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The Renaissance Chapter 13 The Renaissance in Italy Section 1 Francesco Petrarch Italy Florence, Italy Florence Lorenzo Medici Perspective da Vinci Michelangelo Pieta Sistine Chapel Raphael Baldassare Castiglione Niccolo Machiavelli The Renaissance in the North Section 2 The Printing Revolution • Johann Gutenberg printed the first complete edition of the Bible using a printing press with movable type. • Before the printing press, only a few thousand books existed • By 1500, 15 to 20 million books existed. The Printing Revolution • Printed books were cheaper • More people learned to read • Access to knowledge • New ideas and new places. Northern Renaissance Artists • Flanders—A region that included parts of present-day France, Belgium, and the Netherlands. Flemish Painters • Jan van Eyck was an most important Flemish painter – Portrayed townspeople • Patrick Bruegel or “Peasant Bruegel” – Painted scenses of peasant life • Peter Paul Rubens – Portrayed themes in the bible and classical history. Durer: “Leonardo of the North” • Albrecht Durer was affected by the Renaissance of Italy. • In 1494 he traveled to Italy to study the Italian masters. • Applied painting techniques to engraving—artists etches a design on a metal plate with acid and used the plate to make prints Northern Humanists and Writers • Desiderius Erasmus wrote texts on a number of subjects and used his knowledge of classical languages to produce a new Greek edition of the Bible. • Translated the bible into the vernacular – Helped spread the Renaissance to a wider public. Sir Thomas More’s ideal Society • English humanist, Sir Thomas More, pressed for social reform • In Utopia, More describes an idea society in which men and women live in peace and harmony. Rebelais’s Comic Masterpiece • French humanist Francois Rabelais wrote Gargantua and Pantagruel which chronicles the adventures of two gentle giants • A comic tail of travel and war. Shakespeare Writes for All Time • Between 1590 and 1613, the English poet and playwright Shakespeare wrote 37 plays • His work explored the Renaissance ideals • Characters speak in language that common people can understand and appreciate. The Protestant Reformation Section 3 95 Thesis Pope Leo X Holy Roman Emperor Charles V John Calvin Geneva, Switzerland Reformation Ideas Spread Section 4 An Explosion of Protestant Sects • As the reformation grew, so did Protestant sects. • Some sects had radical ideas – Rejecting infant baptisms • Anabaptists sought radical social change – Abolish private property • Most Anabaptists were peaceful -Called for separation of church and state The English Reformation • King Henry VIII broke English ties with the Catholic Church • Henry wanted a divorce from his wife Catherine of Argon but Catholic law does not permit divorces. • Pope refused to annul the marriage. Breaking with the Church • Henry decided to take over the Catholic Church in England • He appointed Thomas Cranmer archbishop of the new church and he annulled the King’s marriage. • Henry married Anne Boleyn which gave birth to a daughter Elizabeth. Breaking with the church • In 1534 Parliament passes the Act of Supremacy, making Henry “the only supreme head on Earth of the Church of England”. Strengthening the church of England • Henry closed Catholic monasteries and convents. • Took their land and give it to nobles and other high ranking citizens so secure their support for the new Anglican Church. • Although under a different name, Henry kept most catholic forms of worship. Religious Turmoil • When Henry died his 9year-old son Edward VI took the throne. • He took steps to make England a true Protestant country. Religious Turmoil • When Edward dies his half-sister Mary Tudor became queen and was determined to return England to the Catholic faith The Elizabethan Settlement • When Mary died the throne passed to 25-year-old Elizabeth who compromised between Protestant and Catholic practices. – The church preserved much catholic ritural but became a firm Protestant nation The Catholic Reformation • During the 1530’s and 1540’s, the pope Paul III set out to revive the moral authority of the Church and roll back the Protestant tide. Council of Trent • Pope called on the Council of Trent in 1545 which reaffirmed the traditional Catholic views that Protestants had challenged • The Council also took steps to end church abuses – Penalties for corruption among the clergy. Founding the Jesuites • In 1540 the pope recognized a new religious order, the society of Jesus, or Jesuits founded by Ignatius of Loyola. • Spiritual and moral discipline, rigerous religious training, and absolute obedience to the Church • The Jesuits embarked on a crusade to defend and spread the Catholic fiath worldwide. Legacy of the Catholic Reformation • By 1600, the majority if Europeans remained catholic. • Church abuses were reduced as charity flourished Widespread Persecution • Both Catholic and Protestants fostered intolerance and persecuted radical sects like Anabaptists, people they thought were witches. • Between 1450 and 1750, tens of thousands of women and men died as victims of which hunts Witch Hunts Persecution • Women were usually accused of being witches. • Witches practiced magic with the aid of the devil, thus witches were seen as antiChristian. Persecuting Jews • In Italy, Jews were pressured to convert to Christianity. • In 1516, Venice ordered Jews to live in a separate quarter of the city called the ghetto. • When the Reformation began and Jews refused to convert, Luther called them to be expelled and for their synagogues to be burned. The Scientific Revolution Section 5 Nicolaus Copernicus Johannes Kepler Galileo Scientific Method Robert Boyle Isaac Newton