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Transcript
Issues in Nutrition • There are several kinds of malnutrition • Not enough food • Too much food • Food lacking in some minerals and/or vitamins Malnutrition • • • • • • • • Protein Deficiency PKU Scurvy Rickets Osteoporosis Goitre Diets high in carbs, fat, protein Anorexia • This malnutrition is caused by not enough of one or more of the essential amino acids. • As a result, there is not enough protein in the blood. • This means that tissue fluid isn’t returned to the blood. • Causes fluid retention. • If unchecked, this can cause retardation of mental and physical growth. Protein Deficiency • Babies are tested for PKU soon after birth. • They measure pheylketones in the blood. • If a baby is found to have this, they can live a normal life IF they keep to a strict diet. • They must avoid proteins, to keep this amino acid level low. Phenylketonuria (PKU) • This is caused by a Vitamin C deficiency. Scurvy • When children are deficient in Vitamin D (and sometimes insufficient calcium), they can get rickets. • With this condition, bones do not harden. As the child grows, the bones start to bend. Rickets • In adults, a vitamin D deficiency can lead to osteoporosis (brittle bones) or osteomalacia (minerals in the bones aren’t maintained, leading to backpain). Osteoporosis • If a person doesn’t have enough iodine in their diet, they may develop goitre. It is caused by an enlarged thyroid gland. • Sea fish contains iodine so goitre is rare in coastal towns. Goitre • To prevent goiters and cretinism (mental retardation and impaired physical growth), many countries started to add iodine to salt. • In India, iodized salt is not always available, so the incidence of goitre is still high. Supplements Diets high in fat • HDL is good cholesterol. It carries cholesterol from tissues to the liver where it gets broken down. • LDL is bad cholesterol. It attaches to cholesterol but doesn’t travel to the liver. Instead, it can build up in our blood vessels, causing plaque to build up in the arteries (atherosclerosis). Diets high in fat Diets high in Carbohydrates Type II Diabetes What are the symptoms and causes? Analyse the graphs and follow the links. What is the relationship between obesity and type II diabetes (insulin resistance)? What is the effect of increasing access to sugar on the prevalance of diabetes? http://notunlikeresearch.typepad.com/something-notunlike-rese/2011/07/new-cdc-report-on-physicalinactivity-obesity-and-diabetes.html “Using econometric models of repeated crosssectional data on diabetes and nutritional components of food from 175 countries, we found that every 150 kcal/person/day increase in sugar availability (about one can of soda/day) was associated with increased diabetes prevalence by 1.1% (p <0.001).” http://www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0057873 Type II Diabetes What are the symptoms and causes? Causes • Prolonged excessive intake of high-energy foods, particularly sugars and carbohydrates • Insulin resistance develops as a result as insulin receptors on the liver become less sensitive • Strong link to obesity (excess energy is stored as fat) • Genetic factors (some are more susceptible to developing type II diabetes) http://www.doctoroz.com/vp-videos/diabetes-animation Symptoms • Glucose in the urine (too much glucose in the blood, not all can be re-uptaken by the kidney so some remains in urine) • Dehydration, excessive urination • Damaged blood vessels • Weight loss as fat storage is affected • Sleep loss, tiredness • Blurred vision/ potential loss of sight (retinopathy) http://www.medmovie.com/mmdatabase/MediaPlayer.aspx?ClientID=89 Type II Diabetes What dietary* advice would a patient receive and why? Advice Scientific Reason Eat low GI foods. Cut out sugars & refined carbohydrates Eat high fibre foods Small, regular meals Choose ‘diabetic alternatives’ Read the food labels Image: 'Squirrel Heaven' http://www.flickr.com/photos/12187063@N02/3943984935 Found on flickrcc.net Type II Diabetes What dietary* advice would a patient receive and why? Advice Scientific Reason Eat low GI foods. Cut out sugars & refined carbohydrates Eat high fibre foods Small, regular meals Choose ‘diabetic alternatives’ Read the food labels Some foods release energy more slowly - they have a lower glycemic index (GI). Eating these reduces ‘spikes’ in blood sugar. These are high GI foods – they are broken down into sugars and absorbed quickly, causing blood sugar to rise quickly. They include sugary snacks, white bread and pasta. High fibre makes one feel without providing too much energy. High fibre diets can also help reduce the effects of diabetes. Smaller releases of energy more frequently result in less dramatic blood sugar changes than large, infrequent meals. Some packaged foods may be labeled to show that they have reduced sugars or carbohydrates, suitable for diabetics. Learn how to read and interpret food labels to avoid eating unsuitable foods. Image: 'Squirrel Heaven' http://www.flickr.com/photos/12187063@N02/3943984935 Found on flickrcc.net *Yup, getting more exercise would be useful too (but that’s not dietary). • This is a condition where someone is obsessive about their weight. To this person, it is very important to be slim. • Unfortunately, this condition is accompanied by a distortion of their self-image. Generally, they are thin; but when they look in the mirror, they see themselves as overweight. Anorexia nervosa Consequences/Symptoms: • • • • • • • • • • • Obsessive about weight Depression/mood swings Poor performance at school Deteriorating personal relationships Extreme weight loss Girls period will stop Feeling cold Growth of body hair (to compensate for lack of fat) Poor immunity Thinning hair Bruised and dry skin Anorexia nervosa • In 2006, 2 models from Uruguay died at the ages of 22 and 18, due to heart attacks, caused by malnutrition. • That same year, the Madrid fashion show wouldn’t accept models with a BMI under 18. • A few years ago, a soap brand started a new campaign to avoid using super-slim models. Anorexia nervosa • This is a serious, lifethreatening physical and psychological disorder. • This appears to occur more in countries with a strong social pressure to be thin. Anorexia nervosa Anorexia Nervosa is a disorder characterized by (a) the refusal to maintain body weight of at least 85% of normal expected weight; (b) intense fear of weight gain; (c) distorted body perception; and (d) amenorrhea (absence of menstrual cycle). Many anorexics deny having a problem; however, some do recognize their eating disordered behavior, but do not know what to do to fix it. Bulimia Nervosa is defined as (a) recurrent episodes of binge eating experienced as out of control; (b) regular purging, fasting, or excessive exercise to prevent weight gain; (c) at least two episodes of binging and purging per week for at least three months; and (d) persistent over-concern with weight and shape. Binge-eating disorder is characterized by uncontrollable binge eating without compensatory behaviors.