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Essentials of Management Information Systems, 6e Chapter 6 Chapter 6 Hardware and Software in the Enterprise Hardware and Software in the Enterprise 6.1 © 2005 by Prentice Hall Essentials of Management Information Systems, 6e Chapter 6 Hardware and Software in the Enterprise Objectives 1. Capabilities of computer hardware and computer software. 2. Major issues in the management of hardware and software assets. 6.2 © 2005 by Prentice Hall Essentials of Management Information Systems, 6e Chapter 6 Hardware and Software in the Enterprise Computer Hardware and Information Technology Infrastructure Hardware components of a computer system Figure 6-1 6.3 © 2005 by Prentice Hall Essentials of Management Information Systems, 6e Chapter 6 Hardware and Software in the Enterprise Computer Hardware and Information Technology Infrastructure The Computer System Bit • Binary digit • Represents 0 or 1 Byte • String of eight bits • Stores one number, symbol, character, part of picture 6.4 © 2005 by Prentice Hall Essentials of Management Information Systems, 6e Chapter 6 Hardware and Software in the Enterprise Computer Hardware and Information Technology Infrastructure Bits and bytes Figure 6-2 6.5 © 2005 by Prentice Hall Essentials of Management Information Systems, 6e Chapter 6 Hardware and Software in the Enterprise Computer Hardware and Information Technology Infrastructure The Computer System The Central Processing Unit (CPU) • Arithmetic-Logic Unit: Perform principle logical/mathematical operations • Control Unit (CU): Control and coordinate other parts of computer – Machine Cycle: The series of operations required to process a single machine instruction. 6.6 © 2005 by Prentice Hall Essentials of Management Information Systems, 6e Chapter 6 Hardware and Software in the Enterprise Computer Hardware and Information Technology Infrastructure The CPU and primary storage Figure 6-3 6.7 © 2005 by Prentice Hall Essentials of Management Information Systems, 6e Chapter 6 Hardware and Software in the Enterprise Computer Hardware and Information Technology Infrastructure The Computer System Primary Storage • • • • 6.8 Located near CPU Stores all or part of active software programs Stores operating system programs Stores data the programs are using © 2005 by Prentice Hall Essentials of Management Information Systems, 6e Chapter 6 Hardware and Software in the Enterprise Computer Hardware and Information Technology Infrastructure The Computer System Primary Storage • Composed of semi-conductors – Integrated circuits (ICs) made by printed tiny transistors on small silicon chips. • RAM (random access memory) – Used for short-term, temporary storage. – Any randomly chosen location can be accessed in the same amount of time. – Memory is lost, when power is off. • ROM (read-only memory) – Semiconductor memory chips with burn-in program instructions. – Store important and frequent use programs. 6.9 © 2005 by Prentice Hall Essentials of Management Information Systems, 6e Chapter 6 Hardware and Software in the Enterprise Computer Hardware and Information Technology Infrastructure Computer Processing Microprocessors • Semiconductor chips integrate memory, logic, and control circuits for an entire CPU onto a single chip. • Speed depends on – Number of bits processed at one time (word length). – Amount of data that can be moved between CPU, primary storage, and other devices (data bus width). – Cycle speed (MHz, millions of cycles per second). • RISC (reduced instruction set computing) increases speed by embedding frequently used instructions in a CPS. – Can execute multiple instructions in a single machine cycle. – Used for scientific, workstation computing. 6.10 © 2005 by Prentice Hall Essentials of Management Information Systems, 6e Chapter 6 Hardware and Software in the Enterprise Computer Hardware and Information Technology Infrastructure Computer Processing Parallel processing • Multiple CPUs work simultaneously on same problem by breaking down a problem into smaller parts (with a special software). • More than one instruction processed at a time • Massively parallel computers: use hundreds, thousands of inexpensive and commonly used processing chips. 6.11 © 2005 by Prentice Hall Essentials of Management Information Systems, 6e Chapter 6 Hardware and Software in the Enterprise Computer Hardware and Information Technology Infrastructure Sequential and parallel processing Figure 6-4 6.12 © 2005 by Prentice Hall Essentials of Management Information Systems, 6e Chapter 6 Hardware and Software in the Enterprise Computer Hardware and Information Technology Infrastructure Storage, Input, and Output Technology Secondary Storage Technology • Used for relatively long-term storage of data outside CPU. • Nonvolatile and retain data even when the power is off. • Devices: – Magnetic disk: floppies, hard disks, removable disk drives, RAID (Redundant Array of Inexpensive Disks) – Optical disk (compact disks, CD, or laser optical disks): CD-ROM (compact disk read-only memory, up to 700 MB), CD-RW (CDReWrite), DVD (digital video disk or digital versatile disk, 