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BIOLOGY II Chapter 7: Skeletal System
NAME_________________________
I. Bone Structure
A. Bone Classification
1. The four classes of bone according to shape are _______________________________________________________
2. Examples of long bones are ______________________________________________________________________
3. Short bones are shaped like _______________________________________________________________________
4. Examples of short bones are ______________________________________________________________________
5. Flat bones are _________________________________________________________________________ structures.
6. Examples of flat bones are _______________________________________________________________________
7. Irregular bones have a variety of ___________________________________________________________________
8. Examples of irregular bones are ___________________________________________________________________
9. Round bones are also called ______________________________________________________________________
10. Sesamoid bones are __________ and __________ and embedded within __________________________________
11. An example of a sesamoid bone is the _____________________________________________________________
B. Parts of a Long Bone
1. An expanded end of a long bone is called an _________________________________________________________
2. An epiphysis articulates with _____________________________________________________________________
3. Articular cartilage is located ______________________________________________________________________
4. The shaft of a long bone is called a _________________________________________________________________
5. Periosteum is __________________________________________________________________________________
6. Periosteum functions to __________________________________________________________________________
7. Processes provide sites for _______________________________________________________________________
8. The wall of the diaphysis is composed of ________________________________________________________bone.
9. Compact bone has ______________________________________________________________________________
10. The epiphyses are largely composed of_________________________________________________________bone.
11. Spongy bone consists of bony plates called _________________________________________________________
12. A bone usually has ____________________________________________________________________________
13. A semirigid tube with a hollow chamber called____________________ _____________ runs through the diaphysis.
14. Endosteum lines ______________________________________________________________________________
15. Endosteum contains _______________________________________________________________________ cells.
16. The tissue that fills the spaces of bone is called ______________________________________________________
17. The two forms of marrow are ____________________________________________________________________
C. Microscopic Structure
1. Introduction
a. Bone cells are called ____________________________________________________________________
b. Lacunae are ___________________________________________________________________________
c. Lacunae form__________________________around __________________________________________
d. Osteoctyes transport ____________________________________________________________________
e. Cellular processes of osteocytes pass through _________________________________________________
f. The extracellular matrix of bone is composed of _______________________________________________
2. Compact Bones
a. An osteon is ___________________________________________________________________________
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b. The substance of compact bone is formed from _______________________________________________
c. Each central canal contains _______________________________________________________________
d. Perforating canals connect ________________________________________________________________
e. Perforating canals contain ________________________________________________________________
3. Spongy Bone
a. Spongy bone is also composed of__________________________and ______________________________
b. Unlike compact bone, the bone cells do not __________________________________________________
c. Instead the cells lie within ________________________________________________________________
d. Osteocytes get nutrients from _____________________________________________________________
II. Bone Development and Growth
A. Introduction
1. Parts of the skeleton begin to form _________________________________________________________________
2. Bony structures continue to grow until ______________________________________________________________
3. Bones form by replacing _________________________________________________________________________
4. Intramembranous bones originate within ____________________________________________________________
5. Endochondral bones originate _____________________________________________________________________
B. Intramembranous Bones
1. Examples of intramembranous bones are ____________________________________________________________
2. Osteogenesis is ________________________________________________________________________________
3. During their development,_________________________________________ appear at the sites of their future bones.
4. __________________________supply the connective tissue layers.
5. Osteoblasts are ________________________________________________________________________________
6. Osteoblasts deposit _____________________________________________________________________________
7. Spongy bone can become ________________________________________________________________________
8. As development continues, osteoblasts may become surrounded by _______________________________________
9. Extracellular matrix enclosing the processes of osteoblasts gives rise to ____________________________________
10. Once isolated, osteoblasts become ________________________________________________________________
11. Periosteum comes from _________________________________________________________________________
12. Compact bone is formed by _____________________________________________________________________
13. Intramembranous ossification is __________________________________________________________________
C. Endochondral Bones
1. Most of the bones of the skeleton are _______________________________________________________________
2. Endochondral bones develop as ___________________________________________________________________
3. Eventually the cartilage __________________________________________________________________________
4. As the cartilage decomposes, ____________________ forms from ________________________________________
5. __________________________invade the disintegrating tissue.
