Download Collocations

Collocations
Definitions
• Collocation in general is a combination of
certain lexical items occur together.
• Its definition varied from one author to another
although they present the same idea.
..
1- According to Prodromuo collocations are either
fixed or more flexible, and the result of many
years of habitual use by fluent speakers of the
language.
2-According to Newmark a collocation is two or
more lexical items co-occur habitually.
3- Ghazal: "It is a combination of two or more •
words that always occur together consistently
in language". in different texts and contexts
• For example: blind confidence ‫ثقة عمياء‬
• 4- McCarthy describes collocations as
marriage relationship between certain
words.
Some Features and
Classification of
Collocations
Some Features and Classification of
Collocations
• 1- Collocations are frequent co-occurrences of
items between which no word can be added. For
example, in knife and fork it is not usual to add
a word to this collocation like, knife, spoon and
fork.
• 2- Cannot be replaced by a synonym or word
• of similar meaning. For example, John makes
a cake; but not John makes a pancake.
Some Features and Classification of
Collocations
• 3- The order of a collocation is more or less
fixed, for example, bread and butter not
*butter and bread.
Types of collocations
Types of collocation
• There are several
different types of
collocation made from
combinations of verb,
noun, adjective etc.
Types of collocation
• Some of the most common types in English are:
• *Adverb + Adjective: completely satisfied (NOT
downright satisfied)
*Adjective + Noun: idle talk
*Noun + Noun: a surge of anger (NOT a rush of anger)
*Noun + Verb: lions roar (NOT lions shout)
*Verb + Noun: commit suicide (NOT undertake suicide)
*Verb + Expression With Preposition: burst into tears
(NOT blow up in tears)
*Verb + Adverb: wave frantically (NOT wave feverishly)
Types of collocation
• Types of Collocations Based on Their cooccurrence:
• 1-Unique collocations:They are fixed and
cannot be replaced by any other words, such as
to "foot the bill" ‫ يسدد الفاتورة‬but to "foot the
invoice" is obviously wrong although they are the
same equivalent of ‫ فاتورة‬.
• 2-Strong collocations: these collocations are
very strong but not unique. They usually have
few other collocates, for example, moved to
tears or reduced to tears "‫"إلى حد البكاء‬.
Types of collocation
• 3-Weak collocations: They refer to a number of
word co-occurrences that can be easily
guessed, e.g. white shirt, a blue shirt, a small
shirt, a long shirt, etc.
• 4-Medium-strength collocations: These
collocations can sometimes be weak collocations
such as to hold a conversation and to make a
mistake. Learners already know each individual
word like to hold and a conversation, but they are
unable to use the words together as a
collocation.
Types of collocation
• Types Based on Their Grammatical Structures:
• 1- Adjective + noun
• This type of collocations are the most common type in
which one can find an identical Arabic equivalent easily
such as:
•
English
Arabic
Raging storm
Fast sleep
Smashing victory
Black market
Vicious crime
‫عاصفة هوجاء‬
‫سبات عميق‬
‫انتصار ساحق‬
‫سوق سوداء‬
‫جريمة نكراء‬
Types of collocation
• Collocations of same type but do not have the same
equivalent in Arabic
Peaceful death
‫موت هادئ‬
Strong tea
‫شاي ثقيل‬
Good day
‫يوم سعيد‬
Weak tea
‫شاي خفيف‬
Problem: Finding the proper Arabic equivalent collocation.
Solution: Exerting some effort and searching in monolingual
and bilingual dictionaries, Islamic books, classic poetry
and literature etc. or bringing the most correct suitable
Arabic translation .
• According to Atallah the translator should
find the right suitable equivalent instead of
giving the literal meaning such as
translating "good reason" as "‫ "سبب وجيه‬not
as "‫( "سبب جيد‬2014).
• 2-Verb + noun
• Commonly used in both languages:
Attend a lecture
‫يحضر محاضرة‬
Score a victory
‫يحرز انتصارا‬
Pay attention
‫يعير االنتباه‬
Make an appointment
‫يأخذ موعدا‬
Spend time
‫يقضي وقتا‬
• Problems: finding the suitable verb equivalent in
Arabic
• Solution: translating verbs literally. For example
‫ يصدر قانونا‬instead of
‫يسن قانونا‬
‫ يفوز‬instead of
‫يحرز انتصارا‬
‫ يسحب سيفا‬instead of
‫يستل سيفا‬
Types of collocation
3- .a- noun + noun
Easy to be found in Arabic , For example
English
Brain drain
Easy bank
Honey moon
Death sentence
Arabic
‫هجرة األدمغة‬
‫بنك المعلومات‬
‫شهر العسل‬
‫حكم اإلعدام‬
Types of collocation
Some collocations have two grammatical structure in
Arabic which are either noun + noun or noun +
adjective, such as:
Nerve cell:
a- noun + noun
‫خلية أعصاب‬
b- noun + adjective
‫خلية عصبية‬
• Problem: finding the suitable equivalent in Arabic,
especially for difficult ones such as " brain drain"
and "attorney general", in which the translator
cannot predict the meaning immediately.
• Solution: avoiding literal translation which will lead
to have wrong Arabic equivalent
Types of collocation
• 3-b- Noun + noun (the of genitive)
Loss of memory (identical)
‫فقدان الذاكره‬
The break of down
‫بزوغ الفجر‬
(Different)
The depth of despair
‫أعماق اليأس‬
(Identical)
The heart of the matter
(Different)
‫حقيقة األمر‬
Types of collocation
• Problem: Some words have difficult equivalents in
Arabic such as "a sigh of relief" "‫ " تنفس الصعداء‬and not
"‫ "بزوغ الفجر" ; "تنهد الراحة‬not ”‫"كسر الفجر‬
• Solution: If it is hard to find the proper Arabic
equivalent the translator can translate into meaning
only such as translating "the throes of death" into
"‫ االحتضار‬/ ‫ الغرغرة‬/‫ "سكرات الموت‬.
•
Types of collocation
• 4- Adjective+ adjective
• Unpredictable: They can have different grammatical
structure in Arabic such as:
• a- preposition+ noun+ noun:
Hale and hearty
‫بصحة جيدة‬
Healthy and well
‫بصحة و عافية‬
Well and good
‫على خير ما يرام‬
Right and proper
‫في أحسن حال‬
Types of collocation
• b- noun+ verb:
Alive and kicking
‫حي يرزق‬
Types of collocation
• 5- Noun +verb
• About the names of sounds
• easy to be translated into Arabic although the Arabic
grammatical structure will be "noun+ noun. For
example:
Bees buzz
‫دوي النحل‬
Bills ring
‫رنين األجراس‬
Cats mew
‫مواء القطط‬
Doors creak
‫صرير األبواب‬
Types of collocation
• Problem: The ability to recognize the
sound of animals , insect or things in
Arabic.
• Solution: the translator has no other
solution than to know the name of
sounds in the target language.
Supervised by: Professor Abdulhadi
Tamim
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Name: Ghadah Mohammed AbuBakr
Master :Translation
Level: 3
Section: A