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Chapter 4 Textbook The Skeletal System Chapter-Opening Question It is important for astronauts to exercise in space because without exercise, they would experience rapid loss of bone mass and strength due to time spent outside the earth’s gravitational field. Lesson 4.1 Bone as a Living Tissue Before You Read Do all bones have the same internal structure? No; cortical bone, which makes up the outer surfaces of all bones and the long bones of the limbs, is dense with a relatively high mineral content. It has relatively high strength, low flexibility, and low shock-absorbing ability. By contrast, trabecular bone, which is found in the interior of the vertebrae, femoral neck, and wrist and ankle bones, is porous with a relatively low mineral content. It has low strength but more flexibility and shock-absorbing ability. When and why do bones stop growing? Bones grow in diameter throughout most of life, but longitudinal growth stops during or shortly after adolescence, when the epiphyseal plate dissolves. What practices can make bones stronger or weaker? Physical activity, especially dynamic activities such as running and jumping, makes bones stronger. A sedentary lifestyle and reduced forces such as gravity makes bones weaker. Check Your Understanding, page 111 1. support, protection, movement, storage, and blood cell formation 2. to act as a storehouse for fat in the body and to aid in blood cell formation Check Your Understanding, page 113 1. 60% to 70% 2. a protein that provides bone’s flexibility 3. on the outer layer of a bone and in the long bones of the arms and legs 4. in the interior of bones and in the bones of the spinal column 5. long, short, flat, and irregular Check Your Understanding, page 117 1. The periosteum is a fibrous connective tissue that surrounds and protects the diaphysis, contains blood and lymph vessels, and is involved in bone growth, repair, and nutrition. 2. The endosteum lines the medullary cavity; it is inside the periosteum. 3. articular cartilage 4. Osteoblasts build new bone tissue; osteoclasts resorb or eliminate weakened or damaged bone tissue. 5. As we age, there is a progressive loss of collagen, the substance that provides elasticity in the body. Without collagen and the elasticity it provides, adults become more vulnerable to bone fractures. Check Your Understanding, page 119 1. Hypertrophy occurs when bones are subjected to strong force, such as in those who are more physically active, those who are heavier, and those who perform dynamic activities that involve landing impacts. 2. Atrophy is caused by a reduction of forces such as gravity. It is common among elite swimmers, astronauts, and bedridden people. Caption Questions Figure 4.1: Trabecular bone is spongy and flexible; cortical bone is stiff and generally stronger. Figure 4.5: Spongy trabecular bone and Haversian canals are both tube-like structures inside bone that, to some, might resemble subway tunnels. Figure 4.6: during or shortly after adolescence Figure 4.7: the circumference Figure 4.8: in his dominant upper arm Taking It Further, page 118 1. Regular physical activity has been shown to aid in bone remodeling and hypertrophy. In addition, repetition of physical activity and the amount of force involved in impacts contribute to remodeling and hypertrophy. 2. Answers will vary. Know and Understand 1. The skeletal system provides support for the trunk and limbs; protection for the delicate internal organs; movement (walking, running, jumping, etc.); storage for minerals that the body needs; and blood cell formation. 2. Cortical bone is dense and stiff, whereas trabecular bone is spongy and porous. 3. The diaphysis is the shaft of the long bone, and the epiphysis is the bulbous ending. The periosteum surrounds the exterior of the diaphysis, and the endosteum lines the medullary cavity inside the diaphysis. Analyze and Apply 4. Osteoblasts and osteoclasts both serve important, complementary functions during bone growth. Osteoblasts create bone tissue, and osteoclasts clean up old bone tissue. 5. Damage to the epiphyseal plate could affect the ability of the child’s long bones to grow in length. In the Lab 6. Answers will vary. Examples include the arms and legs (long bones), the wrists and ankles (short bones), the 1 bones of the skull (flat bones), and the bones of the spinal column and hip girdle (irregular bones). Lesson 4.2 The Axial Skeleton Before You Read Why is the skull composed of multiple bones? to allow for movement, and change in size and shape in response to force Why is the spine curved instead of straight? to protect the spinal cord, support the weight of the trunk, and allow flexibility in multiple directions Check Your Understanding, page 123 1. the axis and the appendages 2. the skull, spinal column, and thoracic cage 3. Sutures hold the bones of the skull together. These joints permit a very small amount of movement, which gives compliance and elasticity to the skull. 