Download chapter11 - Northside Middle School

Chapter 11
The Late Middle Ages:
Crisis and Disintegration in the
Fourteenth Century
Discussion Questions
What impact did the Black Death have on medieval
European society?
How did the Black Death affect urban and family life?
What were the causes of the Hundred Years’ War?
Who was Joan of Arc and what role did she play in the
Hundred Years’ War?
How did the Hundred Years’ War impact the relations
between the English King and his Parliament?
Why did the stay at Avignon lead to a decline in papal
prestige?
How was the Great Schism finally ended?
How did Dante, Chaucer and Christine de Pisan reflect the
values of their respective societies?
A Time of Troubles: Black Death
and Social Crisis
End of Medieval Warm Period
“Little Ice Age”
The Great Famine (1315 – 1317)
The Black Death
The Black Death
Most devastating natural disaster in European
History
Bubonic Plague
Rats and Fleas
Yersinia Pestis
Originated in Asia
Arrived in Europe in 1347
Mortality reached 50 – 60 percent in some areas
Wiped out between 25 – 50 percent of European
population (19 – 38 million dead in four years)
Plague returns in 1361 – 1362 and 1369
The Culprits
©2003 Wadsworth, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Thomson Learning™ is a trademark used herein under license.
Spread of the Black Death
The Symptoms
Bulbous
Septicemic Form:
almost 100%
mortality rate.
From the Toggenburg Bible, 1411
Lancing a Buboe
The Disease Cycle
Flea drinks rat blood
that carries the
bacteria.
Bacteria
multiply in
flea’s gut.
Human is infected!
Flea bites human and
regurgitates blood
into human wound.
Flea’s gut clogged
with bacteria.
Life and Death: Reactions to the
Plague
Plague as a punishment from God
The flagellants
Attacks against Jews
Violence &/or Excess Libation
Art, Pessimism
Boccocio, Decameron
p. 307
“The Dance of Death”
The preacher in the pulpit
Oh, rational creature(1), be [you] poor or rich.
See here the mirror(2), young and old,
and consider also, each of you,
that nobody can stay away,
when Death comes, as you see here.
Have we then made much good,
then we can become one with God.
We shall receive reward for everything.
And dear children, I will advise you,
that you do not lead your lambs astray,
but show a good example,
before Death so quickly stands by you!
The Dead Collectors
Bring out your dead!
The Danse Macabre
Boccaccio in The Decameron
The victims ate lunch with their
friends and dinner with their
ancestors.
Attempts to Stop the Plague
A Doctor’s
Robe
“Leeching”
Attempts to Stop the Plague
Flagellanti:
Self-inflicted “penance” for our sins!
Attempts to Stop the Plague
Pograms against the Jews
“Jew” hat
“Golden Circle”
obligatory badge
Death Triumphant !:
A Major Artistic Theme
A Little Macabre Ditty
“A sickly season,” the merchant said,
“The town I left was filled with dead,
and everywhere these queer red flies
crawled upon the corpses’ eyes,
eating them away.”
“Fair make you sick,” the merchant said,
“They crawled upon the wine and bread.
Pale priests with oil and books,
bulging eyes and crazy looks,
dropping like the flies.”
A Little Macabre Ditty (2)
“I had to laugh,” the merchant said,
“The doctors purged, and dosed, and bled;
“And proved through solemn disputation
“The cause lay in some constellation.
“Then they began to die.”
“First they sneezed,” the merchant said,
“And then they turned the brightest red,
Begged for water, then fell back.
With bulging eyes and face turned black,
they waited for the flies.”
A Little Macabre Ditty (3)
“I came away,” the merchant said,
“You can’t do business with the dead.
“So I’ve come here to ply my trade.
“You’ll find this to be a fine brocade…”
And then he sneezed……….!
The Mortality Rate
35% - 70%
25,000,000 dead !!!
