Download Chapter 3 - Ancient India and China

Chapter 3:
Early Civilizations in India
and China
Chapter 3, Section 1
Early Civilizations of
India and Pakistan
Geography
of India
Indian Subcontinent
• Subcontinent: large landmass that juts out
from a continent
• Indian subcontinent is a huge peninsula
extending into the Indian Ocean
• Today, this subcontinent includes three of the
ten most populated countries in the world:
India, Pakistan, Bangladesh
Mountains
• Himalayas... mountains that separate the
subcontinent from the rest of Asia
– Many of the world’s tallest mountains
– Mt. Everest is the most famous
– They provide protection
• Hindu Kush…they lie to the northwest
• Nearly as high and as rugged
– Khyber Pass…a route that cuts through the mountain
– Used for trade and invasion
Rivers
• Indus River…principal river of Pakistan
– Majority of Pakistanis live in Indus River Basin
– Many early civilizations developed in the Indus Valley
• Ganges River…begins high in the Himalayas
– Flows across India and joins the Brahmaputra in
Bangladesh
– Two rivers form an enormous delta on the Bay of Bengal
that is very fertile but prone to flooding
• Rivers are sacred to most in South Asia
• Many shrines and temples line the banks of the
Ganges
Deccan Plateau
• Occupies nearly half of South Asia
• Many farms in the area…raise cotton, wheat,
and rice
• Vindhya mountains separate the plateau from
the Indo-Gangetic Plain
– Much lower than Himalayas (high point about
3,600 feet)
The Ghats
• Two low lying mountain ranges to the east and
west
• Named for the many ghats (passes) that cut
through them
• The Ghats act as natural barriers
Climate
• Monsoons…seasonal wind that dominates the
climate of South Asia
• Two monsoons in South Asia
– The wet monsoon and the dry monsoon
• Wet monsoon...arrive in May or June
– Cool air from the sea flows over hot, dry ground
• Dry monsoon…October…cool air masses from
northern mountains flow back out to sea, drying up
the land
Monsoons
• Key to life for farmers in region
– Timing is key for planting so roots take hold
– If monsoon brings too much rain, seeds can wash
away
• Bangladesh…one of the most densely populated
countries in the world
– Very low lying and flooding results in huge losses of
life
– Prone to cyclones…tropical storms that bring large
waves that wipe out much of the low lying land
Rainfall and Vegetation
• Parts of India are considered the wettest
places on earth
– 425 inches of rain a year
• New York gets 45 inches
• Deccan Plateau is very dry
– Western Ghats keep rainfall out
• India has both tropical rain forests and deserts
Temperatures
• Can be very cold in the high elevations
• Tropical in the rest of South Asia
• Extremely hot in the summer months
– Average temp in May is 100 degrees F
– Mid summer temps climb to 120+
– “Three months hot, nine months hotter”
People
• 1.1 billion…1/5 of world’s population in South
Asia
• ¾ depend on farming
• Most people live in villages
• Very diverse
• Many religions
– Hindus, Muslims, Buddhists, Christians
Early Civilizations
•
•
•
•
Indus River Valley  Present day Pakistan
First civilization emerged around 2600 B.C.
Lasted about 700 years
As of today, we do not know any of the names
of the people who lived during this time
• There are very few written records from this
time period
Planned Cities
• Brick Layers were building advanced cities in
the Indus at the same time the Pyramids were
being built in Egypt (3000-1500 B.C.)
