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Labs 4 and 5
The Skeletal System
Expanded Studies
Some videos for your education and enjoyment:
(click on title to link)
“Them Not-So-Dry Bones”
Human Body Explorer
Strength, #2
Click on “Strength” and then select the 2nd video
OBJECTIVES
• Classify bones by shape
• Identify the parts of the long bone
• Describe the chemical composition of
bones
• Identify the microscopic components of
compact bone
• Identify the bones of the skeleton and their
markings
Objective 1:
Bone Classification
Long bones are longer than they are wide.
Short bones are roughly cubical
Sesamoid bones are a type of short bone that form
in tendons
Flat bones are thin, with parallel surfaces, and usually
a little curved.
Irregular bones do not fit into the other categories.
Identify each bone as
LONG, SHORT, FLAT, IRREGULAR or SESAMOID
carpals
sternum
Flat
Short
vertebra
Irregular
Identify each bone as
LONG, SHORT, FLAT, IRREGULAR or SESAMOID
phalanges
metacarpals
parietal bone
Flat
Long
patella
Sesamoid
Identify each bone as
LONG, SHORT, FLAT, IRREGULAR or SESAMOID
rib
Os coxae
(pelvic bone)
Irregular
Flat
humerus
Long
Objective 3:
Gross Anatomy of a Long Bone
Overview from the textbook
Can you identify these?
Diaphysis (shaft)
Epiphysis
Epiphysis
Medullary Cavity
Spongy Bone
Trabeculae
filled with
Red Marrow
Compact Bone
Epiphyseal line
Periosteum
Endosteum
Compact Bone
Medullary Cavity
Yellow
Marrow
Chicken Bone demo
Medullary Cavity w/ marrow
Articular cartilage
Articulates with connecting bone
Periosteum
Objective 4:
What will
happen to bone
when baked?
Chemical Composition of Bone
What will
happen to bone
when soaked in
acid?
Two Components of Bone Matrix
Organic Ground Subtance (osteoid) - 1/3 of matrix
• Collagen fibers
• Soluble proteins
Tensile strength (flexibility)
Inorganic Material (hydroxyapatites) - 2/3 of matrix
• Mineral salts
• Calcium
• Phosphorus
Compressional strength (hardness)
In lab you will observe bone that has
been cooked.
Heat denatures proteins.
What effect do you think this will have?
In lab you will observe bone that has been
treated with acid.
Acid dissolves minerals.
What effect do you think this will have?
Bones deformed by
Rickets or Osteomalacia
Objective 5:
Microscopic Structure of
Compact Bone
Central
Overview from the Textbook:
The structural unit of bone is called
Osteon or Haversian System
Human bone is primarily arranged in a ringed pattern and is called
Lamellar Bone
Lamella
Circumferential
lamellae
Concentric
Lamellae
Interstitial
lamellae
Remnants of
previous osteons
The canals in compact bone through which
blood vessels, nerve fibers and lymphatics pass are called
Central (Haversian) & Perforating (Volkmann’s) canals
Central (Haversian) canal
Perforating (Volkmann’s) canal
Mature bone cells are called osteocytes
They are embedded in spaces called lacuna
Osteocyte
Lacuna
Tiny canals connecting living cells of the osteon to
the nutrient supply are called canaliculi
Canaliculi
Putting it all together:
Can you identify these?
Osteon
H
Osteon
Haversian
(central)
canals
H
H
H
H
H
H
Perforating (Volkmann’s)
canal
1)(Osteon)
What are
these circles
structures
called?
3) What are
these partial
rings of
bone
called?
2) What are
Concentric
these inner
rings of bone
lamallea
called?
Canaliculi
Lacunae (containing osteocytes)
Osteon
Osteon
concentric
lamella
Interstitial lamella
Lacuna (containing an osteocyte)
Canaliculi
Objective 2:
Bone Markings
Bone markings are bumps, projections, openings and ridges on the surfaces of
bones. They function as passageways for nerves and blood vessels, as points of
muscle and ligament attachment, and as joint surfaces.
