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
ABIOGENESIS
_________________________________
or
spontaneous generation – early theory that
life came from non-life
 Ex: food left out (non-life) had maggots (life)
crawling in it.

BIOGENESIS
________________________________
– life from
preexisting life
 How did the maggots really end up on the food?
FLIES LAYING EGGS ON THE FOOD
AND THE EGGS HATCH.
What was the purpose of Miller &
Urey’s experiment?
show how organic
compounds were formed
from inorganic compounds.
They found a.a. (amino
acids) which are organic and
are needed for life.

Explain the Endosymbiotic Theory. How did cells
chanage?
Eukaryotic cells were formed when smaller
prokaryotes moved inside larger prokaryotes and
they formed a relationship. Shows evolution of
more complex cells.
Circle one of the pairs of terms below
prokaryotic
autotrophic
or
or
Aerobic (used oxygen)
eukaryotic
heterotrophic
or
Anaerobic (didn’t use oxygen)
Explanation
SIMPLEST CELL – NO NUCLEUS
HETEROTROPHS JUST EAT
FOOD, THEY DON’T ACTUALLY
MAKE IT
THERE WASN’T ANY OXYGEN
ON EARLY EARTH
What chemical process occurred that allowed PHOTOSYNTHESIS BECAUSE IT
RELEASES OXYGEN
there to be aerobic organisms?
Picture
Terms
Define
• Cells that don’t need oxygen
anaerobic prokaryotes
(heterotrophs)
photosynthetic
prokaryotes
(autotrophs)
• Cells without a nucleus
• Obtain energy by “eating”
• Use light to make food
• Cells without a nucleus
• Make own food
Picture
Terms
aerobic
prokaryotes
unicellular
eukaryotes
multicellular
eukaryotes
Define
• Cells that need oxygen
• Cells without a nucleus
• One cell
• Cells with a nucleus
• Many cells
• Cells with a nucleus

1
_______Earth
is formed with toxic gases, water vapor, and no oxygen

8
_______Eukaryotic
cells (more complex cells with a nucleus) form through endosymbiosis

2
_______Earth’s
surface cools and water vapor forms oceans as it rains

3
_______Simple
organic molecules such as amino acids and carbohydrates form
from the thunderstorms

_______Protocells
(non-living groups of molecules) form and contain RNA
4

6
_______Photosynthetic
prokaryotes form adding oxygen to the atmosphere

7
_______Ozone
(O3) layer forms from atmospheric oxygen to protect Earth

9
_______Multicellular
eukaryotes form

5
_______Prokaryotic
cells form. Prokaryotes are simple cells that include bacteria.
Summarize how Lamark believes the giraffe got its long neck.
At first all giraffes had short necks. In order to reach the leaves
in the trees the giraffe stretched its neck. All of this stretching
actually lengthened the giraffes neck. This was passed onto the
offspring and the next generation had longer necks. This kept
happening and that is how we have the long neck giraffe today.
What is wrong with the inheritance of acquired traits hypothesis?
Parents pass DNA (genes) to their kids, not characteristics they
obtain during their lifetime.
Summarize how Darwin believes the giraffe got its long neck.
Giraffes had different length necks to begin with. Those with the
longer necks had an advantage and reached the leaves in the
trees. These giraffes survived and reproduced and passed the
gene for a long neck onto their offspring.
NATURAL
SELECTION
_______________________________________
- Organisms with useful traits survive,
reproduce, and pass those traits to their offspring.
___________________________
SURVIVAL
of the FITTEST
- measure of an individual’s ability to survive and
reproduce more offspring that can in turn survive and to reproduce.
DESCENT WITH MODIFICATION - we are changed forms of our
____________________________________________
ancestors.

Gradualism - gradual
________________
change over time leads to
species formation
Punctuated equilibrium
_________________________
– evolution occurs in spurts in
which there are periods of rapid
change in a species followed by
periods of little or no change
(usually do to major
environmental changes)
*** ___________
mutate 
GENES
________________
are selected 
INDIVIDUALS
______________
POPULATIONS evolve***


small genetic changes in the gene pool of a
population
GENE POOL all the alleles in a population (look
_______________–
at the # of B’s vs. the # of b’s)
DIRECTIONAL SELECTION
– “it pays to be
different” – individuals with traits at one end are
more common than midrange forms Ex: peppered
moths
STABILIZING SELECTION – “it pays to
be average” – eliminates individuals on both ends
of the range and favors midrange individuals Ex:
birth weights
DISRUPTIVE OR DIVERSIFYING
SELECTION
– both
ends of the range are favored and those in the
middle are reduced. Ex: finch beaks
Before the Industrial Revolution the trunks of
certain trees were a light color. The lighter
peppered moths had an advantage over the
darker moths. The lighter moths were more
likely to survive and reproduce so there
were more of them in the population. However,
with the Industrial Revolution came pollution.
The trees turned dark. Now the darker moths
had the advantage. Adaptations are dependent
upon the ENVIRONMENT.
– changes in a
species so a new species is formed
MACROEVOLUTION
GEOGRAPHICAL
ISOLATION can
_________________________________
lead to the formation of New Species
Sometimes organisms of the same species
become physically separated. The
evolution of separate species is largely
due to genetic drift (chance). After a long
period of time even if the two groups were
to meet back up the organisms may refuse
to mate. At this point they would be
considered separate species. When one
species becomes 2 separate species this
is called SPECIATION

Genetic drift
___________________________ - changes due to
chance. Affects smaller populations more.
COEVOLUTION
____________________________
– changes in
genetic composition of one species in response to
change in another Ex: flowers & pollinators
___________________________
ADAPTIVE RADIATION - the
changing of organisms to fit new environments.
DIVERGENT
EVOLUTION- accumulation of differences
_______________________
between groups which can lead to the formation of new
species
CONVERGENT
EVOLUTION- organisms that are
__________________________
not closely related evolve similar traits due to living in
similar environments. These are
.
ANALOGOUS STRUCTURES

Antibiotics used only when needed and as directed
usually overwhelm the bacteria. Too much antibiotic use
selects for more resistant mutants. When patients cut
short the full course of drugs, the resistant strains have a
chance to multiply and spread.
FOSSILS
1. ____________________
- show patterns of
development
LAW
OF SUPERPOSITION fossils found
_____________________________–
deeper down in the strata (rock layers) are older
than those found closer to the top.
2.
Anatomical structures
VESTIGIAL STRUCTURES
◦ ____________________________________
–
structures that are present in an organism but
reduced in size or have less important function
(Ex: wings in flightless birds, hind limbs in
whales)
HOMOLOGOUS STRUCTURES –
◦ ____________________________________
structures that share a common ancestry (similar
structure but different functions)
Ex: human arm, bat wing, whales flipper
3. Molecular Evidence (DNA, RNA & Proteins)
 If species change over time then genes have also
changed (DNA fingerprinting)


COMMON ANCESTOR
_______________________–
a species from which 2
or more species have diverged
DNA and _________________.
PROTEINS
Scientists look at _______
The more similar the DNA or protein sequence,
between 2 different organisms, the more recently
they shared a common ancestor.

CLADOGRAMS & PHYLOGENETIC
TREES
_________________
_________________________
–
show how organisms are related through
evolution
In the cladogram below, the greater the evolutionary distance from humans,
the greater the number of amino acid differences in the hemoglobin protein
(polypeptide).
EMBRYONIC development shows common ancestry
•___________________
– similarities in early development show similar genes are at work