• Mohenjo-Daro and Harappa used
sophisticated city planning
– Each city included a huge warehouse for storage
Planned Cities
• Extensive drainage systems
• Bathrooms and plumbing
• Productive farms around the city with
domestication of animals
• Pictograph writing
Culture
• Few social divisions
• Few conflicts
• Religion was Polytheistic
– Mother goddess of creation
– Worshipped animals (the bull)
– Influenced later religious beliefs
• Evidence of trade with Sumer
– Stamps and seals indicate this
Indus Civilization Declines
• 1900 B.C. – quality of life in Indus Valley
declining
• Populations dwindled to small numbers
• Not sure exactly how this happened
• Some suggestions are:
– Damage to local environment
– Cut too many trees down
– Too much mud from monsoons
Aryan Civilization
• Indo – European Nomads named Aryans emerged
in India
• Early Aryans built no cities and left behind very
little archaeological evidence
• Vedas: collection of hymns, chants, rituals,
religious teachings
– The Vedas tells us most of what we know about the
Aryans
– The Vedas portrayed the Aryans as Nomadic Warriors
Nomads to Farmers
• Aryans eventually gave up nomadic ways to
begin farming and cultivating crops
• 800 B.C. – Aryans learn to make tools and
weapons out of iron
– Tools used for farming
– Weapons used for protection
– Aryan tribes were led by rajahs or skilled war
leaders elected by a committee of other warriors
Aryans Structure Society
• Aryans developed an early Caste System
– Divided in to three social classes
•
•
•
•
Brahmins…priests
Kshatriyas…rulers and warriors
Vaisyas…peasants and traders
Sudras…laborers (added later)
• Your caste determined your place in life
Aryan Religion
• As the Aryans took over India, they adapted
Indus beliefs with their own
– Polytheistic
– Gods were added to the Indus Valley gods
– Eventually, a notion of a single spiritual power was
introduced
• This was know as Brahman
• Brahman is the foundation for Hinduism
Literature tells us about Aryans
• Two long, epic poems tell about Aryan
lifestyles
• Mahabharata
– Tells about Warfare and Religion
• Talks about a battle lasting 18 days through 100,000
verses of poetry
• Ramayana
– Teaches values of Behavior
• Teaches lessons and morals dealing with behavior
Review
1) Which of the following tells us about Aryans?
–
–
–
–
A
B
C
D
Koran
Torah
Vedas
Bible
2) All of the following are classes in the Aryan Caste System
except?
–
–
–
–
A
B
C
D
Blacksmiths
Sudras
Brahmins
Vaisyas
Chapter 3, Section 2
Hinduism and Buddhism
Beliefs of Hinduism Develop
• No single founder and no single sacred text
• Grew from the diverse groups of people who
settled in India
• Started when the Aryans added gods from the
Indus civilization to their own
• Other groups later did the same thing
– This made Hinduism become one of the world’s
most complex religions
Beliefs of Hinduism
• All Hindus share the same basic beliefs
• Hindus believe that everything is part of an
unchanging, all – powerful spiritual force
called Brahman
• Hindus worship many different gods that give
concrete form to Brahman
– Most important gods are: Brahma, the Creator;
Vishnu, the Preserver; Shiva, the Destroyer
Brahma
Vishnu
Shiva
Hindu Texts
• Hindu Texts have been recorded over several
thousand years (and may still be added to)
• Vedas…book of sacred knowledge
• Upanishads…tells of the nature of the
universe (helps to interpret the ideas in the
Vedas)
• Ramayan and Bhagavad Gita provide
guidelines for living and behavior
Moksha is the Goal of Life
• Moksha  achieve union with Brahman, is the
goal of life for all Hindus
– Only a few are believed to achieve Moksha
• To achieve this, individuals must free themselves
from selfish desires
• Moksha is rarely achieved in one lifetime which is
why Hindus believe in reincarnation (rebirth of
the soul in another bodily form)
– This helps individuals continue to work towards
Moksha
Other Beliefs
• Karma  all the actions of a person’s life that
affect his or her fate in the next life
– You can come closer to achieving Moksha if you
obey the laws of Karma
• If you act virtuously you can attain good
karma and are reborn at a higher level of
existence
• If you do evil you attain bad karma and are
reborn into lower existence
Other Beliefs
• Dharma  religious and moral duties of an
individual
– Duties vary according to class, occupation, gender
and age
• Ahimsa  nonviolence
– All people and things are aspects of brahman and
deserve to be respected
– Many Hindus try to follow the concept of Ahimsa
Caste System Develops
• Castes  social groups into which people are
born and which can rarely be changed
• In Hinduism, different castes are different
species of beings
– A high caste Brahmin was purer and closer to
Moksha than someone from a lower caste
– Complex caste rules govern each aspect of life
– For example: where people live, what you eat,
how you dress, your occupation
Caste System
• Rules forbid anyone from marrying someone
that was not in your same caste
• People in the higher castes had the most strict
rules in order to protect them from the
spiritually “polluted” people (lower castes)
• Lower caste people had jobs such as digging
ditches, cleaning streets, etc.
