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Download Introduction to the Ions
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Ions! Yes, Ions! A little information about the ions you need to learn for TGIF quizzes We’ll start off with Cations! (Cations are positively charged ions) Hydrogen! + H Used in – Acids – the hydrogen ion is a proton; acids are “proton donors” Hydrogen Compounds – – – – Water – H2O Hydrochloric Acid – HCl Sulfuric Acid – H2SO4 Acetic Acid – HC2H3O2 Acetic acid is an ingredient of vinegar. + Li Lithium! Used in – Batteries – Lithium is an electrolyte in rechargeable batteries – Medicines – when combined with other ions, Lithium can be used as a mood stabilizer Lithium Compounds – Lithium Iodide – LiI – Lithium Carbonate – Li2CO3 Lithium batteries are lighter than regular batteries and contain twice the voltage. + Na Sodium! Used in – Vapor lamps – vapor lamps are often found in cities; they emit a yellowish glow – Soaps – in combination with fatty acids, sodium forms a harder soap with a higher melting point Sodium Compounds – Sodium Chloride – NaCl – Sodium Hydroxide – NaOH Low pressure sodium lamps use electricity very efficiently. Potassium! + K Used in – Glass manufacturing – potassium treated glass is stronger than ordinary glass – Dyes – potassium has a yellowish color in certain compounds Potassium Compounds – Potassium Carbonate – K2CO3 – Potassium Chromate – K2CrO4 This is a small shard of potassium treated glass. Ammonium! NH4 + Used in – Flame retardants – the spread of fire is slowed by some ammonium compounds – Baking – ammonium compounds are used to leaven bread products Ammonium Compounds – Ammonium Sulfate – (NH4)2SO4 – Ammonium Fluoride – NH4F Ammonium Bicarbonate is the leavening agent of these two “Cheetah Bars.” + Cu Cuprous! Used in – Wiring – cuprous is a great conductor – Musical instruments – cuprous is a component of brass and is also in cymbals Cuprous Compounds – Cuprous Sulfide – Cu2S A French horn is a brass instrument. Brass contains cuprous. + Ag Silver! Used in – Coins – dimes and quarters have a front and back made of silver – Weapons against werewolves – in many films and novels, different silver substances, bullets, stakes, etc. are used to kill werewolves Silver Compounds – Silver Nitrate – AgNO3 – Silver Chloride – AgCl In many movies, silver bullets are used to exterminate werewolves. Ferrous! Iron (II)! +2 Fe Used in – metallurgy – Ferrous is used when making steel, cast iron wrought iron, and other alloys – medicine – Ferrous sulfate allows the body to create red blood cells. It is prescribed to iron-deficient patients. Ferrous Compounds – Ferrous Oxide – FeO – Ferrous Sulfate – FeSO4 Iron (ferrous) supplements can add the essential iron to anemic people’s blood. Cobaltous! Cobalt (II)! +2 Co Used in – drying agents – cobaltous is used in silica gel, the little packets that come in various different product to “suck up” moisture – coloring – cobaltous is used to color pottery and glass “Cobalt Blue” Cobaltous Compounds – Cobaltous Oxide – CoO – Cobaltous Chloride – CoCl2 The rich blue color is the result of mixing cobaltous compounds with molten glass. Nickel (II)! +2 Ni Used in – electroplating – the surface of a conductive object is coated in a metal to further increase conductivity – batteries – nickel (II) compounds are commonly used in rechargeable battery electrodes Nickel (II) Compounds – Nickel (II) Chloride – NiCl2 – Nickel (II) Hydroxide – Ni(OH)2 The electrodes of a battery are electroplated for greater conductivity Chromium (II)! +2 Cr Used in – Chrome – Chromium (II) alloys are used to make very shiny chrome finishes – Ceramics – Chromium (II) creates an extremely hard ceramic material Chromium (II) Compounds – Chromium (II) Acetate – Cr(C2H3O2)2 – Chromium (II) Phosphide – Cr3P2 Chrome is a