4. The fontanels enable compression of the skull during birth, and brain growth during late pregnancy and early infancy. 5. frontal bone (forehead), parietal bones (top and sides of the skull—2), temporal bones (surrounding the ears—2), occipital bones (base and lower back portion of the skull), ethmoid bones (part of the nasal septum), and sphenoid bone (located centrally within the skull) 6. maxillary (upper jaw—2), palatine (posterior of the hard palate—2), zygomatic (cheekbones—2), lacrimal (connecting to the orbits—2), nasal (bridge of the nose—2), vomer (bony nasal septum), concha (sides of the nasal cavity—2), and mandible (lower jaw bone) Check Your Understanding, page 127 1. cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacrum, and coccyx 2. When the body is in an upright position, the vertebrae farther down the spine (the lumbar region) support more weight than the vertebrae near the top of the spine (the cervical region); therefore, the vertebrae in the lumbar region are larger. 3. Intervertebral disks serve as shock absorbers and allow the spine to bend. Check Your Understanding, page 128 1. the ribs, sternum, and thoracic vertebrae 2. the manubrium, the body of the sternum, and the xiphoid process 3. twelve pairs 4. eight ribs Figure 4.16: False ribs do not attach to the sternum. Know and Understand 1. The axial skeleton provides stability to the core of the body. It includes the skull, spinal column, and thoracic cage. 2. cranial bones and facial bones 3. Sutures and fontanels are features of the skull that allow movement, however small. 4. cervical region (7), thoracic region (12), lumbar region (5), sacrum (5), and coccyx (4) 5. the vertebral body, vertebral arch, transverse process, spinous process, and superior and inferior articular processes 6. the mandible Analyze and Apply 7. Their fontanels, or soft spots, on the baby’s skull have not yet closed, so the baby’s brains are not fully protected; also, babies cannot support their own head weight, making them vulnerable to cranial injury. 8. All three are conditions of abnormal spinal curvature, but each involves a different region of the spine. Lordosis is an exaggeration of the lumbar curve, kyphosis is an accentuation of the thoracic curve, and scoliosis is any lateral deviation of the spine. 9. Because intervertebral discs are made of fibrocartilage, a pliant substance, they are able to provide cushioning between vertebral bodies and allow for bending. 10. True ribs attach directly to the sternum, false ribs attach to the cartilage of the seventh rib rather than the sternum, and floating ribs don’t attach to the sternum at all. 11. The thoracic and sacral curves are the primary spinal curves, and the lumbar and cervical curves are the secondary spinal curves. The primary curves are present at birth; the secondary curves develop after the baby begins to raise the head, sit, and stand. In the Lab 12. Axial skeleton models will vary, but all major bones, as shown in the text, should be labeled. Lesson 4.3 The Appendicular Skeleton Before You Read Figure 4.10: Twenty-two bones make up the skull, and they are held together by sutures. Why are there two bones in the forearm? One bone (the radius) articulates with the wrist on the thumb side. The other (the ulna) articulates with the humerus at the humeroulnar joint (elbow), and it attaches to the wrist on the “little finger” side. This framework allows the forearm and hand to freely rotate. Figure 4.11: The sacrum is made up of five bones, and the coccyx is made up of four bones. These bones differ from those of the other three regions of the vertebral column because they contain vertebrae that are fused together. What are the best and worst design features of the hip joint? The hip joint is stable because the femur fits snugly into the acetabulum of the hip, but the neck of the femur is vulnerable to hip fractures. Figure 4.13: superior and inferior articular processes Check Your Understanding, page 134 Caption Questions Figure 4.15: genetic or congenital abnormalities, or habitual subjection of the spine to asymmetrical forces Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology 1. the shoulder complex, arms, wrists, hands, pelvic girdle, legs, ankles, and feet Chapter 4 Answer Key 2 2. the left and right clavicles, left and right scapula, and glenohumeral joint 3. the radius 4. 27 Check Your Understanding, page 137 1. 2. 3. 