– This made them so impure they were called
“untouchables”
Caste System
• It was believed your karma determined your
specific caste
• However, you could not change your caste
during your lifetime
– You could reach a higher status in a future life by
faithfully fulfilling the duties of your present caste
– The caste system would change and evolve
throughout history to adapt to the times
Teachings of Buddha
• Siddhartha Gautama (reformer from the
Himalaya Mtns) spread ideas across Asia
• This belief system became known as
Buddhism  one of the world’s most
influential religions
• Later became known as the “Enlightened
One” or Buddha
Four Noble Truths
•
Buddha spent the rest of his life teaching
and explaining these things to others
1. All life is full of suffering, pain, and sorrow.
2. The cause of suffering is nonvirtue, or negative
deeds and mindsets such as hatred and desire
3. The only cure for suffering is to overcome
nonvirtue
4. The way to overcome nonvirtue is to follow the
Eightfold Path
Eightfold Path
• Described by Buddha as the “right views, right
aspirations, right speech, right conduct, right
livelihood, right effort, right mindfulness, and
right contemplation”
– The first two steps involved understanding the 4
Noble Truths and committing oneself to the
Eightfold Path
– Next, a person had to live a moral life, avoiding
evil words and actions
Eightfold Path
• After the first two steps are followed:
• A person, through meditation, might achieve
enlightenment
• For a Buddhist, the final goal is nirvana: union
with the universe and release from the cycle
of rebirth
• Through the Eightfold Path Buddha stressed
principles such as honesty, charity, and
kindness to all
Buddhism Beyond India
•
•
Missionaries and traders helped spread
Buddhism across India to many parts of Asia
Buddhism eventually split into two major
groups
1. Theravada Buddhism  closely followed
Buddha’s teachings (very strict)
2. Mahayana Buddhism  easier for ordinary
people to follow. Followers of Mahayana
described afterlives filled with heavens and hells
Powerful Empires in India
Chapter 3, Section 3
Battleground
• Northern India was often a battleground
• Rival rajahs fought for control of the rich
Ganges valley
• Around 321 B.C., the Maurya Empire was
established
Maurya Empire
• Chandragupta Maurya drove out the Greek
garrisons and united the northern plain of
India
• Set up a well organized government
• Appointed many officials (bureaucracy) to rule
the kingdom and taxed heavily
• It was said that the city “was crowned with
530 towers and 64 gates”
Maurya Empire
• Chandragupta protected himself
– Never slept in the same bed for two nights
– Had food tasters
• Under Chandragupta, the empire enjoyed
peace
– Trade prospered
– Government built irrigation systems and
maintained roads
Asoka
• Chandragupta’s grandson and successor
• Brought the empire to the height of its power
• Ruled harshly at first but was sickened by the
suffering
• Led him to spread Buddhist ideals
– Built thousands of stupas (shrines)
– Made pilgrimages
– Sent missionaries to China and Southeast Asia
• Helped to make Buddhism a major religion and spread Indian
culture
Spread of Buddhism
Gupta Empire
• Maurya declined after Asoka’s death
– Northern plain became a battleground again
– Area of disorder for nearly 5 centuries
– Many groups brought new elements of culture
• In 320 AD, Chandragupta I established the
Gupta dynasty
• Lasted until 535 AD.
• India’s Golden Age
Golden Age
• Art, Literature, and Mathematics flourished
during this time period
• Artist painted murals in the Ajanta Caves
detailing the life of the Budha
• Writers produced poems and dramas
– Kalidasa…playwright…wrote Shakuntala which is
till performed today.
