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Greenhouse Management - Dual Credit - Exam Chapter 1: The Green Plant Part I: Matching _E___ 1. The pigment in greatest abundance in plants. A. Macroscopic _H___ 2. The movement of organic materials from one plant part to another. B. Microscopic _D___ 3. Pores through which gaseous exchange occurs between the air outside the plant and the intercellular spaces inside the plant. C. Leaves _A___ 4. Seen with the unaided eye. D. Stomata E. Chlorophyll _J___ 5. Plants that have two imperfect flowers occurring on one plant. F. Anthocyanins _K___ 6. Plants that have two imperfect flowers occurring on separate plants. _N___ 7. A plant’s response to light with a growth movement. _O___ 8. The effect of varying periods or duration of light exposure on plant growth and development. _C___ 9. Appendages of the stem and are the major food manufacturers of the plant. _F___ 10. Red pigments that occasionally dominate in plants such as coleus or in some flower blossoms. _L___ 11. The state of vegetative growth during which a plant cannot flower. G. Stems H. Translocation I. Cones J. Monoecious K. Dioecious L. Juvenility M. Maturity N. Phototropism O. Photoperiodism _M__ 12. The stage of growth during which a plant becomes capable of flowering. Part II: Fill In 1. The main difference between plant cells and animal cells is that plant cells have _cell walls__. 2. All living organisms have the cell as their basic structural unit except _viruses__________. 3. The plants of the world include a rich array that may be either: _macroscopic___________ or __microscopic______________. 4. The energy that permits all life on earth to exist is __light________. 5. _Classification________ _systems__________attempt to arrange current knowledge into a tidy system to which new knowledge can later be added. 6. Stems increase in diameter because of the cambium tissue which produces _xylem_______ and _phloem______. 7. Complete flowers have _sepals_____, _petals_______, _stamens_____, and _pistils______. 8. Cones are reproductive structures produced by _conifers_____, such as pines, spruces, and firs. Greenhouse Management - Dual Credit - Exam Chapter 2: The Soil Part I: Matching A. Soil Texture _E___ 1. A soil that contains about 40% sand, 40% silt, and 20% clay. B. Fertilizer _B___ 2. nutrient additives applied to the soil periodically to maintain optimum crop productivity. C. Soil Profile _D___ 3. Large particles that are formed when smaller particles adhere together. D. Aggregates E. Loam __F__ 4. A complex mixture formed from organic compounds that do not decompose quickly and eventually succumb to enzymatic action. _C___ 5. A cross-sectional slice of earth’s surface showing different layers of soil. F. Humus G. Leaching H. Topsoil _A___ 6. Relative proportions of separates of different sizes in any one soil. _G___ 7. The passing of a substance through a plant’s root area. I. Dirt J. Subsoil _I___ 8. what gets under your nails and on your pants; the incorrect labeling of soil. Part II : Matching _C___ 1. Soils transported and deposited by winds. A. Glacial _D __ 2. Soils that have moved in response to gravity, as after a landslide or mudslide. B. Alluvial _E___ 3. Soils that weather from bedrock and remain in place. C. Aeolian _B___ 4. Soils carried in water such as rivers. D. Colluvial E. Sedentary _DorB_ 5. and _DorB_ 6. The best agricultural soils (pick two). Part III: List 1. Dried Blood, Cocoa Meal, Bone Meal, Animal Manure are examples of ___________ fertilizers. 2. List the 3 elements that are used in greatest quantity by plants. Nitrogen, Phosphorous, Potassium 3. List the following pH terms: a. Less than 7.0 is called _acidic_______. b. 7.0 is called _neutral_______. c. More than 7.0 is called _alkaline________. d. _Acidic_______ has more hydrogen ions and less hydroxyl ions. e. _Alkaline_____ has more hydroxyl ions and less hydrogen ions. 4. List the 3 Soil Textures. Place a star beside the one that has the greatest surface area Gravel, Sand, Silt, Clay*** 5. Soil is made of: ________________ materials, living and nonliving organisms, water, and _____. 