6. Some of the cells differentiate into _________________________________________________________________
7. Osteoblasts form _______________________________________________________________________________
8. Endochondral ossification is ______________________________________________________________________
9. The primary ossification center is __________________________________________________________________
10. Secondary ossification centers appear ______________________________________________________________
11. The epiphyseal plate is _________________________________________________________________________
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D. Growth at the Epiphyseal Plate
1. In a long bone, the diaphysis is separated from the epiphysis by __________________________________________
2. The cartilaginous cells form _________________________________________________________________ layers.
3. The first layer is composed of _____________________________________________________________________
4. The first layer anchors ___________________________________________________________________________
5. The second layer includes ________________________________________________________________________
6. As new cells appear, the cartilaginous plate __________________________________________________________
7. The third layer is formed by ______________________________________________________________________
8. The cells of the third layer________________________________________________________ the epiphyseal plate.
9. The fourth layer is composed of ___________________________________________________________________
10. Osteoclasts break down _________________________________________________________________________
11. Osteoclasts originate from _______________________________________________________________________
12. Osteoclasts secrete ____________________________________________________________________________
13. Osteoclasts phagocytize ________________________________________________________________________
14. After osteoclasts remove the extracellular matrix________________ invade the region and ____________________
15. A long bone continues to lengthen while ___________________________________________________________
16. Lengthening of the bone is no longer possible once ___________________________________________________
17. The medullary cavity forms when _________________________________________________________________
18. The bone in the __________________________________________________________________ remains spongy.
19. Hyaline cartilage on the ends persists as ____________________________________________________________
E. Homeostasis of Bone Tissue
1. Throughout life, osteoclasts ______________________________________________________________________
and osteoblasts ___________________________________________________________________________________
2. About of bone calcium is exchanged each year.
F. Factors Affecting Bone Development, Growth, and Repair
1. Factors that affect bone development, growth and repair include __________________________________________
2. Vitamin D is necessary for _______________________________________________________________________
3. Lack of vitamin D can lead to the diseases ___________________________________________________________
4. Vitamin A is necessary for _______________________________________________________________________
5. Vitamin C is required for ________________________________________________________________________
6. Growth hormone stimulates ______________________________________________________________________
7. In children, the absence of growth hormone leads to ___________________________________________________
8. An excess of growth hormone before the epiphyseal plates ossify leads to __________________________________
9. In adults, an excess of growth hormone leads to _______________________________________________________
10. Thyroxine can halt _______________ by causing ____________________________________________________
11. Parathyroid hormone stimulates __________________________________________________________________
12. Sex hormones promote _________________________________________________________________________
13. Sex hormones also stimulate _____________________________________________________________________
16. Females typically reach their maximum heights earlier than males because _________________________________
17. Physical stress stimulates _______________________________________________________________________
III. Bone Function
A. Support and Protection
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1. Bones give shape to_____________________________________________________________________________
2. The bones of _____________________________________________________________ support the body’s weight.
3. The bones of the skull protect _____________________________________________________________________
4. The bones of the _________________________________________________________ protect the heart and lungs.
5. Bones of the pelvic girdle protect __________________________________________________________________
B. Blood Cell Formation
1. Hematopoiesis is _______________________________________________________________________________
2. Blood cell formation begins ______________________________________________________________________
3. Later in development, blood cells are made __________________________________________________________
4. Marrow is ___________________________ within____________________________________________________
5. Red marrow functions in _________________________________________________________________________
6. Red marrow occupies ___________________________________________________________________________
7. With increasing age, ___________________________________________________________ replaces red marrow.
8. Yellow marrow stores ___________________________________________________________________________
9. In an adult, red marrow is primarily found ___________________________________________________________
C. Inorganic Salt Storage
1. Extracellular matrix of bone tissue includes __________________________________________________________
2. The salts account for ____________________________________________________________________by weight.
3. Hydroxyapatites are ____________________________________________________________________________
4. The body requires calcium for ____________________________________________________________________
5. When blood calcium is _________, parathyroid hormone stimulates _______________________________________
6. Very high blood calcium levels inhibit ______________________________________________________________
7. Calcitonin stimulates ____________________________________________________________________________
8. Bone tissue contains lesser amounts of ______________________________________________________________
IV. Skeletal Organization
A. Number of Bones
1. The number of bones in a human skeleton is around ___________________________________________________
2. Flat bones of the skull are tightly joined by __________________________________________________________
B. Divisions of the Skeleton
1. Two major portions of the skeleton are ______________________________________________________________
2. The axial skeleton contains _______________________________________________________________________
3. The skull is composed of_________________________________________________________________________
4. The hyoid bone supports _________________________________________________________________________
5. The hyoid bone is located ________________________________________________________________________
6. The vertebral column consists of___________________________________________________________________
7. The distal end of the column is formed by the_______________________and the ____________________________
8. The coccyx is also called the ______________________________________________________________________
9. The thoracic cage is composed of __________________________________________________________________
10. The appendicular skeleton consists of ______________________________________________________________
11. The pectoral girdle is formed by __________________________________________________________________
12. The pectoral girdle connects _____________________________________________________________________
13. The pectoral girdle aids in _______________________________________________________________________
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14. Each upper limb consists of _____________________________________________________________________