• Mathematicians…developed the concept of
zero and invented the decimal system
Invasion from the North
• The Huns invaded, leading to the decline of
the Gupta Empire
• Other groups (Mongols, Afghans, Turks) came
and brought Islam
• Attacked and plundered Indian cities.
• Delhi Sultans…Muslim rulers who set up their
capital at Delhi
• Do not force Muslim but taxed non followers
Rise of Civilization in China
Chapter 3, Section 4
China Set Apart
• Due to geographic barriers it was very difficult
for people to travel into and away from China
– Brutal deserts and high mountain ranges (The Tian
Shan and the Himalayas) to the west and
southwest
– Thick rainforests located to the southeast
– Thick desert to the north
– The Pacific Ocean to east
Shang Dynasty Shapes China
• Formation of Government
– Shang Dynasty was surrounded by walls indicating
the rulers wanted to drive off nomads
– It is suggested that noblewomen had considerable
status during this time
• Social Classes Develop
– Royal Family and Noble Warriors were at the top
– Artisans and merchants were next (middle)
– Majority of people were peasants (bottom)
Zhou Dynasty Furthers China
• The Zhou promoted the idea of The Mandate
of Heaven  The divine right to rule
• The Zhou declared that the cruelty of the last
Shang king outraged the gods
• Later, the Chinese people used the Mandate
of Heaven to explain the Dynastic Cycle the
rise and fall of dynasties
Feudalism
• The Zhou rewarded their supporters with
control over different regions
• This leads China to become a Feudal state
• Feudalism  system of government in which
local lords governed their own lands but owed
military service and other forms of support to
their ruler
Religious Beliefs in China
•
•
•
•
Confucianism
Daoism
Legalism
Buddhism
Confucius
• Philosopher
• Disturbed by the disorder and suffering of
warring states in China
• Spent his life trying to convince rulers to adopt
his ideas about how to restore peace and
ensure harmony
• Taught loyal groups who recorded his
teachings in the Analects
Five Relationships
• Confucius taught that there are five
relationships must govern human society:
– Ruler to ruled
– Father and son
– Older brother and younger brother
– Husband and wife
– Friend and friend
• In all except the last...one has authority
Five Relationships
• In the 5 relationships, the superior person
should set the example for the inferior one
“if a ruler himself is upright, all will go well without
orders. But if he himself is not upright, even
though he gives orders, they will not be obeyed.”
• The superior person is always responsible for
the well-being of the inferior
Filial Piety
• Confucius stressed the relationships among
family members
• Like a ruler, a father must set example for his
son and claim responsibility for actions
• Stressed filial piety...the duty and respect that
children owe their parents
Social Guiding
• Based on ethical and moral value
• Do not do to others what you would not want
done to you
• Family and good of society come before the
individual
• People must accept their place
• Stressed loyalty and hardwork
Daoism
• Started by philosopher Lao Zi
• Emphasized the link between nature and
people
• People should follow the natural way
• People eventually took beliefs and practices
from Daoism and Confucianism and blended
the two together
The Natural Way
• Does not believe in a society of rules
• The best government is the one with the
fewest rules and laws
• It is not the natural way to have many laws
• Put a great emphasis on the way of nature
• Believed that gods controlled forces in nature
Advances of Daoism
• Because of their belief in nature as the
governing force, Daoists made many advances
in the study of nature’s forces
– Increased knowledge of astronomy
• Recorded movement of the planets
– Advances in Chemistry and Biology
– May have developed the compass
Chinese Social System
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•
•
•
Ruling class
Gentry
Peasants
Artisans and Merchants
Gentry
• Wealthy land owners
• They did no manual labor and to show it, they
let their fingernails grow long
• Gentry were well educated and produced
most of the scholars
• These scholars became government officials,
tax collectors, and advisors to the emperor
• Expanded the arts
Peasants
• The majority of the people were peasants
• Some owned their own plots of land while
others were tenant farmers