6. Draw and label the 4 layers of a Soil Profile. Topsoil Subsoil Bedrock /Parent Material Greenhouse Management - Dual Credit - Exam Chapter 5: Plant Reproduction Part I: Matching A. Reproduction _F___ 1. The breaking of a seed coat that is impervious to water to permit water uptake by the embryo. B. Propagation _B___ 2. Deliberately controlling and manipulating reproduction. C. Sexual Reproduction _H___ 3. The external appearance of a plant. _K___ 4. Spontaneous changes in the genetic structure of a plant. D. Asexual Reproduction _C___ 5. Reproduction through the formation of seeds. E. Mitosis _A___ 6. The process by which organisms duplicate themselves. F. Scarification _E___ 7. The normal division of a cell nucleus during growth, enlarging from embryo to maturity. G. Clone H. Phenotype _G___ 8. When a plant is reproduced asexually from a single plant. I. Genotype _I___ 9. The genetic composition of a plant. J. Meiosis _D___ 10. A vegetative process that eliminates genetic variation. K. Mutations _L___ 11. Exposure of seeds to low temperatures. L. Stratification Part II: Matching _B___ 1. Aerial shoots that take root after coming into contact with the soil. _E___ 2. Joining the upper portion of one plant with the lower portion of another plant and fusing them together to become a new plant. A. Runners B. Stolons C. Layering __A__ 3. Stems that grow along the ground and form new plants at their nodes. D. Cuttings __D__ 4. The most common method of asexual reproduction. E. Grafting __C__ 5. Roots develop on a stem that is still attached to the parent plant. Part III: Fill In 1. When the sexual reproduction process is controlled by humans, and a specialized science (plant genetics) takes place, it is called plant _breeding______. 2. Gregor Mendel’s studies involved the common plants called __peas_____________. Greenhouse Management - Dual Credit – Exam: Chapter 6: Plant Pests and Their Control Part I: Matching A. Virology _B___ 1. The study of fungi. B. Mycology _C___ 2. The study of plant diseases, their causes, and their control. C. Pathology _D___ 3. The study of insects, their effects upon plants, and their control. D. Entomology Part II: Matching _B___ 1. The hard protective covering of the insect’s body. A. Nervous System B. Exoskeleton _A___ 2. Includes groups of specialized cells called ganglia. C. Endoskeleton _D___ 3. Combines expansion and contraction of the abdomen with diffusion to exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide in the cells and tissues. _E___ 4. A tube that extends from the mouth of the insect to the anus. D. Respiratory System E. Digestive System F. Reproductive System Part III: Matching _A___ 1. An organism incapable of manufacturing its own food. _K___ 2. When a plant turns yellow because of lack of light. _D___ 3. When a plant turns yellow but does not lack light. A. Parasite B. Metamorphosis C. Inoculum _B___ 4. The process of change that occurs in insects as they grow. D. Chlorosis _E___ 5. A plant having no positive economic value and/or growing in a place where it is not desired. E. Weed F. Adjuvant __G__ 6. Chemical cues through which insects communicate. _I___ 7. The principle of control that sets up a barrier between the host plants and the pests to which they are susceptible. _F___ 8. Chemical additives that improve the performance of a pesticide to which they are added. G. Pheromones H. Pathogen I. Protection J. Necrotic _C___ 9. The infectious form of a pathogen. K. Etiolation _L___ 10. Once a pathogen penetrates the hosts’ tissue, the plant becomes this. L. Infected _M___ 11. Responses to pathogenic irritants and insects. M. Symptoms Part IV: List the complete 4 stages of metamorphosis development. Greenhouse Management - Dual Credit - Exam Chapter 8: The Interior Uses of Plants Part I: Matching _C___ 1. The unit of measurement for light wavelengths. A. Lux B. Footcandle _E___ 2. The process of leaves falling off a plant. C. Nanometer _F___ 3. The color of light emitted by a particular source. D. Acclimatization _I___ 4. Lights installed beneath plants. E. Abscise _A___ 5. The illumination received on a surface that is 1 meter from a standard light source. F. Light Quality _D___ 6. The adjustment of an outdoor plant to interior conditions. _H___ 7. The level of illumination necessary to allow the acclimatized plant to produce new leaves at a rate equal to or greater than the rate of loss. G. Light Spectrum H. Minimum Light Intensity I. Uplights Part II: Matching _C___ 1. Seldom a problem for outdoor plants but can cause problems for interior plantscapes. A. Too much Nitrogen B. Repotting C. Humidity _B___ 2. Necessary in interior plantings where growth is allowed. D. Pruning _E___ 3.The major reason for death of interior plants. E. Overwatering _H___ 4. Reduces the amount of dust in an interior plantscape. F. Insects _A___ 5. Spindly, succulent, and unattractive vegetative growth occurs with this. G. Diseases D or I 6. & I or J 7. Will not be extensive because of a plant’s reduced rate of growth (pick two). H. Air Filtration I. Fertilization Part III: List 1. List the 2 color bands of the visible light spectrum that plants use in photosynthesis. Red and Blue 2. What types of plants have proven to be the most successful indoor plants? Tropical 3. The need to water a planting can be determined by what 2 methods? Feeling the soil and observing its color. 