4.7 GB minimum) – Magnetic tape (inexpensive, sequential access) 6.13 © 2005 by Prentice Hall Essentials of Management Information Systems, 6e Chapter 6 Hardware and Software in the Enterprise Computer Hardware and Information Technology Infrastructure Storage, Input, and Output Technology Storage Networking • Enable firms to manage all storage resources centrally by providing an overall storage plan for all storage devices in the enterprise. • Storage networking arrangements: – direct-attached storage: storage devices are connected and accessed directly through a server. Access bottleneck is possible. – network-attached storage (NAS): RAID with a dedicated server. – storage area networks (SAN): dedicated high-speed storage network. SAN creates a large pool of storage that can be shared by multiple servers and users. 6.14 © 2005 by Prentice Hall Essentials of Management Information Systems, 6e Chapter 6 Hardware and Software in the Enterprise Computer Hardware and Information Technology Infrastructure A storage area network (SAN) Figure 6-5 6.15 © 2005 by Prentice Hall Essentials of Management Information Systems, 6e Chapter 6 Hardware and Software in the Enterprise Computer Hardware and Information Technology Infrastructure Storage, Input, and Output Technology Input and Output Devices • Input devices: Gather data and convert them into electronic form for computer use. • Output devices: Display data after they are processed. 6.16 © 2005 by Prentice Hall Essentials of Management Information Systems, 6e Chapter 6 Hardware and Software in the Enterprise Computer Hardware and Information Technology Infrastructure Storage, Input, and Output Technology Input Devices • • • • • • • • • 6.17 Keyboard and mouse Touch screen Optical character recognition (OCR) Magnetic ink character recognition (MICR) Pen-based input Digital scanner Audio input Sensors Radio-frequency identification (RFID) © 2005 by Prentice Hall Essentials of Management Information Systems, 6e Chapter 6 Hardware and Software in the Enterprise Computer Hardware and Information Technology Infrastructure Storage, Input, and Output Technology Output Devices • Cathode-ray tube (CRT) or video display terminals (VDTs) • Printers • Audio output 6.18 © 2005 by Prentice Hall Essentials of Management Information Systems, 6e Chapter 6 Hardware and Software in the Enterprise Computer Hardware and Information Technology Infrastructure Storage, Input, and Output Technology Batch Processing • Accumulates and stores transactions in group or batch until time to process them • Found primarily in older systems for occasional reporting • Use tape storage Online Processing • Transactions processed immediately • Use disk storage 6.19 © 2005 by Prentice Hall Essentials of Management Information Systems, 6e Chapter 6 Hardware and Software in the Enterprise Computer Hardware and Information Technology Infrastructure Storage, Input, and Output Technology Interactive Multimedia • Integrates sound, video or animation, graphics, text into computerbased application. • Foundation of new consumer products and services: e-books, enewspapers, e-classrooms, video conferencing, imaging design, video/voice mails. • Streaming technology: Technology for transferring and processing data as a steady and continuous stream. • New compression standards: MP3 (MPEG3), Motion Picture Experts Group, audio layer 3. Compress audio files down to one-tenth or onetwelfth of their original size with virtually no loss in quality. 6.20 © 2005 by Prentice Hall Essentials of Management Information Systems, 6e Chapter 6 Hardware and Software in the Enterprise Categories of Computers and Computer Systems Classifying Computers • Mainframe: Largest computer with massive memory and rapid processing power; handles massive amounts of data and complicated processes; used for large business, scientific, military applications. • Midrange computer: Smaller, less expensive minicomputers or servers; used for smaller organizations or managing networks of other computer. – Minicomputers: Used in systems for universities, factories, research labs. – Servers: Manage internal company networks or Web sites. • Server Farm: Large group of servers maintained by a commercial vendor and made available to subscribers for e-commerce and other activities requiring heavy use of servers. 6.21 © 2005 by Prentice Hall Essentials of Management Information Systems, 6e Chapter 6 Hardware and Software in the Enterprise Categories of Computers and Computer Systems Classifying Computers • Personal computer: Portable or desktop microcomputer. • Workstation: More powerful desktop computer used for computation-intense tasks such as mathematical and graphical processing. • Supercomputer: Sophisticated, powerful computer used for tasks requiring rapid, complex calculations; weapons research, weather forecasting. 6.22 © 2005 by Prentice Hall Essentials of Management Information Systems, 6e Chapter 6 Hardware and Software in the Enterprise Categories of Computers and Computer Systems Computer Networks and Client/Server Computing • Distributed processing: Distribution of processing work among multiple computers. – Client/server computing: Splits processing between “clients” and “servers” on network. • Centralized processing: Accomplished by one large central computer. 