– Rented the land
• They also made tools and sold cloth
• Lived in villages surrounded by farms
• Paid their taxes and feared the harsh
government
Artisans and Merchants
• Lowest social class
• Although important, they were below the
peasants because they attained their position
on the hard work of the peasants
– Without the peasants, they would not have
products to sell
Social Mobility
• Social mobility in China was possible through
education
– If one was educated, they may gain government
positions
– This is one of the first social class systems we have
seen where movement is possible
– The Chinese believed in education
Chapter 3, Section 5
Strong Rulers Unite China
The First Empire
• After the Zhou, China broke up into a series of
warring states
• 221 B.C. the ruler of the Qin state conquered
his neighbors
• Shi Huangdi (first emperor) established the
Qin Dynasty
Uniting the Empire
• Shi employed legalism to unite China
– Single law code
– uniform weights and measures
– forced peasants to build roads
– burned books that weren’t of medicine,
agriculture or technology
The Great Wall
• Under Shi and the Qin Dynasty, the Great Wall
of China was built
• Connected many walls that had been built in
the past to protect from nomadic invaders
• Extended to nearly more than 2,000 miles
– Many died while building it
– Didn’t keep invaders from attacking
• Did separate civilized China from barbarians
The Great Wall
• Demonstrated the emperor’s ability to
mobilize China’s vast resources
• The Great Wall became an important symbol
to the Chinese people (ancient and today)
• Has become a great tourist attraction today
• The Great Wall showed how powerful China
could be to rest of the world
The Great Wall
• http://www.thebeijingguide.com/great_wall_
of_china/index.html
• http://www.crystalinks.com/chinawall.html
Fall of the Qin
• Although China was united under Shi, his
legalist policies sparked anger
• Upon his death, many revolts broke out and
the Qin Dynasty fell
• Liu Bang was a peasant leader who overthrew
the Qin and established the Han
– Claimed his power came from the Mandate of
Heaven
Han Dynasty
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•
•
•
Lasted for over 400 years
China’s Golden Age
Taken to its height by Emperor Wudi
Established the Silk Road
– Expanded trade to the Middle East
– Carried jade, silk, bronze
Emperor Wudi
• Chose officials that were educated in
Confucius ways
• Set up government monopolies to establish
stability and keep private sellers from
overcharging consumers
– Also gave the government income aside from
taxes
• Expanded China’s borders
Silk Road
• Trade route opened up by Wudi
• Linked China to the west
• Cultural diffusion
– New products introduced to China
– Silk sent west
• Affected all countries along the route
– Trading cities established all along the route
Scholar Officials
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•
•
•
Government adopted Confucius ideals
Leaders were gentlemen and scholars
Used a bureaucratic system
Used the civil service exam
Civil Service Exam
• Han officials believed that one should be
promoted on wisdom (like Confucius)
• Used civil service system to find the most
qualified officials
– Series of exams that tests one’s knowledge
– Anyone could take it (in theory)
– In reality...left for the men and the wealthy
Han Golden Age
• So many advances that China later referred to itself
as “people of the Han”
• Advanced Science
– Better timekeeping
– Seismograph
– Used science to explain phenomena
• Medicine
– Developed early anesthetics
– Acupuncture
– Measured pulse
Han Golden Age
• Technology (Han was the most technologically
advanced in the world)
– Invented paper
– The rudder
– Advanced ships
– Stirrups
– wheelbarrows
Fall of the Han
• Eventually, weak emperors lost control of the
dynasty
– Roads fell to disrepair
– High taxes angered peasants
– Military rulers began to war with one another
– Secret groups of rebels formed and rose up
against the government
– China fell into another era of disunity
Review
1)
Emperor Wudi is responsible for doing all of the following
except?
•
•
•
•
2)
A
B
C
D
Setting up government monopolies
Gave government income aside from taxes
Chose officials educated in Confucius ways
Giving Mr. Herthum a famous handshake
All of the following are advances made in the Han Dynasty
except?
•
•
•
•
A
B
C
D
Baseball Bats
Paper
Ships
Wheelbarrows