4. By what 2 ways is the success of the plantscape measured? Appearance and Health Greenhouse Management - Dual Credit - Exam Chapter 9: Landscape Design Part I: Matching _F___ 1. define the corner areas of the outdoor landscape. _A___ 2. most desirable location; tallest plants in the bed. A. Incurve B. Outcurve C. Line Planting _C___ 3. forming outdoor walls with plants. D. Outdoor Room _E___ 4. an attempt to hide unsightly base to a house. _D___ 5. to avoid improper landscape design, this concept can be used. E. Foundation Planting F. Corner Planting Part II: Matching A. Unity _H___ 1. The ability to survive the winter. _I___ 2. One side of landscape has the same visual mass of the other but does not duplicate it. B. Rhythm and Line C. Aesthetic D. Simplicity _J___ 3. One side of landscape is an exact duplicate (mirror image) of the other. E. Architectural Elements _C___ 4. Appeals to the senses. F. Engineering Elements _B___ 5. Bring a feeling of continuity to the landscape. G. Proportion _A___ 6. The master principle that gives cohesiveness to the landscape design. H. Hardiness I. Assymetrical J. Symmetrical Part III: Fill in 1. Topography is the term that describes _elevation________ __variations__________. 2. Surface and underground water and drainage patterns are described by the term _hydrography. 3. The landscape designer communicates in the language of _graphics__________. 4. CAD stands for _Computer Aided Design_____________________________________. 5. The landscape designer uses many of the same tools used by a __drafter___________. 6. Pavings that are poured or set into place as modular units are (hard / soft) pavings while loose aggregate materials, sometimes finely particulate like sand, are (hard / soft) pavings. 7. A Plan View assumes a vantage point directly above the proposed _landscape_____________, looking down perpendicular to the _ground___________. 8. The 3 major influences that have shaped American attitudes toward landscaping are: a) the _formal________ _tradition__________ of 16th and 17th century Europe; b) the _naturalism___________ of 18th century England; c) the _nature_________ symbolism of the Orient. Greenhouse Management - Dual Credit - Exam Chapter 13: Turf: Selection, Establishment, and Maintenance Part I: Matching _B___ 1. civic buildings, community centers, hwy dividers, airports. A. Commercial Use B. Municipal Use _E___ 2. private homes, estates, apartments, condos. C. Campus Use _A___ 3. corporate landscapes, shopping centers, office buildings. D. Recreational Use _D___ 4. parks, golf courses, country clubs, stadiums, athletic fields. E. Residential Use Part II: Matching _B___ 1. Having only 1 seed leaf in the embryo. A. Aeration B. Monocotyledon _M___ 2. Combines the seeds of 2+ cultivars of a species. _E___ 3. Combines 2 + species of grasses. _D___ 4. Compacted leaves, litter, and organic material. C. Purity D. Thatch E. Mixture F. Sprigging and Stolonizing _I___ 5. A measure of the width of the leaf blade. G. Sodding _C___ 6. Percentage by weight of pure grass seed. H. Inert Materials _A___ 7. Addition of air to the soil. I. Leaf Texture _L___ 8. Small sections of sod. J. Monoculture _F___ 9. Piece of a grass shoot. K. Density L. Plugging _G___ 10. Established turf which is moved from 1 location to another. _H___ 11. Percentage by weight of material in package that will not grow. M. Blend N. Percent Germination Part III: Compare 1. Cool season grasses favor daytime temperatures of _60__ to _75___ degrees F while warm season grasses favor daytime temperatures of _80___ to __95___ degrees F. 2. Seeding is the (most / least) common and the (most / least) expensive method of turf installation. 3. Generally, the most attractive leaf texture is ( coarse / medium / fine ) textured. 4. Shoots that are produced and from axillary buds within the sheath are called ( rhizomes / stolons / bunch type ). 