Download Gross 2 notes C

6-13-04
Identification
Vermillion border – separates lip from skin
Comissure of lips crack if deficient in B vitamins
Philtrum – groove between nose and lips
If missing philtrum developmental disorders are common
The face grows from back to the front and meets in the middle of the front of the face.
Deglutition is not possible if you have a hole in your palate. You cannot nurse either
since you cannot create a vacuum. (cleft palate)
Nasal Labial groove or sulcus
Labial mental groove – groove below lower lip
Labial frenulum – connects lip and gingiva Plate 47b
Lingual frenulum – connects tongue to floor of mouth (ankyloglossus – when lingual
frenulum does not go apoptosis and there is too much tissue)
Oral cavity
Oral cavitiy proper – roof – palat (hard and soft)
Floor- tongue
Anterior and lateral margins – alveolar processes and teeth
No true posterior boundry
Vestibul – between the gingival membrane and the cheek (SKOAL HOLDER)
Uvula – tonsils
Palatoglossal arch – has palatoglossal muscle underneath – innervated by
pharyngeal plexus (IX, X, cranial of XI)
Palatoglossal
Gross Anatomy 2
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Palatine tonsil
Palatopharyngeal tonsil
The softpalate is innervated by pharyngeal plexus (IX, X, cranial of XI)
All muscles of the tongue are innervated by cranial nerve XII (except palatoglossal)
Deep lingual veins and arteries, lingual nerve, sublingual glands all under the tongue
3 Salivary Glands
Paratid salivary gland – 2nd molar is where duct is
Submandibular salivary gland – under chin and one opening (sublingual caruncle)
Sublingual salivary gland – under tongue lots of little openings
Palatine process of the maxilla – hard palate
Horizontal plate – soft palate
Incisive canal or foramen – behind the incisers
Greater and lesser palatine foramen – greater and lesser palatine nerves pass through
Plate 48a, 60a
Incisive fossa – the naso palatine nerve is going through this
Greater palatine supplies the hard palate
Lesser palatine nerve goes posterior to supply soft palate
Tensor vili palatine – starts from side and goes under pterygoid hamulus and then the
tendons of both sides join together. (palatine apenerosis) LAB QUESTION
Median glossoepiglottic fold
2 lateral glossoepiglottic fold
Valecula – space between tongue and epiglottis
Tongue – root, body, apex
Gross Anatomy 2
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Terminal sulcus – separates the front and back of tongue…little depression called the
foramen secum – the thyroid develops and moves from here in embryological
development
Valliate papillae – bumps and contain taste buds
Foliate, filtrum,fungiform
Midline groove
Extrinsic – up down back forth left right – hooked to bone (XII)
Intrinsic – in the body of the tongue itself (XII)
Muscles of the soft palate
Innervated by pharyngeal plexus except tensor vili palatini (V)
Plate 58a, b, c
Anterior 2/3rds
Special sensory facial via chordae timpani
Motor - hypoglossal
General sensation – trigeminal via lingual nerve
Pasterior 1/3rd
Special sensory is innervated by glossopharyngeal and epiglottis of the vagus
Motor - hypoglossal
General sensation – Glossopharyngeal nerve
Palatogosses is innervated by vagus
Inferior alveolar nerve for teeth and gums come from V3
Superior alveolar nerve for teeth and gums come from V2
Gross Anatomy 2
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Tongue muscles - Plate 55a
Lingual artery is vascularization
Extrinsic
Genioglosses – fans out
O – mental spine and internal surface of the mandible
I – Inferior surface of tongue and hyoid bone
A – protrude and depress tongue
N – hypogossal (if denervated on right it would deviate ipsilaterally)
Hypoglosses - 2
O – greater cornue or
I – inferior lateral aspect of the tongue
A – depressor of tongue
N – hypogossal
Styloglosses
O – styloid processes
I – posterolateral aspect of the tongue
A – retract the tongue
N – hypoglossal
Intrinsic – longitudinal inferior and superior and transverse and vertical (XII)
Superior – curve tips and side of tongue up
Inferior - pull tip and sides down
Vertical - flatten and broden the tongue
Transverse – narrows and elongates the tongue
Gross Anatomy 2
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Palatoglossal
Geniohyoid – A to P
Mylohyoid – superior to inferior
Palate 60b
Levator villi palantini
O – petrous portion of temporal bone and cartilage of the auditory tube
I – palantine apenerosis
N – pharyngeal plexus
A – elevates palat
Tensor villi palantini
O – scaphoid fossa and spine of sphenoid and auditory tube
I – palantine apenerosis
A – tenses soft palat, main opener of the auditory tube
N – (V) branch of medial pterygoid
Palatopharyngeous – small
O – posterior aspect of the plantine apenerosis
I – lateral aspect of the pharynx
A – elevate the pharynx when you swallow
N – (V)
Palatoglossas – under palatogolossal arch
O – inferior surface of the palatine apenerosis
I – lateral aspect of the tongue
A – elevate tongue or depress the soft palat
N – (V)
Gross Anatomy 2
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Arteries
Tonsilar branch of lesser palantine
Tonsilar branch of facial
Teeth 53a
Primary teeth – 20
Secondary teeth – 32
Central incisors – front teeth
Lateral incisors –
K – 9 teeth – usually have 1 cusp
2 pre-molars – 2 cusps and called bicuspids
