Download 11.3 Respiratory system disorders

11.3
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM DISORDERS
TONSILLITIS
 Infection of the tonsils
 Bacterial or viral
 Symptoms: red and swollen tonsils, sore throat, fever, swollen
glands
 Treatment: surgically removed
 Tonsils: in the pharynx, back of throat, keep bacteria/harmful
substances out of respiratory system
LARYNGITIS
 Inflammation of larynx
 Causes: infection or
overstraining the voice
 Clears up after a few
days
PNEUMONIA
 Inflammation and fluid build-up in alveoli
 Bacterial or viral
 Types: lobular and bronchial
 Treatment: antibiotics (bacterial), anti-virals, vaccines
Lobular pneumonia involves only a single
lobe of the lungs, and is most often
caused by a bacterial infection. Bronchial
pneumonia affects patches of both lungs
in the areas around the bronchi or
bronchioles.
BRONCHITIS
 Inflammation, redness, extra mucus
in membranes of bronchi
 Mucus expelled by coughing
• short term: caused by a bacteria
• long term (chronic): caused by regular
exposure to concentrations of dust, chemical
compounds, or cigarette smoke
•  destroy the cilia
BRONCHITIS
 chronic bronchitis: aka COPD
(chronic obstructive pulmonary
disease) and leads to infection,
persistent cough, and build-up of
mucus
• treatment (not cure): medications,
quit smoking, special exercise
programs
ASTHMA
 Inflammation of bronchi and chronchioles
 Trigger: pollen, dust, smoke
• narrows air passages, reduces airflow
• symptoms: wheezing, coughing, tightness in the chest, shortness
of breath
• cannot be cured but can be managed
• treatments: inhalers and muscle-relaxing medications
• Video (2:28)
EMPHYSEMA
 Alveolus walls lose elasticity
• Reduces respiratory respiratory surface for gas
exchange
• breathing is laboured due to collapsed bronchioles
• a class of COPD that is incurable
• symptoms can be treated with inhalers or low-flow
oxygen tanks
• causes include smoking and airborne irritants
• video (2:39)
CYSTIC FIBROSIS
• a genetic condition
• cells lining the airways release thick,
sticky mucus that clogs the lungs
•  difficulty breathing
• may have more bacterial infections since mucus cannot be
removed
• no cure
• Relieve symptoms by mucus-thinning medications and antibiotics
• gene therapy has been used since 1993 in an attempt to provide
the correct DNA to the cells that line the airways
LUNG CANCER
• uncontrolled cell division
• a carcinoma (tumour) forms and can grow large enough to
reduce respiratory surface area
• tumour can break away and form more elsewhere (metastasis)
• symptoms: persistent cough, difficulty breathing, chest pain, loss
of appetite
• leading cause of cancer deaths in Canada (more than 80%
diagnosed die within five years)
• main cause is smoking, but there are others
DIAGNOSTIC TOOLS
CT SCANNING
• main diagnostic tool for respiratory disorders
• a special X ray machine (video 1:00)
• computed axial tomography scanner (CT or CAT scan)
• rotating X ray device takes 360°images of body’s interior
• sometimes a dye is also used
(A) The CT scanner takes about 1000
photographs in one complete rotation.
(B) This CT scan shows the chest, with
both lungs and the heart in between
them (the white area near the centre of
the image).
CT SCANNING
• a spiral CT scanner was developed in the 1980s
• produces a clear, detailed view of blood vessels and internal
tissues in chest cavity
• good for detecting early lung cancer and finding internal injuries
(A) A conventional CT scanner creates images by
photographing vertical “slices” of the body as it
slowly passes through the machine. (B) A spiral CT
scanner photographs spiral cross sections of the body as
it passes through the machine.
The data from a spiral CT scan create a
series of images of the body tissues
that can be used to make 3-dimensional
pictures of areas inside the body, such
as the lungs.
TWO-PHOTON MICROSCOPY (TPM)
• an imaging tool
• microscopes emit photons of light that highlight tissue that has
been fluoresced with a marker
• produces a 3-D image without extracting a sample
• can also show biochemical processes
• Eg. how different drugs applied to the skin are absorbed and used
by the tissues
BRONCHOSCOPY
• Bronchial endoscopy
• uses a special type of endoscope
• examine trachea and lungs
• under general anesthesia, endoscope inserted down mouth/nose
• special attachments can :
• collect mucus or tissue to diagnose disorders (such as asthma)
• remove tumours
• repair damaged tissues
• Video (5:15)
TREATING LUNG CANCER
• 3 main techniques:
1. radiation: uses X rays or other radiation to destroy cancer cells
2. chemotherapy: uses drugs administered by mouth or injection
to destroy cancer cells
3. laser surgery: removal of the area of the lung that contains
tumours with a yttrium aluminum garnet (YAG) laser
• choice depends on:
• type and extent of the cancer
• age and health of the person
HOMEWORK
 p.464#2-6,8-12, 14-16