4. the coxal bones (hip bones) and the sacrum the ilium, ischium, and pubis the femur The toes increase the surface area of the foot during weight-bearing activities, thereby increasing body stability. Caption Questions Figure 4.21: the radius Figure 4.23: Similarities: The phalanges of both the hand and the foot are divided into distal, middle, and proximal phalanxes and are followed by a set of bones with the prefix meta-. Differences: The metatarsals of the foot each have three parts, and the metacarpals of the hand are just one piece. Also, sections of the phalanges in the foot are longer than sections in the phalanges of the hand. Figure 4.24: The pelvic bones of a female are wider, allowing for classification. Figure 4.25: The neck of the femur is the part of the femur most vulnerable to fracture. Figure 4.29: The arches of the foot compress during the weight-bearing phase of our gait, and then act as springs, rebounding to their original shape during the propulsive phase of the gait. Know and Understand 1. The bones of the pectoral girdle, the clavicle and the scapula, serve as sites of attachment to many muscles, as well as to the acromioclavicular and sternoclavicular joints, which enable motion of the arms at the shoulders in so many different directions. 2. the ulna 3. to allow for pregnancy and childbirth 4. the tibia Analyze and Apply 5. The bones of the pectoral girdle attach to many muscles and joints, allowing for movement. The pelvic girdle does not have these attachments. 6. The framework made up of the radius, which articulates with the wrist on the thumb side, and the ulna, which articulates with the humerus at the humeroulnar joint and attaches to the wrist on the “little finger” side, is what allows the forearm and hand to freely rotate. 7. Metatarsals and phalanges increase the area of the foot during weight-bearing activities (such as walking), thus increasing body stability. Without this stability, you would not be able to walk properly. In the Lab 8. Appendicular skeleton models will vary, but all major bones, as shown in the text, should be labeled. Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology Lesson 4.4 Joints Before You Read Why do some joints permit little to no movement? These joints provide stability and protection against injury. How do joints avoid damage from frictional wear over time? cushioning from bursae, synovial fluid secreted by tendon sheaths, and articular fibrocartilage Caption Questions Figure 4.31: ball-and-socket joints Know and Understand 1. “Bones articulate together” means that they come together at the joint. 2. sutures (skull) and syndesmoses (coracoacromial joint or distal tibiofibular joints) 3. synchondroses (sternocostal joints or epiphyseal plates) and symphyses (vertebral joints or pubic symphysis) 4. gliding (intercarpal), hinge (interphalangeal), pivot (atlantoaxial), condyloid (radiocarpal), saddle (carpometacarpal), and the ball-and-socket (hip) Analyze and Apply 5. Cartilage cushions joints, reduces friction and wear, and absorbs shock at the joint. 6. Joints that provide little to no movement are important because they provide stability and protection for vital organs. 7. The joints are no longer being properly lubricated and protected, making movement more difficult and increasing the likelihood of injury. In the Lab 8. Pictures and illustrations will vary, but the joints should be properly labeled. Lesson 4.5 Common Injuries and Disorders of the Skeletal System Before You Read What is the female athlete triad and why is it potentially deadly? The female athlete triad is a condition that involves a combination of disordered eating, amenorrhea, and osteoporosis. It is potentially deadly because of the combined health consequences caused by these individual conditions. What is osteoarthritis and how might it possibly be prevented? Osteoarthritis is a degenerative disease of the articular cartilage. Possible prevention includes regular physical activity. Check Your Understanding, page 143 1. In a simple fracture, the bone ends remain within the surrounding soft tissues. In a compound fracture, one or both bone ends protrude from the skin. A comminuted fracture is a splintered bone. In an avulsion, the tendon or ligament pulls away from its Chapter 4 Answer Key 3 attachment to a bone. A spiral fracture is caused by forceful bending and twisting movements. A greenstick fracture is an incomplete fracture. Stress fractures are tiny, painful cracks in bone that result from overuse. 2. Osteochondrosis is a condition in which the area around the tibia attachment site becomes irritated or swollen. It is thought to be caused by overuse injuries before the area has finished growing. 3. These injuries can result in premature closure of the epiphyseal junction and termination of bone growth. Check Your Understanding, page 146 1. Osteoporosis results in fractures, whereas osteopenia does not. Osteopenia often progresses to osteoporosis. 