very shiny treated metal. Chrome can be found in many places, from cars to hardware to firearms +2 Sn Stannous! Used in – tin plating – plating steel with tin is used to make tin cans – Color retention – stannous compounds are added to some canned food to prevent discoloration Stannous Compounds – Stannous Bromide – SnBr2 – Stannous Sulfate – SnSO4 Stannous is used to plate various can sizes. Cupric! +2 Cu Used in – Coins – pennies are 0.8% cupric, nickels are 75% cupric and dimes and quarters are almost 92% cupric – Older televisions – cupric is used in cathode ray tubes, a necessary part in old box televisions Cupric Compounds – Cupric Oxide – CuO – Cupric Nitrite – Cu(NO2)2 All U.S. coins contain some copper. +2 Zn Zinc! Used in – Glow-in-the-dark – zinc sulfide is used on clock hands and other items that glow in the dark – Cold remedies – zinc lozenges are other used to help treat colds Zinc Compounds – Zinc Chloride – ZnCl2 – Zinc Sulfide – ZnS Luminescent compounds, such as zinc sulfide, are used on watches, novelty toys, etc. +2 Pb Lead! Used in – corrosion – the white powder that forms on battery that has lead in the electrodes is a lead compound – infrared – lead is used in infrared sensors to create thermal images Lead Compounds – Lead Sulfate - PbSO4 – Lead Nitrate – Pb(NO3)2 Battery corrosion is typically toxic. It should not be touched, inhaled or ingested. Magnesium! +2 Mg Used in – Paper – magnesium sulfite is an ingredient in paper – antiseptic – many magnesium compounds are used to kill germs and bacteria Magnesium Compounds – Magnesium Sulfite – MgSO3 – Magnesium Bromide – MgBr2 Magnesium paper burns slower than regular paper +2 Ca Calcium! Used in – crayons – different calcium compounds are used in wax crayons – Pesticides – some calcium compounds are used to exterminate rodents, insects, and fungi Calcium Compounds – Calcium Permanganate – Ca(MnO4)2 – Calcium Phosphate – Ca3(PO4) 2 Calcium fungicide kills fungi very efficiently. Strontium! +2 Sr Used in – thermoelectric – radioactive forms of strontium ions are used in thermoelectric generators – fireworks – strontium compounds are used to give fireworks a red color Strontium Compounds – Strontium Fluoride – SrF2 – Strontium Nitrate – Sr(NO3)2 All fireworks are colored by certain compounds. +2 Ba Barium! Used in – X-rays – Barium is often used to absorb x-rays. It is typically used in digestive system x-rays – Drilling for oil – barium compounds are used as weighting agents for oil drillers Barium Compounds – Barium Sulfate – BaSO4 – Barium Carbonate – BaCO3 The white section is the barium inside of an intestine. It is similar to bones; it blocks the x-ray. +3 Fe Ferric! Used in – Circuit boards – ferric chloride is used to etch copper in circuit boards – Floppy disks – the magnetic layer of a floppy disk is ferric oxide Ferric Compounds – Ferric Chloride – FeCl3 – Ferric Oxide – Fe2O3 The magnetic layer on the disk itself is ferric oxide Cobaltic! Cobalt (III)! +3 Co Used in – Corrosion resistant alloys – cobaltic compounds are used on materials that will become unusable if corroded – batteries – cobaltic is used in the electrodes of lithium ion batteries Cobaltic Compounds – Cobaltic Fluoride – CoF3 – Cobaltic Oxide – Co2O3 These brake rotors are made from a corrosion resistant cobaltic alloy. Nickel (III)! Used in – Coins – this nickel coin is about 25% nickel – Shape memory alloys – pipe binding is done with shape memory alloys Nickel (III) Compounds – Nickel (III) Oxide – Ni2O3 – Nickel (III) Chloride – NiCl3 +3 Ni Chromium (III)! +3 Cr Used in – Jewelry – synthetic rubies and emeralds are made using chromium – Pigments – chromium (III) is used in many green pigments. Chromium (III) Compounds – Chromium (III) Oxide – Cr2O3 – Chromium (III) Sulfate – Cr2(SO4)3 Synthetic gemstones are not as valuable or as expensive