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Sponges, Cnidarians, and Worms Table of Contents What Is an Animal? Animal Symmetry Sponges and Cnidarians Worms Sponges, Cnidarians, and Worms The Animal Kingdom Chapter 1 Sponges, Cnidarians and Worms Sponges, Cnidarians, and Worms - What Is an Animal? The Animal Kingdom Click the Video button to watch a movie about the animal kingdom. Sponges, Cnidarians, and Worms - What Is an Animal? Animal Characteristics Animals are many-celled, eukaryotic organisms that must find and digest food. Most can move from place to place. Sponges, Cnidarians, and Worms - What Is an Animal? Structure of Animals The cells of most animals are organized into higher levels of structure, including tissues, organs, and systems. Sponges, Cnidarians, and Worms - What Is an Animal? Animal Symmetry All animals have body symmetry. Symmetry is the balanced arrangement of body parts. Three types: Bilateral Symmetry —just one line that divides an animal into two halves that are mirror images. Radial Symmetry —many lines that pass through a central point: like spokes on a wheel. Asymmetrical —no symmetry Sponges, Cnidarians, and Worms - What Is an Animal? Animal Symmetry Bilateral Radial Asymmetrical Sponges, Cnidarians, and Worms - What Is an Animal? Animal Classification There are 9 animal phyla: Phylum Porifera —sponges Phylum Cnidaria —jellyfish, corals, sea anemones Phylum Platyhelminthes —flatworms Phylum Nematoda —roundworms Phylum Annelida —segmented worms Sponges, Cnidarians, and Worms - What Is an Animal? Animal Classification Phylum Mollusca —snails, clams, octopus, squid Phylum Echinodermata —starfish, sea urchin Phylum Arthropoda —insects, crabs, spiders Phylum Chordata —vertebrates Sponges, Cnidarians, and Worms - What Is an Animal? This branching tree shows how the major animal groups are related. Sponges, Cnidarians, and Worms - What Is an Animal? Vertebrates and Invertebrates The first eight phyla in the animal kingdom are invertebrates—animals without backbones. 95% of all animals are invertebrates. Sponges, Cnidarians, and Worms - What Is an Animal? Invertebrates Click the Video button to watch a movie about invertebrates. Sponges, Cnidarians, and Worms - What Is an Animal? The chordate phylum represents the only group of vertebrates— animals with a backbone and inside skeleton (endoskeleton). Sponges, Cnidarians, and Worms - Sponges and Cnidarians Phylum Porifera: Sponges Characteristics: Simplest animals. Porifera means “porebearer” in Latin. Bodies covered with pores and are made of different types of cells but no tissues. Sponges don’t wear square pants!!!! Sponges, Cnidarians, and Worms - Sponges and Cnidarians Phylum Porifera: Sponges Over 5000 species of all shapes and colors. All live in water—mostly salt water. Asymmetrical—no definite shape. Evolved over 600 million years ago. Sponges, Cnidarians, and Worms - Sponges and Cnidarians Body structure Hollow, sac-like body with a large opening at the top called an osculum and many small openings on the side called pores. Sponges, Cnidarians, and Worms - Sponges and Cnidarians Sponges are filter-feeders Water enters through the pores and leaves through the osculum. Collar cells filter and digest bacteria, algae and protists. Sponges, Cnidarians, and Worms - Sponges and Cnidarians Structure of a Sponge Activity Click the Active Art button to open a browser window and access Active Art about the structure of a sponge. Sponges, Cnidarians, and Worms - Sponges and Cnidarians Phylum Porifera: Sponges Sponges reproduce in two ways: Asexually —budding or regeneration Sexually —produce sperm and egg cells. Sponges are hermaphrodites (produce both sperm and egg cells): However, they cannot fertilize their own eggs. Sponges, Cnidarians, and Worms - Sponges and Cnidarians Phylum Porifera: Sponges Sperm cells from one sponge enter another and are taken to the egg cells. A fertilized egg develops into a free-swimming larva. The larva attaches to a rock and becomes an adult sponge. Sponges, Cnidarians, and Worms - Sponges and Cnidarians The sexual reproduction of sponges involves a larval stage that moves. Adult sponges stay in one place. Sponges, Cnidarians, and Worms - Sponges and Cnidarians Phylum Cnidaria: Jellyfish, Corals, Sea Anemones and Hydra Characteristics: Tentacles with stinging cells called, cnidocysts. “Cnidos” is Greek for “stinging nettle”. Sponges, Cnidarians, and Worms - Sponges and Cnidarians Over 9,000 species ranging in size from microscopic to 70m long. Live in water—mostly salt water. Radial symmetry. Bodies have tissues but no organs. Evolved 600 million years ago. Sponges, Cnidarians, and Worms - Sponges and Cnidarians The stinging cells (cnidocysts) come equipped with harpoon-like stingers called nematocysts. Sponges, Cnidarians, and Worms - Sponges and Cnidarians The stings of some jellyfish can be quite painful, causing reactions ranging from a mild rash to death. The Australian Box Jelly is the most poisonous—killing victims in under 5 min. Wounds from the sting of a box jelly Sponges, Cnidarians, and Worms - Sponges and Cnidarians Australian Box Jellyfish Close-up showing eye spot Sponges, Cnidarians, and Worms - Sponges and Cnidarians Cnidarians come in two shapes: Polyp—vase-shaped, sessile cnidarians. Medusa—umbrella-shaped mobile cnidarians. Medusa Polyp Sponges, Cnidarians, and Worms - Sponges and Cnidarians