2. ligaments, tendons, and other connective tissues 3. falls or forceful collisions 4. Causes of bursitis include overuse of a joint that results in inflammation of one or more of the bursae. Symptoms include pain and sometimes swelling. Caption Questions Figure 4.33: women over 60 years of age and men over 70 years of age Figure 4.34: She could engage in physical activity and avoid harmful lifestyle factors such as excessive weight loss and smoking. patient, students may work in pairs, with their partner acting in the role of the patient. Chapter Assessments Lesson 4.1 Bone as Living Tissue 1. support, protection, movement, storage, blood cell formation 2. B 3. C 4. long, short, flat, irregular 5. diaphysis; epiphyses 6. B 7. C 8. Descriptions and illustrations will vary. Students may compare Haversian canals to a subway system, lacunae to buildings, lamellae to highways, and canaliculi to streets. Lesson 4.2 The Axial Skeleton 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. Figure 4.37: Answers will vary; radiographers typically have a bachelor’s degree that includes training in radiography. Taking It Further, page 145 1. Students’ list content will vary. Know and Understand 1. An avulsion is a fracture caused by a tendon or ligament detaching from a bone, taking a small chip of bone with it. 2. during adolescence 3. painful fractures 4. the ankle 5. In a person with rheumatoid arthritis, the body’s immune system attacks the joint tissue, resulting in limited joint movement. Lesson 4.3 The Appendicular Skeleton 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. Analyze and Apply 6. Bone responds to stress-related injury by remodeling. Osteoclasts resorb the damaged tissue, and then osteoblasts deposit new bone at the site. When overuse occurs, the remodeling process cannot “keep up” to sufficiently repair the damage. As a result, further damage occurs. 7. because females participating in certain sports are subject to pressure (both external and internal) to achieve and maintain an idealized physique 8. Students should suggest a modified diet, a calcium supplement, and continued physical activity. In the Lab 9. Treatment plans and presentations will vary. As an alternative to having students share their treatment plans with the class, as though the class were the Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology D A C D A D To promote disc health, a person should avoid sedentary activities because remaining motionless curtails the pumping action that brings in nutrients. Avoid excessive computer time because it requires you to remain inactive for a long time, and avoid excessive television watching because that is also done in a sedentary, inactive position. C C D C D clavicle; scapula 27 ilium, ischium, pubis The pelvis of the skeleton will indicate whether it is a male or female; a female skeleton has a much wider pelvis than a male skeleton. Lesson 4.4 Joints 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. A D synarthroses Bursae Tendons; ligaments Although ball-and-socket joints allow a wide range of movement in all directions, they would not promote body stability or protect the internal organs very well. Lesson 4.5 Common Injuries and Disorders of the Skeletal System 31. B 32. C 33. C Chapter 4 Answer Key 4 34. 35. 36. 37. Stress apophysis Rheumatoid arthritis The boy has greater bone density because he is young, but the father’s bones are more brittle from age. Building Skills and Connecting Concepts, page 47 Analyzing & Evaluating Data 38. about 3% to 6% 39. 25.5 pounds 40. 10 to 20 pounds Communicating about Anatomy and Physiology 41. Report content will vary. Encourage students to share their reports in a brief (10-minute) PowerPoint ® presentation. 42. Stories will vary and should include as many creative references to the bones as possible. Lab Investigations 43. Project results will vary. Workbook Lesson 4.1: Learning the Key Terms 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. G P J B M N S F C K T L A D I Q R E O H Lesson 4.1: Study Questions 1. support, protection, movement, storage, blood cell formation (hematopoiesis) 2. minerals, notably phosphorous and calcium, and bone marrow 3. yellow stores fat; red is key in blood cell formation 4. Bones are composed 60%–70% of minerals, mostly calcium carbonate and calcium phosphate, with the remaining 30%–40% composed of collagen. Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology 5. Children’s bones have more collagen and water than adult bones. 6. Cortical bone is stiffer due to its higher mineral content, so it is generally stronger than trabecular bone. Trabecular bone is more flexible than cortical bone. 7. Answers may vary. Long: humerus, ulna, radius, femur, tibia, fibula Short: wrists or ankles Flat: the scapula and bones of the skull Irregular: the spinal column and hip girdle 8. The periosteum surrounds and protects the diaphysis. It is involved in bone growth, repair, and nutrition. 9. A bone has a system of passageways which are like tiny tunnels; they are laid out both lengthwise and in concentric circles, crisscrossing like a subway system. Blood vessels and nerves travel through these tiny tunnels. 