15. The humerus, radius, and ulna articulate ____________________________________________________________
16. The wrist bones are called _______________________________________________________________________
17. The bones of the palm are called __________________________________________________________________
18. Bones in the fingers are called ___________________________________________________________________
19. The pelvic girdle is formed by ___________________________________________________________________
20. The pelvic girdle connects_______________________________________________________________________
21. The pelvic girdle, sacrum, and coccyx form the ______________________________________________________
22. Each lower limb consists of _____________________________________________________________________
23. The femur and tibia articulate with each other at _____________________________________________________
24. The kneecap is called the _______________________________________________________________________
25. The ankle bones are ____________________________________________________________________________
V. Skull
A. Introduction
1. A human skull usually consists of __________________________________________________________________
2. The moveable bone in the skull is the _______________________________________________________________
3. Some cranial and skull bones together form the _______________________________________________ of the eye.
B. Cranium
1. The cranium encloses and protects _________________________________________________________________
2. The surface of the cranium provides attachments for ___________________________________________________
3. Sinuses are ___________________________________________________________________________________
4. Sinuses reduce__________________________and increase _____________________________________________
5. The eight bones of the cranium are _________________________________________________________________
6. The frontal bone forms __________________________________________________________________________
7. The supraorbital foramen is__________________and allows _____________________ to pass to tissues of the head.
8. The sinuses of the frontal bone are called ____________________________________________________________
9. The two halves of the frontal bone fuse together by ____________________________________________________
10. One parietal bone is located _____________________________________________________________________
11. Together the parietal bones form__________________________________________________________________
12. The sagittal suture fuses ________________________________________________________________________
13. The coronal suture fuses ________________________________________________________________________
14. The occipital bone joins the parietal bones along the __________________________________________________
15. The occipital bone forms the _____________________________________________________________________
16. The foramen magnum is ________________________________________________________________________
17. Occipital condyles are located ____________________________________________________________________
18. Occipital condyles articulate with _________________________________________________________________
19. A temporal bone on each side of the skull joins the parietal bone along a __________________________________
20. The temporal bones form _______________________________________________________________________
21. The opening leading inward to parts of the ear is called ________________________________________________
22. Mandibular fossae articulate with _________________________________________________________________
23. The mastoid process is a site of attachment for _______________________________________________________
24. The styloid process is a site of attachment for ________________________________________________________
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25. The carotid canal is near th__________________________and transmits __________________________________
26. The jugular foramen is__________________________and accommodates the ______________________________
27. The zygomatic process projects__________________________and joins the _______________________________
28. The sphenoid bone helps form the ________________________________________________________________
29. The sella turcica is__________________________and holds the ________________________________________
30. The sinuses of the sphenoid bone are called _________________________________________________________
31. The ethmoid bone is located _____________________________________________________________________
32. It consists of two masses joined by ________________________________________________________________
33. The cribiform plates form _______________________________________________________________________
C. Facial Skeleton
1. The facial skeleton consists of____________________immovable bones and a movable _______________________
2. The facial bones provide sites of attachment for _______________________________________________________
3. The__________________________forms the upper jaw.
4. Portions of the maxillary bones also comprise ________________________________________________________
5. The maxillary bones also contain ___________________________________________________ for the upper teeth.
6. Inside the maxillae, lateral to the nasal cavity are ______________________________________________________
7. The maxillary sinuses extend from__________________________to ______________________________________
8. During development, portions of the maxillary bones called____________________grow together and form _______
9. The alveolar arch is _____________________________________________________________________________
10. __________________________occupy cavities in this arch.