Economic Dislocation and Social
Upheaval
Labor Shortage + Falling prices for agricultural
products = Drop in aristocratic incomes
Statute of Laborers (1351) : Limit Wages
Social Mobility
Peasant Revolts
Jacquerie in France (1358)
English Peasants’ Revolt (1381)
Revolts in the Cities
Ciompi Revolt in Florence (1378)
p. 309
War and Political Instability
The Hundred Years’ War (Outline)
French Attack on English Gascony (1337)
Edward III of England claims French Crown
Differences in the armies
Battle of Crecy (1346)
Henry V (1413 – 1422)
• Battle of Agincourt (1415)
Charles the Dauphin (heir to the French throne)
Joan of Arc (1412 – 1431)
• Siege of Orleans
• Captured by allies of the English in 1430
• Burned at the Stake (1431)
Gunpowder
War Ends with French victory (1453)
1. Controversy Over Succession
The French nobility selected Philip
of Valois, a cousin of the last king
through the male line.
Preferred Choice
Primogeniture not fully established
yet
In 1340, Edward claimed the title
“King of France.”
Chart 11-1, p. 311
2. Fr. Land Belonging to Br. Kings
Issue of Lands
Is it French or
English?
Edward (King of
Eng) was a
VASSAL of
Phillip (King of
France)
3. Conflict Over Flanders
The ‘dagger’ pointing
at the ‘heart’ of
England!
Wool industry.
What else you
Notice??
Flanders wants its
independence from
French control.
Asks England for help.
4. A Struggle for National Identity
France was NOT a
united country before
the war began.
The French king only
controlled about half
of the country.
Military Characteristics
The War was a series of short raids and
expeditions
Few Major Battles
The relative strengths of each country
dictated the sporadic nature of the struggle.
French Advantages
Population of about 16,000,000.
Far richer and more populous than England.
At one point, the French fielded an army of
over 50,000  at most, Britain mustered only
32,000.
British Advantages
Weapons Technologies.
In almost every engagement, the
English were outnumbered.
Britain’s Strategy
The Longbow as a Weapon
The use of the English
defensive position was
the use of the longbow.
Its arrows had more
penetrating power than a
bolt from a crossbow.
A longbow could be fired
more rapidly.
6 arrows per minute.
The British Longbow:
The Battle of Poitiers, 1356
p. 312
Early English Victories
The Effective Use of the Cannon at
Poitiers, 1356
French Confusion
The English captured the French king,
John II [r.1350-1364].
France was now ruled by the Estates General
• Created in 1355
• Nobles, Townsfolk
• Secure funds
The Jacquerie, 1358
Following Poitiers humiliation, rebellion
Rural
Economic/Political Grievances exacerbated
by warfare
Defeated
p. 320
p. 309
Trouble in England
Peasant Revolt in 1381 was put down by
King Richard II
[r. 1377-1399].
After charges of tyranny, Richard II was
forced to abdicate in 1300.
Parliament elected Henry IV
[r. 1399-1413], the first ruler from the House
of Lancaster.
Henry avoided war taxes.
He was careful not to alienate the nobility.
Therefore, a truce was signed ending French
and British hostilities [for the time being, at
least].
Synthesis
In your Notes
What were the immediate economic and
political result thus far?
How might the black death have made this
worse?
What were the major advantages of the two
sides?
King Henry V (r. 1412-1422)
Renewed his family’s
claim to the French
throne.
At Agincourt in 1415
Most one sided battle in
history (probably)
Henry Gaines control
of Pairs, Normandy,
and most of Northern
France!
http://www.chronique.com/Library/
Knights/crispen.htm
A Burgundian Presence
Treaty of Troyes (1420)
Charles VI’s son [the future Charles VII],
was declared illegitimate and disinherited.
Henry V married Catherine, the daughter
of Charles VI.
Henry was declared the legitimate heir
to the French throne!
A final English victory seemed assured,
but both Charles VI and Henry V died in
1422.
This left Henry’s infant son, Henry VI [r.
1422-1461], to inherit BOTH thrones.
The French “Reconquest”
Death of Henry V and
Charles VI began the last
stage of war
1422-1453
Joan of Arc plays huge
role
With Charles VII, now
Fr. King
Raise the Siege of
Orleans
Begin Reconquista of
France
Joan of Arc (1412-1432)
The daughter of prosperous
peasants from an area of Burgundy
that had suffered under the
English.
Like many medieval mystics, she
reported regular visions of divine
revelation.
Her “voices” told her to go to the
king and assist him in driving out
the English.
She dressed like a man and was
Charles’ most charismatic and
feared military leader!
Cannons Used at Orleons
Joan Announces the Capture of Orleans
to the King
Joan of Arc (1412-1432)
She brought inspiration and a sense of national identity
and self-confidence.