10. Ossification is the process of bone formation that begins before birth and has two phases. In the first, a bone matrix shell covers the hyaline cartilage through the activity of osteoblasts. Next, osteoclasts resorb the enclosed hyaline cartilage, creating a medullary cavity within the bony superstructure. 11. At the end of a person’s growth period, the plates dissolve and the bone on either side of the plate fuses, effectively ending the longitudinal growth of the bone. 12. loss of collagen 13. Women have smaller bones than men, so there is less bone mass to lose. 14. They involve landing impacts, which cause motion of fluid within the bone matrix and triggers osteoblasts to build bone. 15. about 15% 16. The buoyancy of the water counteracts gravity and reduces stress on the bones. Swimming does not involve impact forces, so swimmers may need extra activities such as weight training and running to provide those impact forces, and thus maintain normal bone density. 17. Hypertrophy is the building and strengthening of bones, while atrophy is weakening of bones through the loss of bone mineral density and strength. 18. Because of the weightless and gravity-less environment in space, bone loss is so rapid that it prevents long-term space missions. Lesson 4.1: Anatomical Structure of a Long Bone 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. E H C K J G F D B I A Chapter 4 Answer Key 5 Lesson 4.2: Learning the Key Terms 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. Intervertebral discs vertebra axial skeleton lumbar region Sutures skull thoracic region cervical region cranium Maxillary bones axis thoracic cage fontanel atlas mandible sternum coccyx sacrum Facial bones Lesson 4.2: Study Questions 1. 22 bones into two groups named cranial and facial bones 2. to provide stability to the core of the body 3. While other skull bones are joined by sutures, the mandible is attached to the skull by a movable joint. 4. Answers may vary. Babies’ skulls account for about 1/4 of body height, while adults’ account for about 1/8; a baby’s skull is not completely bone, unlike an adult’s, but have soft spots called fontanels. 5. Frontal bone: forms the forehead; parietal bones: form the majority of the top and sides of the skull; temporal bones: surround the ears; occipital bone: forms the base and lower back portions of the skull; ethmoid bone: forms part of the nasal septum; sphenoid bone: centrally located within the skull 6. 2 7. 33 8. atlas and axis; The atlas is specialized to provide the connection between the occipital bone of the skull and the spinal column. The axis is also specialized, with an upward projection called the odontoid process, on which the atlas rotates. 8. Answers may vary. vertebral body, vertebral arch, vertebral foramen, transverse process, spinous process, superior articular process, and interior articular process 10. Thoracic and sacral curves are known as primary spinal curves because they are present at birth. Lumbar and cervical curves are referred to as secondary spinal curves because they develop after the baby begins to raise the head, sit, and stand. 11. Exaggeration of the lumbar curve is termed lordosis; accentuation of the thoracic curve is called kyphosis, and any lateral deviation of the spine is known as scoliosis. 12. Aging reduces the water retention capability of intervertebral discs. Water between the discs causes them to expand, which slightly increases a person’s Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology height. Without this water, a person appears to be losing height, or gradually “shrinking.” 13. the thoracic cage 14. at the lower end of the sternum 15. True ribs: attach directly to the sternum False ribs: attached to cartilage of seventh rib, rather than directly to sternum Floating ribs: not attached to bone or cartilage in the front of the body Lesson 4.2: Bones of the Skull 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. front bone parietal bone sphenoid bone zygomatic bone mastoid process maxillary bone mandible nasal bone temporal bone lacrimal bone vomer Lesson 4.2: Vertebrae Identification 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. cervical, lateral lumbar, superior thoracic, superior lumbar, lateral cervical, superior thoracic, lateral Lesson 4.3: Learning the Key Terms 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. J D R O I B K F P C N T H Q L E S M A G Lesson 4.3: Study Questions 1. The appendicular skeleton deals with appendages and is built for motion, while the axial skeleton’s function is to provide stability for the core of the body. 2. right and left clavicles, or collarbones; right and left scapula, or shoulder blades. They act as attachment Chapter 4 Answer Key 6 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. sites