Projections that help form joints:
Head: a bony
expansion carried on a
narrow neck
Head of humerus
Facet: smooth,
nearly flat
articular surface
Costal facet
Projections that help form joints:
Condyle: rounded
articular projection
Mandibular condyle
Ramus: armlike
projection of bone
Mandibular ramus
Projections for muscle and ligament attachment
Crest: a narrow
prominent ridge
of bone
Median sacral crest
Line: Narrow ridge of
bone; less prominent than
a crest
Inferior nuchal line
Projections for muscle and ligament attachment
Trochanter: very large,
blunt, irregularly shaped
process
Greater
Trochanter
Tubercle:
small, rounded
projection or
process
Greater
Tubercle
Femur
Humerus
Projections for muscle and ligament attachment
Tuberosity: large,
rounded projection
which may be
roughened
Tibial tuberosity
Epicondyle: raised
area on or above a
condyle
Lateral epicondyle
Projections for muscle and ligament attachment
Spine: sharp, slender,
pointed projection
Spine of scapula
Process: prominence or
projection
Zygomatic process
Depressions and openings to allow passage of
nerves and vessels
Foramen:
rounded or oval
opening
through a bone
Foramen ovale
Meatus: tunnel-like
passageway
Internal acoustic
meatus
Depressions and openings
Fissure: narrow, slitlike opening
Superior orbital fissure
Sinus: cavity
within a bone
filled with air
Ethmoid sinus
Ethmoid bone
Depressions and openings
Groove: furrow
Intertubercular groove
Fossa: shallow, basinlike depression in a
bone, often serving as
an articular surface
Coronoid fossa
Objectives 6 & 7: Axial & Appendicular Skeleton
Objective 6:
Axial Skeleton
Bony Thorax
Not part of Axial skeleton
7 True Ribs
(Vertebrosternal)
Sternum:
Manubrium
5 False Ribs
Body (Gladiolus)
(Vertebrocostal)
Xiphoid Process
The bottom 2 false ribs are
Floating Ribs (Vertebral)
Jugular Notch
One of the markings you need to know
See Textbook for relation between
sternum, vertebral column & heart
Vertebral Column
Number of each vertebrae
correspond to average meal
times:
7 Cervical
Vertebrae
12
Thoracic
Vertebrae
5 Lumbar
Vertebrae
Not part of
Axial
skeleton
Sacrum
Coccyx
Breakfast = 7 am
Lunch = 12 pm
Dinner = 5 pm
Cervical Vertebrae
C3 – C7
Thoracic Vertebrae
Superior
articular
process
Body
Transverse
process
Spinous
process
T1 – T12
Spinous
process
Lumbar Vertebrae
Transverse
process
Spinous
process
Body
Body
L1 – L5
Sacrum & Coccyx
Curvatures
Cervical
curvature
Posterior perspective:
Concave
surface
Thoracic
curvature
Curves
inward
Convex
surface
Lumbar
curvature
Sacral
curvature
Bulges
outward
Hyoid Bone
• Floating bone
• Acts as movable base for tongue
• Attachment point for neck muscles that raise and lower the larynx (voice box)
during swallowing and speech
Cool Fact
For many years,
scientists believed that
Neanderthals' mouth and
throat were designed in a
way that prevented them
from speaking like us. In
1983, scientists found a
fully intact Neanderthal
hyoid bone at the Kebara
Cave in Israel. The bone
that was found is virtually
identical to that of modern
humans, suggesting that
the Neanderthals' throat
was, in fact, designed for
speech.
Skull
Bones of the Cranium
Parietal
Frontal
Frontal
Temporal
Occipital
Ethmoid
Sphenoid
Inner bones
Sphenoid
Internal Cranial Bones
Ethmoid
Frontal
Sphenoid
Temporal
Occipital
Sphenoid – “Keystone of the cranium”
Sutures
Coronal Suture
Frontonasal
Suture
Sagittal Suture
Parietal
Parietal
λ = lambda
Squamos(al) Suture
Lambdoid(al) Suture
