoxins The vaccine contains an ................... form of the polio virus. active infective (1) inactive iii The vaccine stimulates the white blood cells to produce ................... which destroy the virus. antibiotics b antibodies (1) drugs The graph shows the number of cases of polio in the UK between 1948 and 1968. i In which year was the number of cases of polio highest? ................................................................................................................................... ii (1) Polio vaccination was first used in the UK in 1955. How many years did it take for the number of cases of polio to fall to zero? ................................................................................................................................... (1) iii There have been no cases of polio in the UK for many years. But children are still vaccinated against the disease. Suggest one reason for this. ................................................................................................................................... (1) AQA, 2006 [Yr 7/HW/ Working in a lab-3] 5 Controlling infections in hospitals has become much more difficult in recent years. a Suggest two reasons why MRSA is causing problems in many hospitals. ................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................... b (2) The pioneer in methods of treating infections in hospitals was Ignaz Semmelweiss. He observed that women whose babies were delivered by doctors in hospital had a death rate of 18% from infections caught in the hospital. Women whose babies were delivered by midwives in the hospital had a death rate of 2%. He observed that doctors often came straight from examining dead bodies to the delivery ward. i In a controlled experiment, Semmelweiss made doctors wash their hands in chloride of lime solution before delivering the babies. The death rate fell to about 2% – down to the same level as the death rate in mothers whose babies were delivered by midwives. Explain why the death rate fell. ................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................... ii (1) Explain how Semmelweiss’s results could be used to reduce the spread of MRSA in a modern hospital. ................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................... (2) [Yr 7/HW/ Working in a lab-4] Nutrient RDA (milligrams) Protein 72 mg Carbohydrates (energy) 10 000–12 000 kJ Sugar 300 mg Water 2 litres Salt 5000 mg Saturated fat 2000 mg Vitamin C 30 mg Calcium 600 mg Iron 12 mg Vitamin B1 1.2 mg Fibre variable Food (portion) Protein (mg) Carbs (kJ) Sugar (mg) Salt (mg) Sat. fat (mg) Vit. C (mg) Calci um (mg) I r o n Vit. B1 (mg) Fibre (mg) ( m g ) Crisps 2100 13 000 800 400 500 0 0 0 0 1200 Chocolate (bar) 2000 25 000 25 000 900 0 0 0 0 0 0 Cola 0 10 700 10 700 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Beans 9600 26 800 9900 1800 0 0 0 0 0 7600 Burger 8100 2900 500 200 3200 0 0 0 0 200 Fresh orange 800 13 000 13 000 0 0 35 0 0 0 300 Cornflakes 6000 32 000 9000 700 1500 0 0 2 . 4 0.4 900 Milk 3300 65 000 0 50 3800 1 120 0 0.2 0 48 B1a.8b [Yr 7/HW/ Working in a lab-5] A balanced diet On food packets you will often see references to RDA. This is the recommended daily allowance (RDA) for a particular nutrient type. The idea is to have no more than your RDA for each nutrient. Below is the RDA of some important nutrients. 1a List five items from the table that you might eat during the day. . b Add up each type of nutrient score. . c Find out if each is more than the RDA or less than the RDA. There are many ways to make sure that you get a balanced diet without having to check the fine detail of everything you eat. . 2 Make a list of main nutrients you eat. . 3 Which nutrients do you eat: a more of than you should b less of than you should? B1a.8b 49 Processed foods are foods that have been altered in some way. They are sometimes called convenience foods or fast foods because you do not have to spend much time preparing them. Although processed foods are made from fresh ingredients, other substances might have been added to improve their taste, colour or to preserve them. Salt is often added to improve flavour. It can also act as a preservative. Too much [Yr 7/HW/ Working in a lab-6] salt can lead to high blood pressure. Sugar is also added to improve taste and is also a preservative. Too much sugar will be converted to fat and stored by the body. Saturated fats help to improve taste and flavour, but if the fat is not used it is stored by the body. . 4 Which of the foods in the previous table are processed foods? . 5 Which have added: a salt b sugar? . 6 Which are high in saturated fat? . 7 Which foods are high in salt, sugar and saturated fat? . 8 Why are processed foods so popular? . 9 Why is eating too many processed foods not a healthy way of eating? . 10 Suggest a number of ways you might reduce the amount of the following in your diet: a salt b sugar c saturated fat. Parent Comment Parent Signature ………………………………………….. Teacher Comment Overall Effort Grade = E1 E2 E3 E4 E5 [Yr 7/HW/ Working in a lab-7]