for numerous muscles that allow arm motion at the shoulders in many directions. the point where the sternum meets the clavicle; shrugging the shoulders, raising the arms, and swimming the region between each scapula and the underlying tissues instability; the shoulder is one of the human body’s most frequently dislocated joints the humerus connects shoulder to arm; the radius rotates around the ulna; the ulna is a major contributor to elbow flexibility the elbow to provide a base for the bones of the hand called the opposable thumb, both species’ hands have such thumbs, giving them the ability to freely rotate the thumb and to stretch it across the palm of the hand Two coxal bones (hip bones), the sacrum, and the coccyx make up the pelvic girdle. The pelvic girdle shelters and protects the reproductive organs, bladder, and segments of the large intestine. the ischium The female pelvis is wider than the male pelvis to enable pregnancy and childbirth. bones: femur, tibia, fibula, patella; joints: iliofemoral (hip) joint, tibiofemoral (knee) joint, patellofemoral joint, and proximal and distal tibiofibular joints the fibula the femur, the upper leg or thigh bone The tibia and fibula are connected along their lengths by an interosseous membrane, as are the radius and ulna. The toes increase weight-bearing area of foot, which provides stability. The arches compress during weight-bearing moments in gait and then act as springs when they return to their original shape during propulsive (push-off) part of the gait. Lesson 4.4: Learning the Key Terms 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. amphiarthrosis tendon sheaths articular fibrocartilage syndesmosis ligaments hinge joint synchondrosis saddle joint condyloid joint ball-and-socket joint synarthrosis synovial joint symphysis bursae gliding joint tendons pivot joint diarthrosis Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology Lesson 4.4: Study Questions 1. Answers may vary. Joints can be classified based on the joint complexity, the number of axes present, joint structure, and joint function. 2. joint function 3. immovable joints (synarthroses), the slightly movable joints (amphiarthroses), and the freely movable joints (diarthroses) 4. to absorb shock but permit little or no movement of the articulating bones 5. Synchondroses meaning “held by cartilage,” are joints in which the articulating bones are held together by a thin layer of hyaline cartilage. Symphyses are joints in which thin plates of hyaline cartilage separate a disc of fibrocartilage from the bones. 6. amphiarthroses 7. Answers may vary. sternocostal joints (between the sternum and the ribs); the epiphyseal plates (growth plates) 8. Diarthroses each feature a joint surrounded by an articular capsule lined with a synovial membrane that secretes a lubricant called synovial fluid. 9. Answers may vary. At gliding joints the articulating bone surfaces are nearly flat, and the only movement permitted is gliding. In hinge joints one articulating bone surface is convex (curved outward), and the other is concave (curved inward). Strong ligaments restrict movement to a planar, hinge-like motion, similar to the hinge on a door. Pivot joints permit rotation around only one axis. (Think about moving around your stationary pivot foot in basketball). At condyloid joints one articulating bone surface is an oval, convex shape, and the other is a reciprocally shaped concave surface. Flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, and circumduction are permitted. Saddle joints are so named because their articulating bone surfaces are both shaped like the seat of a riding saddle. Movement capability is the same as that of the condyloid joint but with greater range of movement allowed. Ball-and-socket joints are the most freely movable joints in the body. In these joints, the surfaces of the articulating bones are reciprocally convex and concave, with one bone end shaped like a “ball” and the other like a “socket.” 10. pivot joint 11. gliding joints 12. saddle joint 13. Bursae are small capsules lined with synovial membranes and filled with synovial fluid that cushion the structures they separate. Most bursae separate tendons from bone, reducing the friction on the tendons during motion of the joints. 