5. Shoots that are produced outward from the parent plant along the soil surface are called ( rhizomes / stolons / bunch type ). 6. Shoots that are produced beneath the soil surface are called ( rhizomes / stolons / bunch type ). 7. A large seeder pulled by a tractor is called a ( hydroseeder / cultipacker / sod cutter ). 8. Spraying device that applies seed, water, fertilizer, and mulch simultaneously is called a ( hydroseeder / cultipacker / sod cutter ). 9. Most turfgrasses are ( annuals / perennials ). 10. The best time to water lawns is (early morning / afternoon / late evening ). 11. Because of shallow roots, turfgrasses are the first plants to suffer from (lack of water / too much water). 12. When watering, moisture should penetrate the soil ( 2 to 4 / 4 to 8 / 8 to 12 ) inches deep. Greenhouse Management - Dual Credit - Exam Chapter 14: Techniques of Plant Propagation Part I: Matching _D___ 1. Reproduction of plants from tiny pieces of plant organs. _C___ 2. Pieces of root, leaves, or stems that are removed from parent plant and placed in environment that promotes development into total plants. A. Grafts B. Plugs C. Cuttings _B___ 3. Seedlings that retain their undisturbed root system within a core of media. D. Tissue Culture _A___ 4. Union of parts from two or more plants into a single plant. E. Budding _D___ 5. Newest propagation technique. _C___ 6. Better results are obtained for a species that is difficult to root by selecting vegetative growth of this. Part II: Fill in 1. Temperature dormancy is called __stratification________________. 2. Seed coat dormancy is called __scarification__________________. 3. The first seeds to develop (the seed leaves) are called __cotyledons__________________. 4. When reduced temp’s and water allow plants to survive shock; gradual adaptation of plants to environmental conditions more stressful than their present ones is called _hardening off___. 5. When a graft union is successful and two plants become one, it is called a(n) __compatible___________ graft. 6. When a graft union is unsuccessful and two plants do not unite, it is called a(n) __incompatible__________ graft. Part III: Answer YES or NO 1. Methods of Layering: _YES_ Simple _YES_ Tip _YES_ Air _NO_ Water _YES_Mound 2. Peat moss or sand is added for: _ YES Texture _NO_ Nutrients _ YES Drainage 3. The propagation media must: _ YES _ Retain moisture uniformly _ YES _ Drain excess water uniformly _ NO _ Allow light to penetrate deep _ YES _ Be pasteurized Greenhouse Management - Dual Credit - Exam Chapter 19: Greenhouses and Other Growing Structures Part I: Matching _B___ 1. a low growing structure that supplements solar energy with decomposing manure, electric cables, and heating pipes; used for propagation, starting, and hardening off. _C___ 2. ideal for production of seasonal crops; requires new covering every year. A. Lath B. Hotbed C. Quonset D. Ridge and Furrow _D___ 3. less expensive to build due to lack of interior walls; good environmental control. E. Detached A-Frame _E___ 4. best environmental control; most expensive to build and heat. Part II: Matching _C___ 1. Uses growing space efficiently; workers must walk the length of house to get to the other side of bench. A. Peninsular B. Cross-bench _A___ 2. Each bench his accessible from both sides and the aisle end. Features a wide central aisle to accommodate carts and other equipment; narrow aisles between benches allow access by workers and efficient use of space. _B___ 3. Aisles along the sides and between the benches; least efficient use of space for growing. C. Length-of-house D. Ground-bench Part III: Fill in 1. __Fan and Pad Cooling__________ cooling uses exhaust fans and continuously wet pads of excelsior, cross-fluted cellulose, aluminum fibers, or glass fibers. 2. One disadvantage of covering the plastic greenhouse with 2 layers of plastic instead of one is __Reduction of Light Intensity_________________. 3. Most of the heat loss in a greenhouse occurs at what time of day? __After dark_____________ 4. Fuel consumption in a greenhouse is greatest at what time of day? __After dark_____________ 5. Greenhouse benches must fulfill 3 functions: _drain_______ quickly; be of a width that allows workers to reach the center; and maximize crops exposure to light 6. Raising the bench above ground has two advantages: allows _air______ __flow____; and allows warmer root zone temperatures to be maintained. 7. The two types of wood that are recommended for bench use are naturally rot resistant and _preservative_________ treated woods. 