6.23 © 2005 by Prentice Hall Essentials of Management Information Systems, 6e Chapter 6 Hardware and Software in the Enterprise Categories of Computers and Computer Systems Client/server computing Figure 6-6 6.24 © 2005 by Prentice Hall Essentials of Management Information Systems, 6e Chapter 6 Hardware and Software in the Enterprise Categories of Computers and Computer Systems Types of client/server computing Figure 6-7 6.25 © 2005 by Prentice Hall Essentials of Management Information Systems, 6e Chapter 6 Hardware and Software in the Enterprise Categories of Computers and Computer Systems Network Computers and Peer-to-Peer Computing • Network computer (NC): Simplified desktop computer, does not store data permanently; minimal memory, storage, and processor power; software and application are downloaded as needed. • Peer-to-peer computing: Distributed processing that links computers through Internet or private networks; computers work together without a server or any central controlling authority. (Examples: Kazaa) – Grid computing: Applies unused computational resources of many networked computers to solve a large, complex problem. (Examples: DNA project, Bank-One risk analysis) 6.26 © 2005 by Prentice Hall Essentials of Management Information Systems, 6e Chapter 6 Hardware and Software in the Enterprise Types of Software • Software program: A series of statements or instructions to the computer – Coding, programming, programmer, developer. • Two major types of software: – System software: Generalized programs that manage the computer’s resources (system programmer) – Application software: Programs written for or by users to perform a specific task (application programmer) 6.27 © 2005 by Prentice Hall Essentials of Management Information Systems, 6e Chapter 6 Hardware and Software in the Enterprise Types of Software The major types of software Figure 6-8 6.28 © 2005 by Prentice Hall Essentials of Management Information Systems, 6e Chapter 6 Hardware and Software in the Enterprise Types of Software System Software and PC Operating Systems • Operating system software: Manages the computer system, resources; controls memory, input, output, and task scheduling – Capabilities: multi-programming, virtual storage, time-sharing, multi-processing • Computer language translation programs: Compiles or interprets source code of high-level language programs (C, FORTRAN, BASIC) into object code - machine language the computer can execute • Utility programs: Perform routine, repetitive tasks such as copying, clearing primary storage 6.29 © 2005 by Prentice Hall Essentials of Management Information Systems, 6e Chapter 6 Hardware and Software in the Enterprise Types of Software System Software and PC Operating Systems Operating System Capabilities • Multiprogramming: Concurrent use of CPU by multiple programs • Virtual storage: Breaks programs into smaller portions to read as needed • Time-sharing: Allows many users to share CPU time • Multi-processing: Links two or more CPUs to work in parallel in single computer system 6.30 © 2005 by Prentice Hall Essentials of Management Information Systems, 6e Chapter 6 Hardware and Software in the Enterprise Types of Software System Software and PC Operating Systems PC Operating Systems • Software written for one OS generally cannot run on another • Graphical User Interface (GUI): Make extensive use of icons, buttons, bars, boxes, and windows to perform input tasks. – Become dominant model for user interface for operating systems and applications. 6.31 © 2005 by Prentice Hall Essentials of Management Information Systems, 6e Chapter 6 Hardware and Software in the Enterprise Types of Software System Software and PC Operating Systems Leading PC Operating Systems • • • • • • Windows XP (eXPerience) Home / Professional Windows 2000, high performance for network servers Windows Server 2003, server OS Windows 98/ME (priori to Windows XP) Windows CE, for handheld and wireless devices Unix, reliable, scalable, portable, multi-tasking, multi-processing, multi-user access, networking • Linux, unix OS for PCs, open-source software • Mac OS • DOS, 16-bit OS 6.32 © 2005 by Prentice Hall Essentials of Management Information Systems, 6e Chapter 6 Hardware and Software in the Enterprise Types of Software Application Programming Languages Machine language C 1st generation; binary code; slow and labor intensive Operating systems; application software C++ Object-oriented; application software COBOL Business administration; alphanumeric processing; reporting (Common Business Oriented Language) Visual Basic Visual tool; Windows applications 6.33 © 2005 by Prentice Hall Essentials of Management Information Systems, 6e Chapter 6 Hardware and Software in the Enterprise Types of Software Application Programming Languages 6.34 FORTRAN Processing numeric data; scientific, engineering programs BASIC Used for teaching Pascal Used primarily for teaching programming Assembly language Second generation; close to machine