With her aid, the king was crowned at Reims [ending
the “disinheritance”].
She was captured during an attack on Paris and fell
into English hands.
Because of her “unnatural dress” and claim to divine
guidance, she was condemned and burned as a heretic
in 1432.
She instantly became a symbol of French resistance.
Joan as a “Feminist” Symbol
Today?
The End of the War
Despite Joan’s capture, the
French advance continued.
By 1450 the English had lost all
their major centers except Calais.
In 1453 the French armies
captured an English-held fortress.
This was the last battle of the war.
There was not treaty, only a
cessation of hostilities.
France Becomes Unified!
France in 1453
France in 1337
Political Instability
Breakdown of Feudal Institutions
Scutage
New Royal Dynasties
Financial Problems
Parliaments gain power
Western Europe: England and
France
England: Edward III (1327 – 1377)
Parliament
• House of Lords
• House of Commons
England: War of the Roses
France: Charles VI (1380 – 1422)
France: Civil War
Burgundy and Orleans
Germany & Italy
The German Monarchy
Breakup of the Holy Roman Empire
Hundreds of States
Elective Monarchy
• The Golden Bull (1356)
• Weak kings
The States of Italy
Lack of centralized authority
Republicanism to Tyranny
Development of regional states
• Milan
• Florence
• Venice
The Ponte Vecchio – Venice
The Decline of the Church
Boniface VIII and the Conflict with the State
Boniface VIII (1294 – 1303)
• Conflict with Philip the Fair of France
• Unam Sanctam (1302)
• Captured by French at Anagni
Clement V
The Papacy at Avignon (1305 – 1378)
Stay at Avignon leads to a decline in papal prestige
Captives of the French monarchy
New Sources of revenue
Catherine of Siena (c. 1347 – 1380)
Bridge at Avignon – The City of the Popes
The Great Schism
Papacy returns to Rome in 1378
Rival Popes elected
Pope Urban VI
Pope Clement VII
The Great Schism divides Europe
Council of Pisa (1409)
Deposed both popes and elected a new pope
Popes refuse to step down
Results in three popes
Council of Constance (1414 – 1418)
End of the Schism
Pope Martin V (1417 – 1431)
The Concilair Movement
New calls for solving problems
Marsiglio of Padua
• Wrote “Defender of the Peace”
Denies temporal authority can be controlled by
spiritual
Many clergy take up this conciliarism
movement
Results In council of Pisa (see last slide)
Three popes
Decline of the Church
Death and Destruction
People worried about salvation
Many clergy fled the Black Death
Church fails to provide spiritual comfort
Good works begin to take importance
Charity, etc.
Culture and Society in an Age of
Adversity
The Developments of Vernacular Literature
Dante Alighieri (1265 – 1321)
• The Divine Comedy (1313 – 1321)
Geoffrey Chaucer (c. 1340 – 1400)
• The Canterbury Tales
Christine de Pizan (c. 1364 – 1400)
• The Book of the City of Ladies (1404)
Art and the Black Death
Giotto (1266 – 1337)
Ars Moriendi
Change & Invention
Changes in Urban Life
Greater Regulation
Marriage
Gender Roles
• Male: Active and Domineering
• Women: Passive and Submissive
Medicine]
Medical schools---Salerno, Montpellier, Bologna, Oxford, Padua,
and Paris.
Midwives, barber-surgeons
Inventions and New Patterns
The Mechanical Clock
• New Conception of Time
Gunpowder
Mechanical Clock in the Prague Town Hall
Discussion Questions
What impact did the Black Death have on medieval
European society?
What were the causes of the Hundred Years’ War?
Who was Joan of Arc and what role did she play in the
Hundred Years’ War?
How did the Hundred Years’ War impact the relations
between the English King and his Parliament?
Why did the stay at Avignon lead to a decline in papal
prestige?
How was the Great Schism finally ended?
How did Dante, Chaucer and Christine de Pisan reflect the
values of their respective societies?
How did the Black Death affect urban and family life?
Web Links
ORB – Online Reference Book for Medieval
Studies
The End of Europe’s Middle Ages
The Black Death, 1347 – 1350
Medieval Dance of Death
De Re Militari – Society for Medieval Military
History
The Age of King Charles V
The World of Dante
Geoffrey Chaucer