Download Saturn - Otterbein University

Greenhouse Effect
• Earth absorbs energy
from the Sun and
heats up
• Earth re-radiates the
absorbed energy in
the form of infrared
radiation
• The infrared radiation
is absorbed by carbon
dioxide and water
vapor in the
atmosphere
Global Warming
• Excessively
“politicized” topic
• Very complex
problem scientifically
• Slow changes over
long periods of time
• Sources of heating,
sources of cooling
themselves are
temperature dependent
Hard Facts: Measurements
• Undisputed: global temperatures go up
Man-made CO2 in the Atmosphere goes up
Correlation: Temperatures rise when
Carbon Dioxide levels rise
• This is true since prehistoric times
The Last Millennium – “Hockey Stick”
The Jovian Planets
Saturn
Jupiter
Uranus
Neptune
Comparison
• Terrestrial
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
close to the Sun
closely spaced orbits
small radii
small masses
predominantly rocky
high density
solid surface
few moons
no rings
• Jovian
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
far from the Sun
widely spaced orbits
large radii
large masses
predominantly gaseous
low density
no solid surface
many moons
many rings
History
• Jupiter and Saturn known to the ancients
– Galileo observed 4 moons of Jupiter and Saturn’s
rings
• Uranus
– Discovered telescopically by William Herschel in
1781 (actually barely visible to naked eye)
• Neptune
– Predicted from observed perturbations of Uranus's
orbit: Adams (1845) and Leverrier (1846)
– Observed by Galle (1846)
– Discovery great triumph for computational
astronomy/physics
Grand Tour of Voyager 1 & 2
• Used
gravitational
slingshot to
get from
planet to
planet
Positions in Solar System
• Jupiter: 5 A.U. distance from sun,
takes 12 years to go around the sun
• Saturn: 9.5 A.U. distance,
Saturn year= 29 Earth years
• Uranus: 19 A.U. distance,
Uranus year= 84 Earth years
• Neptune: 30 A.U. distance,
Neptune year= 164 Earth years
(all numbers approximate)
Rotation
• About 10 hours for Jupiter and Saturn; about 17 hours
for Uranus and Neptune
• Differential rotation: rotation speed varies from point
to point on the “surfaces”
– Gaseous bodies with no solid surfaces!
– On Jupiter, the equatorial regions rotate 6 minutes slower
than polar regions
– On Saturn the equatorial region is about 26 minutes slower
• Tilt of rotation axes:
– Jupiter: almost none – no seasons!
– Saturn, Neptune: about like Earth
– Uranus: weird
Uranus’s Strange Seasons
Jupiter’s Atmosphere
• Cloud bands parallel
to equator
• Great Red Spot
– First observed in
1664 by Robert
Hooke
Jupiter’s Atmosphere
• 86% Hydrogen, 14%
Helium; some methane,
water, ammonia
• Several layers of clouds:
ammonia, ammonium
hydrosulfide, water
• Colors mostly due to
compounds of sulfur
and phosphorus
Jupiters’ Bands: Zones and Belts
• Belts: cool, dark, sinking
• Zones: warm, bright, rising
• Jovian weather mostly
circles the planet due to
high rotation rate
• Bands exhibit east–west
flow Great Red Spot lies
between regions of opposite
wind flow
Great Red Spot
• About twice
the diameter
of the Earth
• A hurricane
that is
hundreds of
years old!
Saturn’s Atmosphere
• 92% Hydrogen
7% Helium;
some methane,
water, ammonia
• Belt structure
similar to
Jupiter’s, but
fainter
• Storms are rarer
• White spot seen,
1990 (Voyager)
Uranus’ and Neptune’s Atmospheres
Neptune’s Dark Spot
• Ammonia frozen out; more methane
– Methane absorbs red light, leads to bluish color
• Almost no band structure on Uranus
Magnetospheres
• Very strong – Jupiter's
extends past the orbit of
Saturn!
• Indicate the presence of
conducting cores
Rings
Saturn
Uranus
Jupiter
Neptune
Saturn
• Rings composed of
small, icy fragments,
orbiting in concentric
circles
• Orbits obey Kepler’s
laws (of course!)
– Inner rings move faster
than outer ones
Visibility of Saturn’s Rings
2009
How Do They Form?
• Miscellaneous debris
• Moons or other small
bodies torn apart by
tidal forces
• Roche limit – distance
inside of which an
object held together by
gravity will be pulled
apart
Ring Formation
• Rings may be short lived (on the time scale
of solar system)
• Means that they must form fairly frequently
• A moon may pass too close to a planet
(within the Roche limit) and be destroyed
by tidal forces
– This will probably happen to Triton (a moon of
Neptune) within 100 million years!
Moons
• Big moons: Earth’s moon, Jupiter’s
Galilean Moons (Io, Europa, Ganymede,
Callisto), Saturn’s Titan, Neptune’s Triton
 diameters >2500 km, largest: 5260 km
• Medium moons: diameter 400-1600 km
e.g. all of Uranus’ major moons
• Small moons: diameter down to 20 km
Jupiter’s Galilean Moons
Io
• Jupiter’s
innermost
moon
• Size and mass
similar to our
moon
• Zips around
Jupiter in just 2
days
• 2 day orbit around Jupiter
(Moon: 28 days)
• The most volcanically
active object in the solar
system
– Heated by tidal friction
• Eruptions as high as 200
miles
Io
Europa
Europa might have
liquid water oceans
under the surface
 Life?
Saturn’s Moons
Two-faced
0000rooftop
looks like Star Wars’ Death Star
Titan
• Titan is the only moon in the solar system
known to have an atmosphere
Infrared picture shows surface details