as natural gemstones. Aluminum! +3 Al Used in – Antacids – Aluminum Hydroxide is a base and is capable of neutralizing acids – Vaccines – aluminum compounds boost immune system response, therefore making the vaccine work as quickly as possible Aluminum Compounds – Aluminum Hydroxide – Al(OH)3 – Aluminum Nitrate – Al(NO3)3 Antacids are used to help relieve heartburn. +4 Sn Stannic! Used in – Solder – an alloy that is melted then used to connect two metallic objects together then solidified – Chemical weapons – Stannic chloride was used in World War I Stannic Compounds – Stannic Chloride – SnCl4 The two arrows points to the two areas that were soldered Now it’s time for Anions! (Anions are ions with a negative charge) F Fluoride! Used in – Toothpaste – fluoride ions are used in toothpastes to increase the strength of teeth – Glass etching – hydrofluoric acid is used to etch pictures, words, and designs into glass Fluoride Compounds – Stannous Fluoride – SnF2 – Sodium Fluoride – NaF Colgate toothpaste uses the fluoride ion Cl Chloride! Used in – fertilizers – nitrogen is quickly used by plants to promote growth – explosives – oxidizing ingredient; can cause a volatile reaction when mixed with certain substances Chloride Compounds – Sodium Nitrate – NaNO3 – Aluminum Nitrate – Al(NO3)3 Notice the warning label on the bag. Ammonium nitrate fertilizer is also an explosive. Br Bromide! Used in – sedative – bromide compounds relax the central nervous system resulting in a calming feeling where sleep sometimes takes over – Animal medications – bromide compounds are used to treat epilepsy in animals Bromide Compounds – Potassium Bromide – KBr – Hydrobromic Acid – HBr ? I Iodide! Used in – Gamma ray detectors – Lead Iodide is used to detect highenergy radiation – Batteries – iodide batteries tend to last longer than normal batteries. They are useful in objects like pacemakers. Iodide Compounds – Lead Iodide – PbI2 – Lithium Iodide – LiI ? Hydroxide! Used in – bases – Hydroxide will typically accept a proton making it a base. When mixed with an acid (a “proton donor”), the acid and base will neutralize – ? Hydroxide Compounds – Ammonium Hydroxide – NH4OH – Potassium Hydroxide – KOH ? OH Bicarbonate! Used in – Baking soda – sodium bicarbonate is used to help bread products made with baking soda rise – Buffer in blood – bicarbonate is used to prevent blood from becoming too acidic or basic Bicarbonate Compounds – Bicarbonate – NaHCO3 ? HCO3 C2H3O2 Acetate! Used in – Vinegar – the main ingredient in vinegar is acetic acid, an acetate compound – Photography – The “stop bath” is an acetate compound. It is used to wash the developer solution off of a photograph. Acetate Compounds – Acetic Acid – HC2H3O2 – Aluminum Acetate – Al(C2H3O2)3 Notice the warning label on the bag. Ammonium nitrate fertilizer is also an explosive. Permanganate! MnO4 Used in – Survival kits – potassium permanganate can be used to sterilize wounds and water and can combust when mixed with glycerin – Medicines – used to treat ulcers and fungal infections on the hands or feet Permanganate Compounds – Sodium Permanganate – NaMnO4 – Potassium Permanganate – KMnO4 Notice the warning label on the bag. Ammonium nitrate fertilizer is also an explosive. ClO3 Chlorate! Used in – herbicides – certain chlorate compounds will kill any green part of just about any plant – explosives – many different chlorate compounds react violently when placed in the sunlight for a few minutes and is used in some gun powders and fireworks Chlorate Compounds – Sodium Chlorate – NaClO3 – Magnesium Chlorate – Mg(ClO3)2 ? ClO2 Chlorite! Used in – fertilizers – nitrogen is quickly used by plants to promote growth – explosives – oxidizing ingredient; can cause a volatile reaction when mixed with certain substances Chlorite Compounds – Sodium Chlorate – NaClO2 – Magnesium Chlorate – Mg(ClO2)2 ? Hypochlorite! Used in – Bleach – hypochlorite is used in bleach powder and liquid – Swimming pools – calcium hypochlorite is used as a swimming pool disinfectant Hypochlorite Compounds – Sodium Hypochlorite – NaClO – Calcium Hypochlorite – Ca(ClO)2 ? ClO NO3 Nitrate! - Used in – fertilizers – nitrogen is quickly used by plants to promote growth – explosives – oxidizing ingredient; can cause a volatile reaction when mixed with certain substances Nitrate Compounds – Sodium Nitrate – NaNO3 – Aluminum Nitrate – Al(NO3)3 Notice the warning label on the bag. Ammonium nitrate fertilizer is also an explosive. NO2 Nitrite! Used in – Preservatives – nitrite is a food additive that prevents growth of mold and bacteria – Disease treatment – dilates blood vessel and can possibly be used to treat heart attacks and brain aneurysms Nitrite Compounds – Sodium Nitrite – NaNO2 – Ammonium Nitrate – NH4NO2 ? - -2 O Oxide! Used in – Rust – when iron and oxygen in the air bond chemically, rust is formed – Sandpaper – aluminum oxide crystals are very abrasive and or often used on sandpaper Oxide Compounds – Ferric Oxide – Fe2O3 – Zinc Oxide – ZnO ? -2 S Sulfide! Used in – Photoluminescence – sulfide compounds in strips are used as emergency lighting – Tarnish – formed when Hydrogen Sulfide in the air reacts with silver to form Silver Sulfide Sulfide Compounds – Silver Sulfide – Ag2S – Lead Sulfide – PbS ? SO4 Sulfate! Used in – Medicines – magnesium sulfate is used to treat tetanus – Anemia testing – A drop of the patient’s blood is added to Cupric Sulfate. If it sinks in a certain period of time, the patient has adequate iron levels. If it floats, the patient in iron-deficient and possibly anemic Sulfate Compounds – Magnesium Sulfate – MgSO4 – Cupric Sulfate – CuSO4 ? -2 SO3 Sulfite! Used in – Preservatives – when used in wines and dried fruits sulfite prevents spoilage – Photography – protects the developer solutions from reacting with oxygen in the air Sulfite Compounds – Sodium Sulfite – Na2SO3 ? -2 Carbonate! Used in – Road flares – strontium carbonate emits a red glow when ignited – Medicines – used as a mood stabilizer for individuals who are suffering from bipolar disorder or manic states Carbonate Compounds – Strontium Carbonate – SrCO3 – Lithium Carbonate – Li2CO3 ? CO3 -2 Chromate! Used in – fertilizers – nitrogen is quickly used by plants to promote growth – explosives – oxidizing ingredient; can cause a volatile reaction when mixed with certain substances Chromate Compounds – Potassium Chromate – K2CrO4 – Zinc Chromate – ZnCrO4 ? -2 CrO4 Dichromate! Used in – fertilizers – nitrogen is quickly used by plants to promote growth – explosives – oxidizing ingredient; can cause a volatile reaction when mixed with certain substances Dichromate Compounds – Potassium Dichromate – K2Cr2O7 – Sodium Dichromate – Na2Cr2O7 ? -2 Cr2O7 -3 N Nitride! Used in – fertilizers – nitrogen is quickly used by plants to promote growth – explosives – oxidizing ingredient; can cause a volatile reaction when mixed with certain substances Nitride Compounds – Sodium Nitrate – NaNO3 – Aluminum Nitrate – Al(NO3)3 ? Phosphide! Used in – Rodenticides – phosphides in combination with some other ions are capable of exterminating small rodents like mice, moles, rats, etc. – Explosives – when calcium phosphide comes in contact with water or acids, it releases a gas that spontaneously ignites Phosphide Compounds – Calcium Phosphide – Ca3P2 – Aluminum Phosphide – AlP ? -3 P Phosphate! Used in – Sodas – phosphoric acid is used to create a tangy taste in many colas – explosives – oxidizing ingredient; can cause a volatile reaction when mixed with certain substances Phosphate Compounds – Magnesium Phosphate – Mg3(PO4)2 – Ferric Phosphate – FePO4 ? PO4 -3 Best of luck to you in the upcoming TGIF quizzes!