11. The palatine bones are ____________________________________________________________________ shaped.
12. The palatine bones are located ___________________________________________________________________
13. The horizontal portions of the palatine bones form ____________________________________________________
14. The perpendicular portions of the palatine bones help form the __________________________________________
15. Zygomatic bones are responsible for _______________________________________________________________
16. Each zygomatic bone has ___________________process which extend sposteriorly to join ____________________
17. Lacrimal bones are located ______________________________________________________________________
18. The nasal bones form the bridge of ________________________________________________________________
19. The nasal bones are attachments for _______________________________________________________________
20. The vomer is located ___________________________________________________________________________
D. Infantile Skull
1. At birth, the skull is __________________ developed with_________________connecting the cranial bones.
2. Fontanels are __________________________________________________________________________________
3. Fontanels permit _______________________________________________________________________________
4. Eventually fontanels _______________ and cranial bones ______________________________________________
VI. Vertebral Column
A. Introduction
1. The vertebral column extends from___________________to _____________and forms _______________________
2. The vertebral column is composed of______________________that are separated by _________________________
3. The vertebral column supports the _________________________________________________________________
4. The vertebral column protects _____________________________________________________________________
5. The spinal cord passes through ____________________________________________________________________
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6. An infant has ___________________________________________________ separate bones in the vertebral column
7. The sacrum is formed by _________________________________________________________________________
8. The coccyx is formed by _________________________________________________________________________
9. An adult vertebral column has _______________________________________________________________ bones.
10. The four curvatures of the vertebral column are ______________________________________________________
B. A Typical Vertebra
1. The body of a vertebra forms _____________________________________________________________________
2. The intervertebral discs are fastened to ______________________________________________________________
3. The discs cushion and soften ______________________________________________________________________
C. Cervical Vertebra
1. There are ______________________________________________________________________ cervical vertebrae.
2. The transverse processes of cervical vertebrae are distinctive because ______________________________________
3. The spinous processes of the second through the sixth cervical vertebrae are ________________________________
4. The vertebra prominens is ________________________________________________________________________
5. The atlas is ___________________________________________________________________________________
6. The atlas supports ______________________________________________________________________________
D. Thoracic Vertebra
1. There are ______________________________________________________________________ thoracic vertebrae.
2. The facets of thoracic vertebrae articulate with ________________________________________________________
3. The bodies of thoracic vertebrae are adapted to _______________________________________________________
E. Lumbar Vertebra
1. There are _______ lumbar vertebrae and they are located _______________________________________________
2. The bodies of lumbar vertebrae are ___________________________________________ than the superior vertebrae.
F. Sacrum
1. The sacrum is __________________________________________________________________________ in shape.
2. The median sacral crest is ________________________________________________________________________
3. Posterior sacral foramina are ______________________________________________________________________
4. The sacrum is wedged between__________________________and is united to them at its _____________________
5. The sacrum forms the _____________________________________________________________ wall of the pelvis
6. The sacral promontory is _________________________________________________________________________
G. Coccyx
1. The coccyx is the lowest part of ___________________________________________________________________
2. Sitting presses on the coccyx, and it moves____________________acting like a _____________________________
VII. Thoracic Cage
A. Introduction
1. The thoracic cage includes _______________________________________________________________________
2. The thoracic cage supports__________________________and protects ____________________________________
B. Ribs
1. The usual number of ribs is _______________________________________________________________________
2. The true ribs are _______________________________________________________________________________
3. The false ribs are _______________________________________________________________________________
4. Floating ribs are _______________________________________________________________________________
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9. Costal cartilages are composed of __________________________________________________________________
10. Costal cartilages are attached to the _____________________________________________________ ends of a rib.
C. Sternum
1. The sternum is located __________________________________________________________________________
2. The three parts of the sternum are __________________________________________________________________
3. The________________________process projects downward.
4. The manubrium articulates with ___________________________________________________________________
5. The manubrium and body articulate with ____________________________________________________________
VIII. Pectoral Girdle
A. Introduction
1. The four parts of the pectoral girdle are _____________________________________________________________
2. The pectoral girdle supports______________________and is an attachment for______________________________
B. Clavicles
1. A clavicle has an __________________________________________________________________________ shape.
2. Clavicles run between ___________________________________________________________________________
3. The sternal ends of the clavicles articulate with _______________________________________________________
4. The acromial ends of the clavicles articulate with ______________________________________________________
5. The clavicles brac__________________________and are attachment sites for _______________________________
C. Scapulae
1. The scapulae are shaped like ______________________________________________________________________
2. The spine of a scapula divides_____________________________________________________________________
3. The acromion process forms ______________________________________________________________________
IX. Upper Limb
A. Introduction
1. The bones of the upper limb form __________________________________________________________________
2. The bones of the upper limbs are __________________________________________________________________
B. Humerus
1. The humerus extends from _______________________________________________________________________
2. The head of the humerus fits into __________________________________________________________________
8. Two condyles at the lower end of the humerus are _____________________________________________________
9. The capitulum is on the _______________________________________________________ side and articulates with
10. The trochlea is on the _______________________________________________________ side and articulates with
11. Epicondyles are located__________________________and provide attachments for _________________________
C. Radius
1. The radius is located on the ________________________________________________________ side of the forearm
2. The radius extends from ____________ to___________
3. The head of the radius articulates with ______________________________________________________________
4. The radial tuberosity is an attachment site for _________________________________________________________
5. The styloid process is located _____________________________________________________________________
D. Ulna
1. The trochlear notch of the ulna is __________________________________________________________________
2. The trochlear notch articulates with ________________________________________________________________
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3. The olecranon process is located ___________________________________________________________________