8. Of North, South, East, and West, the greenhouse wall that is an energy liability is the _North_______ because no direct sunlight hits it. Part IV: Compare 1. Two examples of crops that are grown on (ground / raised) beds are tomatoes and lettuce; 2 examples of crops that are grown on (ground / raised) benches are pot crops and cut flower crops 2. During especially ( hot / moderate / cold / humid ) weather, ventilation alone is not enough to cool the greenhouse. 3. The common types of greenhouse materials used to cover growing structures do not include ( glass / soft plastic / fiberglass / acrylic / aluminum / polycarbonate ). Greenhouse Management - Dual Credit - Exam Chapter 20: Greenhouse Production Techniques Part I: Matching A. Seeds _B___ 1. Orchids B. Tissue and organ culture _C___ 2. Roses C. Budding _D___ 3. Tulips, daffodils, crocuses D. Bulbs _AorE_ 4. & _AorE 5. Most common methods of reproduction (pick two) E. Cuttings Part II: Matching _A___ 1. Each time a grower selects a resistant variety for production. A. Resistance _C___ 2. Seeks to place a barrier between the crop and the pests. B. Exclusion C. Protection _B___ 3. The principle of applying efforts to prevent pests from becoming established in the greenhouse. D. Eradication _D___ 4. Seeks to remove or eliminate pests that are already present in the greenhouse. Part III: Matching _H___ 1. Require thorough coverage, as with sprays. Can cover a large area of crops quickly and often at less expense than sprays. However, many greenhouse pesticides are not available in this form. A. Breakers _I___ 2. Remain in the plant and kill the pest when it arrives. C. Capillary mats _D___ 3. Deliver the water thru holes in inflatable plastic tubes stretched down the bench. D. Trickle Systems B. Foggers E. Ebb and flood _E___ 4. Pump water from a storage tank into a watertight bench where it flows across the surface, flooding the entire bench. F. Aerosol bombs _B___ 5. Allow water to be applied as a fine mist to seedlings and other tenders. G. Foliar Sprays _A___ 6. Diminish the force of the water but not the rate of flow. H. Dusts _G___ 7. The material is mixed with water in a hydraulic sprayer and applied to the foliage of the crop. A spreader/sticker agent may be needed to provide uniform coverage of the foliage. I. Systemics Part IV: Fill in 1. The means of identifying the plants on the bench is called _labeling___________. 2. Elimination of undesirable microorganisms, insects, and seeds in the soil is called _pasteurization. 3. The maintenance of a proper balance of both moisture and air in the soil is called _irrigation___. 4. ppm stands for _parts per million________________________. 5. Growth retardants _regulate__________ the size of plants. 6. Shallow, rectangular containers that may be used to start seedlings, root cuttings, or hold less sturdy pots are called _flats_____________. 7. Pots made of peat so that there’s no need to remove the pot when transplanting are called _peat pots___________. 8. In the _flower__________ production business, timing is everything. 9. The first and perhaps most difficult thing that a new greenhouse worker must be taught is __how to water plants correctly__________. 10. The most common means of applying liquid fertilizer to crops is _greenhouse watering system_. 11. The amount of _fertilizer_____________ applied per application depends on the strength of the concentration. Most commonly, a ratio of _1___ : _100_ is used. 12. All artificial media mixes have one of two bases for the mixes: _bark_______ - based and __peat moss ________ - based. Greenhouse Management - Dual Credit - Exam Chapter 22: Beginning and Promoting an Ornamental Horticulture Business Chapter 23: Human Relations: Personnel Management and Customer Sales Part I: Matching _B___ 1. Business engaged by two or more people. A. Sole Proprietorship _A___ 2. Simplest form of business. B. Partnership _C___ 3. Most public form of business; ownership is made through purchasing shares. C. Corporation _C___ 4. Board of directors makes operating decisions. _A___ 5. Obtain necessary licenses, set up shop, and be in business. Part II: Matching _F___ 1. Long-term loans repaid over a period of years. _E___ 2. Uses cash value of the borrower’s life insurance. _D___ 3. Individuals who provide capital in return for a share of the profit. _B___ 4. Short-term loans granted to businesspeople with good credit ratings. _A___ 5. Obtained by established businesspeople by