Download Open Question Answering Over Multiple Knowledge Bases[3]

Question Answering & Linked Data
Wang Yong
Content
• Overview of QA System
• Template-based Question Answering
• Open Question Answering Over Multiple
Knowledge Bases
• Structured data and inference in DeepQA
• Conclusion
General Structure of QA System[1]
Natural Language
Question
Linguistic Tools and
Resources
Question
Analysis
Index
Matching with
Data
Scoring
Query
Construction
Answer(s)
Answer retrieval
corpora
KDs
Ontology
Data Sources
Main challenges
• Variability of Natural Language
▫ How can you tell if you have the flu?
▫ What are signs of the flu?
• Complexity of Natural Language
▫ Of current U.N. member countries with 4-letter names,
the one that is first alphabetically.
▫ Who produced the most films?
Main challenges
• Gap between Natural Language and Data Sources
▫ String Differences
 wife of, husband of ---- dbo:spouse
▫ Structure Differences
 Who are the great-grandchildren of Bruce Lee?
 dbo:child
• Quality and Heterogeneity of Data Sources
▫ Completeness and accuracy
 Open Information Extraction
▫ Different Schemas
 dbo:location dbo:headquarter dbo:locationCity
Template-based Question Answering[2]
Motivation
• Traditional methods map a natural language question to
a triple-based representation
▫ Who wrote The Neverending Story?
▫ <person; wrote; Neverending Story>
• Some question can be represented this way
▫ Which cities have more than three universities?
▫ <cities; more than; three universities>
SELECT ?y WHERE {
?x rdf:type onto:University .
?x onto:city ?y .
}
HAVING (COUNT(?x) > 3)
Solution
• SPARQL template
▫ syntactic structure of natural language question
▫ domain-independent expressions
 Which y p more than N x?
SELECT ?y WHERE {
?x rdf:type ?c .
?x ?p ?y .
}
HAVING (COUNT(?x) > N)
Implementation
• Lexicalized Tree Adjoining Grammar (LTAG)
• discourse representation Structure (DRS)
▫ Based on manual compiled grammars and rules
Natural language input
grammar
parser
LTAG derivation Tree
semantic construction
syntactic construction
Natural language input
Scope resolution
DRS
formal query
Experiment
• 50 questions from the QALD benchmark
▫ 11 questions are not in the analysis scope
▫ 5 questions cannot be parsed
 unknown syntactic constructions
 uncovered domain-independent expressions
 Who has been the 5th president of the United States of America?
▫ 19 have correct answer, 2 are almost correct
▫ 13 are wrong or under the threshold
• Main problem
▫ entity identification (Give me all movies with Tom Cruise?)
▫ query selection
Open Question Answering Over
Multiple Knowledge Bases[3]
Motivation
• One knowledge base can not answer all questions
• Open Question Answering need information from
different knowledge bases
• Natural language has high variability
• Different knowledge bases use different knowledge
expression
Solution
•
•
•
•
Scope: simple factoid questions
Paraphrase to overcome natural language variability
Rewrite to match KB schema
Express question as triples to utilize all KBs
▫ What fruits are a source of vitamin C?
▫ ?x : (?x, is-a, fruit) (?x, source of, vitamin c)
SELECT t0.arg1 FROM triples AS t0, triples AS t1
WHERE
keyword-match(t0.rel, "is-a")
AND
keyword-match(t0.arg2, "fruit")
AND
keyword-match(t1.rel, "source of")
AND
keyword-match(t1.arg2, "vitamin c") AND
string-similarity(t0.arg1, t1.arg1) > 0.9
Implementation
Question
Paraphrase
5 million mined Operators
From wikiAnswers
How can you tell if you
have the flu?
Question
Parse
10 high-precision templates
Manual created
Rewrite
74 million mined operators
Mined from corpora
What are signs of the flu?
Query
?x: (?x, sign of, the flu)
Query
?x: (the flu, symptoms, ?x)
Execute
1 billion assertions
Answer
(the flu, symptoms
include, chills)
Experiment
• KBs:
▫ Freebase, Open IE, Probase and NELL
• Training over Question and Answer Pairs
▫ Linear scoring function
▫ latent-variable structured perceptron algorithm
• Question and Answer pairs
▫ WebQuestions, TREC, WikiAnswers
Experiment
Structured data and inference in
DeepQA[4]
Motivation
• Unstructured data
▫ Broad coverage
▫ Low-precision
• structured data
▫
▫
▫
▫
incomplete
high-precision
Has formal semantics
logical reasoning (common sense
reasoning/implicit evidence)
Temporal and geospatial reasoning
• Detect time relations:
▫ TLink, birthDate, deathDate
• Compute temporally compatible
▫ birthdate < TLink < deathDate
• Detect spatial relations
▫ relative direction, border, containment, near, far
• Convert to geo-coordinates from Dbpedia to
compute distance or other geospatial relations
▫ the symmetry of the borders relation
▫ transitivity of the containment relation
• Evaluation
▫ 1% to 2% improvement in accuracy
Taxonomic reasoning
• check candidate answer’s type
▫ Data Source: Dbpedia, YAGO
▫ candidate answer – an entity resource
▫ question lexical answer type(LAT) - a class in the
type system
 WordNet, domain-specific type-mapping file, statistical
relatedness
▫ Soring
 Equivalent/subclass, Disjoint, Sibling, Superclass…
• Evaluation
▫ 3%–4% improvement in accuracy
Conclusion
• Analysis of complex problem is a nontrivial problem
• manual compiled grammars and rules
• Mapping between natural language and KBs has
significant impact on the accuracy
• Semantics light expression(in), structure differences(gf)
• Structured Data is incomplete, need help from
unstructured data
Reference
• [1] Unger, C., Freitas, A., Cimiano P.: An Introduction to
Question Answering over Linked Data. Reasoning Web.
Reasoning on the Web in the Big Data Era, LNCS, pp. 100-140
(2014)
• [2] Unger, C., Bühmann, L., Lehmann, et al.: Template-based
question answering over RDF data. In: Proceedings of the 21st
International Conference on World Wide Web, pp. 639–648.
ACM (2012)
• [3] Fader, A., Zettlemoyer, L., Etzioni, O.: Open question
answering over curated and extracted knowledge bases. In:
Proceedings of the International Conference on Knowledge
Discovery and Data Mining, KDD (2014)
• [4] Kalyanpur, A., et al.: Structured data and inference in
DeepQA. IBM Journal of Research & Development 56(3/4)
(2012)