Upper molars – 3-4 cusps
Crown – above the gingival
Root – in alveolar socket of mandible
Periodontal membrane – synarthrodial – gombfosis
Dentin – this is the inside of the tooth
Enamel – the hardest substance in the body covers to crown (dental carry – cavity)
Pulp cavity – connective tissues, nerves, and vessels,
Root canal – ends at apical foramen this is where the nerves and arteries run
Gross Anatomy 2
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6-17-04
Nasal Cavitiy Plate 32a
3 Parts to the nose
Apex – tip of nose - cartilage
Dorsum nasalis – bridge - cartilage
Root – nose connects to forehead (rhinoplasty – surgical procedure)
(3 bones- nasal part of frontal bone and frontal part of maxilla and nasal bone)
Nasal Cartilages
Lateral cartilages of the bone – articulates with nasal bone and frontal process of maxilla
Major Alar cartilages – greater and lesser cartilages – look like wings
Septal cartilage – in midline of nose
Blood and nerve supply to nose Plate 32b, 82b
External and internal innervation - V1, V2, and facial nerves –
(infratrochlear and supraorbital branches (V1))
External nasal nerve a branch of anterior ethmoidal nerve which is a branch of the
nasociliary nerve which is a branch of V1
Medial wall of nasal cavity is the septum and in innervated by anterior ethmoidal
Infraorbital nerve comes from V2 innervates nose laterally
Vascularization
External nasal artery is branch of anterior ethmoidal, which came from ophthalmic artery
which came from internal carotid
Angular artery comes from facial
Dorsal nasal artery comes from ophthalmic
Veins – external nasal vein goes to cavernous sinuous – common drainage point
(VEINS ARE VALVELESS) – can lead to fasciulitis
Gross Anatomy 2
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Plate 35a, 34a, 38 (this pic is different), 39a
External nasal aperture or nostril
Large number of big hairs called vibrissae – there to filter large particles from
going into nose
Opens into nasopharynx
Choanae
Nasal cavity bone – mucosa and olfactory mucosa (V3) (plate 39a)
Roof – cartilage, Nasal bone, Frontal bone, Cribiform plate of ethmoid, body of
sphenoid
Floor – Palatine process of maxilla, horizontal plate of palantine, nasal crest of
both maxilla and palantine
Medial wall – septal cartilage, perpendicular plate of ethmoid, vomer, (nasal crest
of both maxilla and palantine) very little contribution
Lateral wall – bumpy with chonch – 4 chonch (WE SAY 3)
Superior – part of ethmoid
Superior meatus – space below chonch
Middle – part of ethmoid
Middle meatus - space below chonch
Inferior Inferior meatus - space below chonch
Lacrimal, maxilla, ethmoid, inferior chonch, palantine, nasal, medial pterygoid
plate
Internal nerve supply – pterygo palantine ganglion supplies –
nasopalatine nerve goes through incise foramen
V1 Medial and lateral internal nasal branch – front of septum and nasal wall
V2 Posterior superior medial and lateral nasal branches – posterior septum and
nasal wall
Internal nasal branches which come from infraorbital
Gross Anatomy 2
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Nostral – face
Dorsal – ethmoid
Posterior –
Blood supply Plate 37
Apex – branches from facial (alar branches) superior labial
Anterior ethmoidal artery, anterior septal branch, anterolateral nasal branch
Posterior ethmoidal branches – septal and lateral nasal branches some form
anterior some from posterior
External carotid terminates as maxillary and superficial temporal
Posterior septal branch, posterior lateral nasal branch are branches of Sphenopalatine
(sphenopalatine foramen) artery is branch of maxillary
Greater and lesser palatine arteries branch and anatamose (floor of nasal cavitiy)
The apex of the nose has a plexus called Kiesselbach’s Plexus.
As you get older you loose smell due to decreased production of mucosa and nerves also
stop reproducing….These are the only nerves that regenerate often in the body
Not connected to thalamus 1st but is secondary…This is a unique feature of the olfactory
nerves.
Gross Anatomy 2
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Sinouses – smoldering sinusitis can cause meningitis– 45a, 34a, 44a
Frontal sinous – in frontal bone – frontonasal duct drains into middle meatus
Anterior and posterior ethmoidal air cells
Posterior –drain into Superior meatus
Anterior –drain into middle meatus
Sphenoidal sinus – in body of sphenoid – sphenoethmoidal recess is posterior and above
superior chonch – drains into sphenoethmoidal recess
Maxillary sinous (biggest) – also drains into middle meatus
 big, below eyeball, infraorbital nerve
Plate 34b
Middle chonch and meatus– what’s inside?
Ethmoidal bulla –
Semilunar hiatus – below ethmoidal bulla – canal that leads to frontal hiatus
Uncinate process – below semilunar hiatus
Nasal lacrimal canal
Cranial Nerve I – sense of smell
Cranial Nerve V – gives pain of smell
Plate 39bB (KNOW)!!!!!
Pterygopalantine ganglion – deep to bone - parasympathetic
*Greater palantine nerve – hard palate - anterior
*Lesser palantine nerve – lesser palate – posterior
*Posterior inferior lateral nasal branch –
*Posterior superior lateral nasal branch –
*Pharyngeal branch
*Nasal palantine nerve – goes along septum through incisive canal
Gross Anatomy 2
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Gross Anatomy 2
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