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A review of experiments: Abiogenesis vs. biogenisis ABIOGENESIS _________________________________ or spontaneous generation – early theory that life came from non-life Ex: food left out (non-life) had maggots (life) crawling in it a few days later. BIOGENESIS ________________________________ – life from preexisting life How did the maggots really end up on the food? FLIES LAYING EGGS ON THE FOOD AND THE EGGS HATCH. Miller & Urey conducted an experiment. Describe the purpose of this experiment. show how organic compounds were formed from inorganic compounds. They found a.a. (amino acids) which are organic. Important b/c amino acids make proteins which are needed for life. Explain the Endosymbiosis Theory. Eukaryotic cells were formed when smaller prokaryotes moved inside larger prokaryotes and they formed a relationship. Shows evolution of more complex cells. Evolution of Life - the order of their suspected appearance on Earth)he first life forms: Were they? Circle one of the pairs of terms below prokaryotic autotrophic or or Aerobic (used oxygen) eukaryotic heterotrophic or Anaerobic (didn’t use oxygen) Explanation SIMPLEST CELL – NO NUCLEUS HETEROTROPHS JUST EAT FOOD, THEY DON’T ACTUALLY MAKE IT THERE WASN’T ANY OXYGEN ON EARLY EARTH What chemical process occurred that allowed PHOTOSYNTHESIS BECAUSE IT RELEASES OXYGEN there to be aerobic organisms? Based on the info from the table – list the order of organisms as they appeared on E •ANAEROBIC, HETEROTROPHIC PROKARYOTES •ANAEROBIC, AUTOTROPHIC PROKARYOTES •AEROBIC PROKARYOTES •EUKARYOTES Picture Terms Define • Cells that don’t need oxygen anaerobic prokaryotes (heterotrophs) photosynthetic prokaryotes (autotrophs) • Cells without a nucleus • Obtain energy by “eating” • Use light to make food • Cells without a nucleus • Make own food Picture Terms aerobic prokaryotes unicellular eukaryotes multicellular eukaryotes Define • Cells that need oxygen • Cells without a nucleus • One cell • Cells with a nucleus • Many cells • Cells with a nucleus 1 _______Earth is formed with toxic gases, water vapor, and no oxygen 8 _______Eukaryotic cells (more complex cells with a nucleus) form through endosymbiosis 2 _______Earth’s surface cools and water vapor forms oceans as it rains 3 _______Simple organic molecules such as amino acids and carbohydrates form from the thunderstorms _______Protocells (non-living groups of molecules) form and contain RNA 4 6 _______Photosynthetic prokaryotes form adding oxygen to the atmosphere 7 _______Ozone (O3) layer forms from atmospheric oxygen to protect Earth 9 _______Multicellular eukaryotes form 5 _______Prokaryotic cells form. Prokaryotes are simple cells that include bacteria. In its most basic terms, the theory of evolution states CHANGE that species _____________ over time. Lamark – Use Disuse Hypothesis or Passing on of Acquired Characteristics Summarize how Lamark believes the giraffe got its long neck. At first all giraffes had short necks. In order to reach the leaves in the trees the giraffe stretched its neck. All of this stretching actually lengthened the giraffes neck. This was passed onto the offspring and the next generation had longer necks. This kept happening and that is how we have the long neck giraffe today. What is wrong with the inheritance of acquired traits hypothesis? Parents pass DNA (genes) to their kids, not characteristics they obtain during their lifetime. NATURAL ___________ SELECTION ____________ - Organisms with useful traits survive, reproduce, and pass those traits to their offspring. Summarize how Darwin believes the giraffe got its long neck. Giraffes had different length necks to begin with. Those with the longer necks had an advantage and reached the leaves in the trees. These giraffes survived and reproduced and passed the gene for a long neck onto their offspring. SURVIVAL of the FITTEST Darwin described this as _______________________________. The term fitness in an evolutionary sense is a measure of an individual’s ability to survive and reproduce more offspring that can in turn survive and to reproduce. *** ___________ mutate GENES ________________ are selected INDIVIDUALS ______________ POPULATIONS evolve*** small genetic changes in the gene pool of a population GENE POOL all the alleles in a population (look _______________– at the # of B’s vs. the # of b’s) DIRECTIONAL SELECTION – “it pays to be different” – individuals with traits at one end are more common than midrange forms Ex: peppered moths STABILIZING SELECTION – “it pays to be average” – eliminates individuals on both ends of the range and favors midrange individuals Ex: birth weights DISRUPTIVE OR DIVERSIFYING SELECTION – both ends of the range are favored and those in the middle are reduced. Ex: finch beaks Before the Industrial Revolution the trunks of certain trees were a light color. The lighter peppered moths had an advantage over the darker moths. The lighter moths were more likely to survive and reproduce so there were more of them in the population. However, with the Industrial Revolution came pollution. The trees turned dark. Now the darker moths had the advantage. Adaptations are dependent upon the environment. – changes in a species so a new species is formed MACROEVOLUTION GEOGRAPHICAL ISOLATION can _________________________________ lead to the formation of New Species Sometimes organisms of the same species become physically separated. The evolution of separate species is largely due to genetic drift (chance). After a long period of time even if the two groups were to meet back up the organisms may refuse to mate. At this point they would be considered separate species. When one species becomes 2 separate species this is called SPECIATION COEVOLUTION ____________________________ – changes in genetic composition of one species in response to change in another Ex: flowers & pollinators ___________________________ ADAPTIVE RADIATION - the changing of organisms to fit new environments. DIVERGENT EVOLUTION- accumulation of differences _______________________ between groups which can lead to the formation of new species CONVERGENT EVOLUTION- organisms that are __________________________ not closely related evolve similar traits due to living in similar environments. . Genetic drift ___________________________ - random changes in alleles of a gene pool due to chance. Affects smaller populations more. Gradualism - gradual ________________ change over time leads to species formation Punctuated equilibrium _________________________ – evolution occurs in spurts in which there are periods of rapid change in a species followed by periods of little or no change (usually do to major environmental changes) Antibiotics used only when needed and as directed usually overwhelm the bacteria. Too much antibiotic use selects for more resistant mutants. When patients cut short the full course of drugs, the resistant strains have a chance to multiply and spread. 1. Fossil Evidence Fossils show patterns of development LAW OF SUPERPOSITION fossils found _____________________________– deeper down in the strata (rock layers) are older than those found closer to the top. 2. Anatomical structures VESTIGIAL STRUCTURES ◦ ____________________________________ – structures that are present in an organism but reduced in size or have less important function (Ex: wings in flightless birds, hind limbs in whales) HOMOLOGOUS STRUCTURES – ◦ ____________________________________ structures that share a common ancestry (similar structure but different functions) Ex: human arm, bat wing, whales flipper 3. Molecular Evidence for Evolution If species change over time then genes have also changed (DNA fingerprinting) COMMON ANCESTOR _______________________– a species from which 2 or more species have diverged DNA and _________________. PROTEINS Scientists look at _______ The more similar the DNA or protein sequence, between 2 different organisms, the more recently they shared a common ancestor. CLADOGRAMS & PHYLOGENETIC TREES _________________ _________________________ – show how organisms are related through evolution In the cladogram below, the greater the evolutionary distance from humans, the greater the number of amino acid differences in the hemoglobin protein (polypeptide). EMBRYONIC development shows common ancestry •___________________ – similarities in early development show similar genes are at work