Facial Bones
Nasal
Bones
Nasal
Bones
Lacrimal
Bones
Zygomatic
Zygomatic
Inferior
Nasal
Concha
Vomer
Maxilla
Mandible
Maxilla
Mandible
Lacrimal
Bones
Nasal septum
Maxilla
Perpendicular
plate of
ethmoid
Palatine
Bones
Vomer
Vomer
Palatine
Maxilla
Skull Markings
some
GLABELLA
ZYGOMATIC
PROCESS
Zygomatic
ALVEOLAR
MARGIN
MASTOID
PROCESS
STYLOID
PROCESS
MANDIBULAR
FOSSA
Temporal
Bone
MANDIBULAR
CONDYLE
MANDIBULAR
ANGLE
CORONOID
PROCESS
CRISTA
GALLI
PALATINE
PROCESS
ZYGOMATIC
PROCESS
HYPOPHYSEAL
FOSSA
Palatine
SELLA
TURCICA
OCCIPITAL
CONDYLE
Occipital
PETROUS
REGION
Pituitary Gland = Hypophysis
SUPERIOR & INFERIOR
NUCHAL LINES
Sphenoid Bone
LESSER
WINGS
LESSER
WINGS
GREATER
WINGS
Sella
Turcica
PTEREGOID
PROCESS
Ethmoid Bone
Crista galli
Ethmoid sinuses
Perpendicular
plate
Openings to allow passage of nerves and vessels
OPTIC
CANAL
SUPRAORBITAL
FORAMEN
SUPERIOR
ORBITAL
FISSURE
INFRIOR
ORBITAL
FISSURE
INFRAORBITAL
FORAMEN
EXTERNAL
AUDITORY
MEATUS
FORAMEN
LACERUM
FORAMEN
ROTUNDUM
CRIBRIFORM
PLATE
OPTIC
CANAL
FORAMEN
OVALE
FORAMEN
SPINOSUM
CAROTID
CANAL
FORAMEN
MAGNUM
INTERNAL
ACOUSTIC
MEATUS
JUGULAR
FORAMEN
HYPOGLOSSAL
CANAL
Superior vs Inferior Cranial Floor
FORAMEN
LACERUM
FORAMEN
OVALE
CAROTID
CANAL
JUGULAR
FORAMEN
CAROTID
CANAL
JUGULAR
FORAMEN
STYLOMASTOID
FORAMEN
Cranial Nerves and Vessels Servicing the Brain
In relation to the brain
I
I
II
VI IV III
V
V
II
V
III
IV
V
VIVII
VIII
IX X
XII
VII
IX
VIII
X
XI
XII
SC
XI
SC
In relation to the skull
Internal Carotid Artery
passes through the
Carotid Canal
Internal Jugular Vein
passes through the
Jugular Foramen
CC
Skull
cut
JF
Internal Jugular V.
Internal Carotid A.
Objective 7:
Appendicular Skeleton
Pectoral Girdle
Bones & Some of the markings
Clavicle
Scapula
ACROMIAL
END
ACROMION
PROCESS
STERNAL
END
S
T
E
R
N
U
M
GLENOID
CAVITY
Posterior Scapula
CORACOID
PROCESS
ACROMION
PROCESS
?
INFRASPINOUS
FOSSA
SPINE
?
LATERAL
BORDER
Upper Extremity
Thumb
Pinkie
Humerus
GREATER
TUBERCLE
HEAD
LESSER
TUBERCLE
DELTOID
TUBEROSITY
OLECRANON
FOSSA
CORONOID
FOSSA
CAPITULUM
R
U
Anterior
TROCHLEA
U
R
Posterior
OLECRANON
FOSSA
OLECRANON
PROCESS
CORONOID
FOSSA
TROCHLEA
CAPITULUM
TROCHLEAR
NOTCH
TROCHLEA
HEAD
CORONOID
PROCESS
Radius & Ulna
Humerus
OLECRANON
PROCESS
HEAD
TROCHLEAR
NOTCH
RADIAL
TUBEROSITY
CORONOID
PROCESS
Anterior
STYLOID
PROCESS
STYLOID
PROCESS
Carpals
Posterior
So (scaphoid)
Long (lunate)
To (triquetrum)
Pinky (pisiform)
Here (hamate)
Comes (capitate)
The (trapezoid)
Thumb (trapezium)
trapezium
Anterior
Pelvic Girdle
Not part of
Appendicular
Skeleton
Ossa Coxae (Coxal Bones)
ILIAC CREST
ALA
GREATER
SCIATIC
NOTCH
ILIAC
FOSSA
BODY
ACETABULUM
ISCHIAL
TUBEROSITY
Posterior
OBTURATOR
FORAMEN
PUBIC
CREST
Male vs Female Pelvis
Lower Extremity
Femur
Tibia
Fibula
Tarsals
Metatarsals
Phalanges
Femur
HEAD
GREATER
TROCHANTER
NECK
LESSER
TROCHANTER
LINEA
ASPERA
PATELLAR
SURFACE
MEDIAL
EPICONDYLE
MEDIAL
CONDYLE
Anterior
Posterior
Tibia & Fibula
MEDIAL
CONDYLE
Femur
INTERCONDYLER
EMINANCE
TIBIAL
TUBEROSITY
HEAD
“Fib-U-Lie”
MEDIAL
MALLEOLUS
LATERAL MALLEOLUS
“talon”
TALUS
CALCANEUS
Cancaneal
region
Tarsal Bones
Is this bone a Right or Left?
Posterior
Anterior
Spine
L
A
T
E
R
A
L
H
U
M
E
R
U
S
M
E
D
I
A
L
Ribs
H
U
M
E
R
U
S
L
A
T
E
R
A
L
Which of these bones are Right or Left?
SCAPULA
OSSA
COXAE
M
E
D
I
A
L
Posterior
M
E
D
I
A
L
Posterior
If I were to place a single bone in a sealed,
non-see-through bag, could you identify it by
feel alone?
Happy Studying!