pledging money owed to the business from customers. _C___ 6. Made to growers by firms that will eventually market their crops while assuring the lender of a guaranteed price. A. Accounts Receivable Loans B. Character or Signature Loans C. Contract Growing Loans D. Limited Partnership Loans E. Loans on Life Insurance F. Term Loans Part III: Matching _B___ 1. To limit the use of toxic pesticides and to assure that they are used only by persons knowledgeable about their use. _A___ 2. To assure safe and healthful working conditions for employees. _C___ 3. To protect the right of the inventor or discoverer of a plant to be the sole propagator. _D___ 4. To protect the consumer from unrealistic descriptions and claims for products and services A. Occupational Safety and Health Act B. Environmental Pesticide Control Act C. Plant Patent Act D. Deceptive Practice or Product Regulations Part IV: YES or NO 1. A reason why someone would want to own their own business: _YES_ opportunity to exercise leadership and make decisions _ YES opportunity to build a business around your own interests and strengths _ YES job security _ NO freedom to change jobs and relocate _ YES money 2. Things that should be included in terms of agreement of modern partnerships: YES _ percentage of original capital YES _ responsibilities of each partner NO _ limits by the weaknesses of the partners YES _ business objectives YES _ provisions for the dissolution of business 3. Important facts about borrowing money: YES _ most expensive way to obtain capital NO _ least expensive way to obtain capital YES _ reveals your background information and finances to the lender YES _ requires you to tell the lender how you plan on using the money 4. Costs encountered when budgeting for inventory items: NO _ shipping and receiving YES _ staff time spent purchasing, receiving, and storing the stock YES _ keeping stock control records YES _ stock 5. Factors considered in selecting a business site: NO _ inventory YES _ size YES _ natural features YES _ zoning regulations YES _ utilities 6. Characteristics of good salespeople: NO _ average grooming and speech YES _ courtesy YES _ honesty YES _ knowledge 7. Examples of wasted advertising dollars: YES _ High school yearbooks YES _ lodge and church publications YES _ pencils and matchbooks NO _ television 8. Responsibilities of sole-proprietors: YES _ hire employees NO _ purchase shares YES _ absorb losses YES _ reap profits YES _ put up capital Part V: Compare 1. A ( private / closed ) corporation sells its stock publicly and can be owned by many people. 2. A ( private / closed ) corporation does not sell its stock publicly and is often owned by members of a single family. 3. The range of activities whose purpose is to establish goodwill or further the growth of the firm is called ( promotion / publicity or public relations ). Bringing the business to the attention of the public to generate favorable public opinion is called ( promotion / publicity or public relations ). 4. The best way to begin the purchase of materials and supplies is to order ( small / large ) quantities that can be turned over quickly and paid for promptly. 5. The ( employee / customer / owner ) sets the business tone for the way that ( employee / customer / owner ) and ( employee / customer / owner ) are treated. The ( employee / customer / owner ) keeps the business in existence. 6. In classic partnerships, the two partners contribute the ( same / different ) amounts of capital and divide the work ( equally / unequally ). 7. Capital is needed for fixed assets such as (real estate / coolers / furniture / equipment / pay wages / purchase supplies / pay utility bills ) and to have working capital such as ( real estate / coolers / furniture / equipment / pay wages / purchase supplies / pay utility bills ). 8. The purpose of ( attitude advertising / immediate response advertising ) is to make customers reach for the phone or come into the store soon. The purpose of ( attitude advertising / immediate response advertising ) is to build the reputation of the business. Part VI: Placement 1. Place ‘Good’ beside the words that describe qualities of good leadership. Place ‘Bad’ beside the words that describe the qualities to avoid in a leader. _GOOD_ Decisiveness _bad___ Partiality GOOD Praise _ GOOD Thorough directions _bad___ Subjective Criticism GOOD _ Reward _bad___ Inflexibility _ GOOD Fairness _bad__ Condescension _ GOOD_ Competence _bad___ Indifference GOOD _ Sincerity