4. The head of the humerus articulates laterally with _____________________________________________________
5. The styloid process of the ulna is located ____________________________________________________________
E. Hand
1. The hand is made of ____________________________________________________________________________
2. The bones of the wrist are called ___________________________________________________________________
3. The individual names of the 8 carpals are ____________________________________________________________
4. The anterior surface of the wrist is concave to allow for _________________________________________________
5. The metacarpals form the framework of _____________________________________________________________
10. The finger bones are ___________________________________________________________________________
11. Each finger has __________ phalanges and the thumb has ____________________________________ phalanges.
X. Pelvic Girdle
A. Introduction
1. The pelvic girdle consists of ______________________________________________________________________
2. The pelvis is formed by __________________________________________________________________________
3. The pelvic girdle supports ________________________________________________________________________
4. The pelvic girdle provides attachments for__________________________and protects ________________________
5. The body’s weight is transmitted through the pelvic girdle to____________and then onto ______________________
B. Coxae
1. Each coxa develops from the following three parts _____________________________________________________
2. The acetabulum is ______________________________________________________________________________
3. The acetabulum receives _________________________________________________________________________
5. The ilium forms the prominence of _________________________________________________________________
6. The iliac crest is _______________________________________________________________________________
12. The lowest portion of the coxa is _________________________________________________________________
13. The ischium is __________________________________________________________________________ shaped.
14. The ischial tuberosity points _____________________________________________________________________
15. The ischial tuberosity supports the body during ______________________________________________________
19. The symphisis pubis is _________________________________________________________________________
20. The pubic arch is ______________________________________________________________________________
21. The obturator foramen is ________________________________________________________________________
C. Greater and Lesser Pelves
1. The pelvic brim would be marked if ________________________________________________________________
2. The pelvic brim separates ________________________________________________________________________
3. The greater (true) pelvis is bounded posteriorly by____
laterally by________and anteriorly by ________________
4. The lesser (false) pelvis supports __________________________________________________________________
D. Differences Between Male and Female Pelves
1. Usually the female iliac bones are ________________________________________________ than those of the male.
2. The female hips are usually _____________________________________________________ than those of the male.
3. The angle of the female pubic arch may be ___________________________________________________________
4. The female pelvic cavity is usually ________________________________________________ than that of the male.
5. The bones of the female pelvis are_____________________and show less evidence of ________________________
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XI. Lower Limb
A. Introduction
1. The bones of the lower limb form the framework of____________________________________________________
2. The bones of the lower limb are ___________________________________________________________________
B. Femur
1. The femur extends from _________________________________________________________________________
2. The head of the femur projects ____________________________________________________________________
3. The fovea capitis is__________________________and marks the attachment of _____________________________
4. The neck of the femur is _________________________________________________________________________
5. Two large processes below the neck of the femur are ___________________________________________________
C. Patella
1. The patella is a ____________________ bone located in ________________________________________________
2. The patella controls _____________________________________________________________________________
D. Tibia
1. The shinbone is ________________________________________________________________________________
2. The tibia is located on _______________________________________________________________________ side.
3. The medial and lateral condyles of the tibia articulate with ______________________________________________
4. The tibial tuberosity is located ____________________________________________________________________
E. Fibula
1. The fibula is on the ________________________________________________________________ side of the tibia.
2. The head of the fibula articulates with ______________________________________________________________
3. The lateral malleolus articulates with _______________________________________________________________
F. Foot
1. The foot is made of _____________________________________________________________________________
2. The ankle or tarsus is composed of _________________________________________________________________
3. The talus articulates with__________________________and can move ____________________________________
4. The seven tarsal bones are ________________________________________________________________________
5. The largest talus is the ___________________________________________________________________________
6. The calcaneous helps support _____________________________________________________________________
7. The metatarsus consists of________________________________________________________________________
XII. Life-Span Changes
A. An incremental decrease in height begins at about_____________________________________________________
B. __________________________of the vertebrae may contribute to loss of height.
C. As calcium levels fall, bones become__________________________and prone to ___________________________
D. Gradually, __________________ come to outnumber _________________________________________________
E. By age all adults start to lose bone mass.
F. __________________________bone shows signs of aging first.
G. Compact bone loss begins around the age of _________________________________________________________
H. In the first decade following menopause__________________________of trabecular bone is lost
and_______________________of compact bone is lost in women.
I. The most common fractures in the elderly are _________________________________________________________
J. To preserve skeletal health _______________________________________________________________________
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