Cnidarians Cnidarians have two basic body plans, the vase-shaped polyp and the bowl-shaped medusa. Sponges, Cnidarians, and Worms - Sponges and Cnidarians Examples of Cnidarians: Jellyfish —live as both a polyp and medusa (mostly as a free-swimming medusa). Sponges, Cnidarians, and Worms - Sponges and Cnidarians Reproduction in Jellyfish Sperm and egg cells are released into the water where they unite. Fertilized eggs develop into a larva that attaches to a rock. A larva becomes a sessile planula, which grows a mouth and tentacles and is now called a polyp. The polyp divides into a stack of saucer-like structures that swim away as adult medusas. Sponges, Cnidarians, and Worms - Sponges and Cnidarians Cnidarians The life cycle of a moon jelly has both a polyp and a medusa stage. Sponges, Cnidarians, and Worms - Sponges and Cnidarians Hydra —small polyps attached to rocks in freshwater streams and ponds. Can reproduce asexually by budding. Adult hydra with bud Sponges, Cnidarians, and Worms - Sponges and Cnidarians Corals and Sea Anemones —polyps that live attached to rocks on the ocean floor or in large colonies called reefs. Sponges, Cnidarians, and Worms - Sponges and Cnidarians Coral Reefs Coral Reefs A coral reef is made of billions of skeletons of dead corals that are covered by a layer of living coral polyps. Sponges, Cnidarians, and Worms - Sponges and Cnidarians Largest = Great Barrier Reef of Australia (1200 miles long and 48 miles wide). Very diverse habitats (home to 35,000 to 60,000 different species). All are located between 300 N and 300 S latitude. Sponges, Cnidarians, and Worms - Sponges and Cnidarians Types of Coral Reefs Fringing reef—forms close to the shoreline of islands or continents. Barrier reef—located farther out. Separated from land by a lagoon. Atoll—formed when fringing reef shrinks— sometimes at the top of a mid-ocean volcano. Fringing reef Barrier reef Atoll Sponges, Cnidarians, and Worms - Sponges and Cnidarians Importance of the Coral Reef: Help protect the shoreline from storms. Important source of food and shelter for many other marine organisms. Easily damaged by pollution, careless boaters and careless divers. Reef balls are used to repair damage reefs. Sponges, Cnidarians, and Worms - Worms Phylum Platyhelminthes: Flatworms All have flat, legless bodies with no internal body cavity. Some are free-living, some are parasites. All have bilateral symmetry. Three examples: tapeworms, flukes, and turbellarians. Sponges, Cnidarians, and Worms - Worms Tapeworms —parasitic flatworms that live in the intestines of a host animal. Feed on the host’s digested food. Size: 6-12 meters. Humans can catch a tapeworm from eating undercooked beef, pork or fish. Sponges, Cnidarians, and Worms - Worms Flukes —parasitic flatworms that live inside the bodies of humans and animals. Shistosoma is a blood fluke found in polluted water. It kills 200 million people a year by blocking arteries of infected people. Sponges, Cnidarians, and Worms - Worms Turbellarians —free-living flatworms. Most live in the ocean. Ocean turbellarian Sponges, Cnidarians, and Worms - Worms The planarian is a fresh-water turbellarian. It swims using cilia and can reproduce both asexually, by regeneration, and sexually. It has two eyespots on the anterior end that respond to light. Sponges, Cnidarians, and Worms - Worms Phylum Nematoda: Roundworms Long, tapered bodies with a true body cavity between their layers of tissue. All have a complete, one-way digestive tract. Most are free-living, however, some are serious human parasites. Sponges, Cnidarians, and Worms - Worms Parasitic roundworms include: Hookworms—caught by walking barefoot in tropical soil. Larva travel to the intestines, lungs or brain. Hookworm Sponges, Cnidarians, and Worms - Worms Trichina—caught by eating undercooked pork. Causes muscle pain and breathing problems. Trichina Sponges, Cnidarians, and Worms - Worms Ascaris—caught by eating ascaris eggs found in contaminated food. Worms live in intestines of host. Common in puppies and kittens. Ascaris Sponges, Cnidarians, and Worms - Worms Pinworms—caught by ingesting pinworm eggs. Causes an “itchy bum”. It is the most common human intestinal parasite. Pinworm Sponges, Cnidarians, and Worms - Worms Heartworm— roundworm parasite of dogs only. Transmitted by mosquitoes. Easily prevented but difficult to treat once diagnosed. Heartworm Sponges, Cnidarians, and Worms - Worms Phylum Annelida: Segmented Worms Tube-shaped bodies with segments. “Annelid” means “little rings”. Some are free-living in soil, saltwater or freshwater. Others are parasites. Sponges, Cnidarians, and Worms - Worms Three classes: marine worms, earthworms, and leeches. Sponges, Cnidarians, and Worms - Worms Segmented Worms Earthworms and other segmented worms have bodies made up of many linked sections called segments. Sponges, Cnidarians, and Worms - Worms Marine Worms —over 6,000 species of segmented worms that live in the ocean. Move using parapodia Include: giant tube worms, sand worms, bristle worms, and feather-dusters. Sponges, Cnidarians, and Worms - Worms Leeches —external parasites that feed on the blood of a host. Formerly used in blood-letting. Currently used in microsurgery. Sponges, Cnidarians, and Worms - Worms Earthworms —free-living annelids found in the soil. Have complete body systems: circulatory, respiratory, digestive, nervous, and reproductive.