language; system software © 2005 by Prentice Hall Essentials of Management Information Systems, 6e Chapter 6 Hardware and Software in the Enterprise Types of Software Programming Languages and Contemporary Software Tools • Fourth generation languages: Enable end users to develop applications with minimal or no assistance; less procedural • Procedural languages: Require sequence of steps • Nonprocedural languages: Specify tasks but not details on sequence – Natural languages: Nonprocedural languages resembling human speech • Query languages: Software tools for providing online answers to information requests 6.35 © 2005 by Prentice Hall Essentials of Management Information Systems, 6e Chapter 6 Hardware and Software in the Enterprise Types of Software Categories of Fourth-Generation Languages 6.36 PC software tools General-purpose packages WordPerfect, Microsoft Access Query language Retrieve data stored in databases or files SQL Report generator Retrieve data, more formatting control; Crystal Reports Graphics language Retrieve data, graphics format SAS Graph; Systat © 2005 by Prentice Hall Essentials of Management Information Systems, 6e Chapter 6 Hardware and Software in the Enterprise Types of Software Categories of Fourth-Generation Languages 6.37 Application generator Preprogrammed modules FOCUS, Microsoft FrontPage Application software package Commercial software replacing need for custom, in-house software PeopleSoft HCM, SAP R/3 Very high-level programming language Generate code with fewer instructions; productivity tool for programmers APL, Nomad2 © 2005 by Prentice Hall Essentials of Management Information Systems, 6e Chapter 6 Hardware and Software in the Enterprise Types of Software Programming Languages and Contemporary Software Tools Object-Oriented Programming • Combine data and methods (procedures) into one object • Objects are independent, reusable building blocks • Based on concepts of class and inheritance 6.38 © 2005 by Prentice Hall Essentials of Management Information Systems, 6e Chapter 6 Hardware and Software in the Enterprise Types of Software Class and inheritance Figure 6-9 6.39 © 2005 by Prentice Hall Essentials of Management Information Systems, 6e Chapter 6 Hardware and Software in the Enterprise Types of Software Programming Languages and Contemporary Software Tools Java • • • • • 6.40 Object-oriented Platform-independent Robust; handles data, graphics, video, sound Can create “applets”; often used on Web Java applications tend to run slower than “native” programs © 2005 by Prentice Hall Essentials of Management Information Systems, 6e Chapter 6 Hardware and Software in the Enterprise Types of Software Programming Languages and Contemporary Software Tools • Hypertext Markup Language (HTML): Page description language; creates Web pages and other hypermedia documents (instructions are called tags) • XML (eXtensible Markup Language): Describes data as a web document for programs to use; provides standard format for data exchange (DTD, Document Type Definition; Ex., RosettaNet) • XHTML: Reformulates HTML with XML document-type definitions 6.41 © 2005 by Prentice Hall Essentials of Management Information Systems, 6e Chapter 6 Hardware and Software in the Enterprise Types of Software Application Software Packages and Productivity Software • Word processing software: Store data electronically as a computer file; Create, format, print documents, spelling / grammar check, mail merge – Microsoft Word, WordPerfect • Desktop publishing software: Produce professional-quality documents with greater formatting, design capabilities for text, graphics, and photos – Adobe PageMaker, QuarkXpress • Spreadsheets: Display and store data in grid for calculating numerical data; recalculation, modeling, what-if analysis, break-even analysis – Microsoft Excel, Lotus 1-2-3 • Data management software: Store, manipulate data in lists and databases; query, reporting – Microsoft Access, Oracle, Sybase 6.42 © 2005 by Prentice Hall Essentials of Management Information Systems, 6e Chapter 6 Hardware and Software in the Enterprise Types of Software Text and the spell-checking option in Microsoft Word Figure 6-10 6.43 © 2005 by Prentice Hall Essentials of Management Information Systems, 6e Chapter 6 Hardware and Software in the Enterprise Types of Software Spreadsheet software Figure 6-11 6.44 © 2005 by Prentice Hall Essentials of Management Information Systems, 6e Chapter 6 Hardware and Software in the Enterprise Types of Software Data management software Figure 6-12 6.45 © 2005 by Prentice Hall Essentials of Management Information Systems, 6e Chapter 6 Hardware and Software in the Enterprise Types of Software Application Software Packages and Productivity Software • Presentation graphics: Create professional-quality graphics and multimedia presentations – Microsoft PowerPoint, Lotus Freelance Graphics, Aldus Persuasion, Paint-Shop-Pro • Integrated Software Packages and Suites: Combine two or more applications; easy data transfer – Microsoft Office, OpenOffice, StarOffice • E-mail software: Computer exchange of messages; broadcast, forward, attachment • Web browsers: Access and display Web, Internet resources • Groupware: Support activities of workgroups; group writing and commenting, info sharing, e-meeting, scheduling, e-mail – Microsoft Office (business version), Lotus Notes, LiveLink (OpenText), Groov (peer-to-peer) 6.46 © 2005 by Prentice Hall Essentials of Management Information Systems, 6e Chapter 6 Hardware and Software in the Enterprise Types of Software Software for Enterprise Integration and E-Business • Enterprise software: Integrates multiple business processes • Legacy system: System in place for long time • Middleware: Software that connects two disparate systems; in-house or vendor solution • Enterprise application integration (EAI) software: Middleware to create hub connecting applications and application clusters – WebMethods, Tibco, CrossWorlds, SeeBeyond, BEA, Vitria 6.47 © 2005 by Prentice Hall Essentials of Management Information Systems, 6e Chapter 6 Hardware and Software in the Enterprise Types of Software Enterprise application integration (EAI) software versus traditional integration Figure 6-13 6.48 © 2005 by Prentice Hall Essentials of Management Information Systems, 6e Chapter 6 Hardware and Software in the Enterprise Types of Software Software for Enterprise Integration and E-Business • Web services: Universal standards using Internet technology for exchanging data between systems • Web server: Manages requests for Web pages on computer where they are stored • Application server: Middleware software handling application operations between user and back-end business systems 6.49 © 2005 by Prentice Hall Essentials of Management Information Systems, 6e Chapter 6 Hardware and Software in the Enterprise Types of Software A multitiered architecture for e-commerce and e-business Figure 6-14 6.50 © 2005 by Prentice Hall Essentials of Management Information Systems, 6e Chapter 6 Hardware and Software in the Enterprise Types of Software Window on Technology Application Integration to the Rescue • How can enterprise application integration and Web services technology provide value for organizations? • What management, organization, and technology issues should be addressed when making the decision about whether to use these technologies? 6.51 © 2005 by Prentice Hall Essentials of Management Information Systems, 6e Chapter 6 Hardware and Software in the Enterprise Managing Hardware and Software Assets Hardware Technology Requirements For Electronic Commerce and the Digital Firm • Selection and use of computer hardware and software technology can have a profound impact on business performance. • Capacity planning: Process of predicting when a computer hardware system becomes saturated – Max users, future software applications, min response time (Ex. Nasdaq) • Scalability: Ability of a computer, product, or system to expand to serve a larger number of users without breaking down 6.52 © 2005 by Prentice Hall Essentials of Management Information Systems, 6e Chapter 6 Hardware and Software in the Enterprise Managing Hardware and Software Assets Total Cost of Ownership (TCO) of Technology Assets • Includes both direct and indirect costs • Hardware and software acquisitions account for only 20% of TCO • TCO for a PC may run to three times original purchase price • Hidden costs can make distributed architecture more expensive than centralized mainframes – Support staff, down time, network management 6.53 © 2005 by Prentice Hall Essentials of Management Information Systems, 6e Chapter 6 Hardware and Software in the Enterprise Managing Hardware and Software Assets Total Cost of Ownership (TCO) Cost Components • • • • • • • • • 6.54 Hardware acquisition Software acquisition Installation Training Support Maintenance Infrastructure Downtime Space and energy © 2005 by Prentice Hall Essentials of Management Information Systems, 6e Chapter 6 Hardware and Software in the Enterprise Managing Hardware and Software Assets Rent or Build Decisions: Using Technology Service Providers • Storage service provider (SSP): Provides online access to storage devices and storage area network technology – Availability, reliability, flexibility, response time. • Application service provider (ASP): Delivers applications over networks on subscription basis – Payroll, HR, sales force automation, financial management, benefit, tax calculation • Management service provider: Manages applications, systems, security, storage, Web sites, system performance 6.55 © 2005 by Prentice Hall Essentials of Management Information Systems, 6e Chapter 6 Hardware and Software in the Enterprise Types of Software Model of an Application Service Provider (ASP) Figure 6-15 6.56 © 2005 by Prentice Hall Essentials of Management Information Systems, 6e Chapter 6 Hardware and Software in the Enterprise Managing Hardware and Software Assets Rent or Build Decisions: Using Technology Service Providers • Business continuity provider: Defines procedures for recovery from system malfunctions, disaster recovery • Utility computing (on-demand computing, usagebased pricing; IBM): Model in which companies pay only for resources used in a specific time period 6.57 © 2005 by Prentice Hall