14. Tendons connect muscles to bones while ligaments connect bones to other bones. Chapter 4 Answer Key 7 15. collagen and elastic fibers 16. They help to distribute force evenly and absorb shock at the joint. Lesson 4.4: Identifying Movable Joints 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. D E G C J A I H F L B K Lesson 4.5: Learning the Key Terms 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. G C N B F J M E L I O A H D K Lesson 4.5: Study Questions 1. Answers may vary. size, direction, and duration of the injurious force, the health and maturity of the bone 2. A simple fracture is when the bone ends remain within the surrounding soft tissues; a compound fracture occurs when one or both bone ends protrude from the skin. 3. An avulsion occurs when the tendon or ligament pulls away from the bone, taking a small bone chip with it 4. an incomplete fracture, one that bends or twists but not completely breaks; more common in children than adults because children’s bones are more flexible than adults’ 5. repeated overuse that doesn’t allow for the bone that has been slightly injured to heal 6. those to the epiphyseal plate (growth plate), articular cartilage, and the apophysis 7. Acute injuries and injuries caused by overuse can harm the growth plate, potentially resulting in premature closure of the epiphyseal junction and termination of bone growth. 8. an epiphyseal injury in which the area of the upper tibia around the quadriceps attachment site becomes irritated, swollen, and painful from overuse; common in adolescents who play soccer, basketball, Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. volleyball, and gymnastics because they often overuse this area before it has finished growing osteopenia crushed-vertebrae type injuries resulting from picking up a load; can reduce body height and accentuate a kyphotic curve in the thoracic region of the spine Answers may vary. weight-bearing exercise such as running, jumping, and walking; dairy consumption during the teenage years to obtain adequate amounts of calcium and vitamin D; avoiding tobacco products The female athlete triad is a condition involving a combination of disordered eating, a lack of menstruation (called amenorrhea), and osteoporosis. because the ankle is a major weight-bearing joint and there is less ligament support on the lateral side of the ankle than on the medial side A sprain involves overstretching or tearing of ligaments or tendons, while a dislocation is an outright displacement of an articulating bone from its socket. the inflammation of the bursae, which provide cushioning of moving tissues around a joint; symptoms include pain and sometimes swelling Rheumatoid arthritis is an autoimmune disorder caused by the body’s own immune system attacking healthy joint tissues, and it results in extremely limited joint motion and, in extreme cases, complete fusing of the articulating bones. Chapter 4: The Human Skeleton 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. skull costal cartilages thoracic cage ribs pelvis coccyx frontal bone parietal bone occipital bone maxillary bone mandible clavicle scapula sternum humerus vertebral column ulna radius hip bone sacrum carpal bones metacarpal bones phalanges femur patella fibula tibia tarsals metatarsals phalanges pectoral girdle Chapter 4 Answer Key 8 Chapter 4: Skeletal System Statistics 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 206 15 22 8 14 33 7 12 5 5 4 24 (12 pairs) 14 (7 pairs) 6 (3 pairs) 4 (2 pairs) 126 27 8 5 14 2 5 3 6 Chapter 4 Lab Investigation: Know Your Bones 1. A. 3 B. 2 2. 5 3. A. Answers may vary; most students will be able to distinguish some of the carpal bones B. intercarpal (gliding) 4. A. radius B. ulna 5. A. radius B. ulna 6. A. humeroulnar (hinge) B. styloid process 7. no 8. A. sternum, or manubrium B. acromion 9. Students should be able to feel this notch. 10. A. Of the 24 ribs, students will feel different numbers. B. Most students will say they cannot feel their floating ribs. C. Students should be able to feel the xiphoid process. 11. A. tibiofemoral joint, or synovial joint B. yes C. femur, tibia, fibula 12. A. yes B. yes 13. A. yes B. Students should be able to feel some of their tarsals. C. 5 D. 2 Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology E. 14. A. B. C. D. 15. A. B. C. D. E. F. 3 lower back of the skull 2 forehead around the ears yes orbits 2 yes upper jaw yes Conclusions Bones of the Appendicular Skeleton: phalanges, tibia, humerus, patella, radius, calcaneus, metacarpals, ulna, tarsals, clavicle Bones of the Axial Skeleton: sacrum, rib bones, temporal bones, frontal bone, cranium, occipital bones, zygomatic bones, xiphoid process Chapter 4 Practice Test 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. osteoblast atrophy sternum sprains compound F F T T F B B A A B I F D E B H A G J C J E A C G B I F H D The axial skeleton is the central, stabilizing portion of the skeletal system. It is composed of the skull, spinal column, and thoracic cage. The appendicular skeleton consists of the bones of the body’s appendages, or the legs and arms. Chapter 4 Answer Key 9 37. The atlas is specialized to provide the connection between the occipital bone of the skull and the spinal column. The axis is also specialized, with an upward projection called the odontoid process, on which the atlas rotates. Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology Chapter 4 Answer Key 10