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The Age of Exploration Chapters 19 & 20 Europeans Explored the East • Renaissance encouraged a new spirit of adventure and curiosity Age of exploration resulted from: 1. Desire to grow rich (new sources of wealth) 2. Spread Christianity 3. Advances in learning & technology made long ocean trips possible 4. Exchange of goods during the Crusades led to people continually wanting goods from the East. Ex. spices such as nutmeg, ginger, cinnamon, and pepper which added flavor to bland European food Bartolomeu Dias •Early Portuguese explorer • In 1488, he and his crew reached the tip of Africa and then wanted to sail to India •Storm arose and pushed them over to the other side of Africa •Credited for being the first European ship to sail around the southern tip of Africa •Ultimately, gave Portuguese the ability to continue to push east and ultimately went to India “God, Glory, and Gold” Prince Henry of Portugal Portugal took the lead in overseas exploration •Prince Henry was the son of Portugal king • Although he never went on a voyage, he was known as “The Navigator” • Devote Catholic and wanted to spread Christianity • In 1419, he founded a navigation school on the southwestern coast of Portugal Tools of Navigation Advances in learning & technology made long ocean trips possible 3 main advancements: 1. Caravel- new sturdier ship with triangular sails, shallow draft, & large cargo area 2. Astrolobe- navigational tool that determined the location of the stars to indicated latitude 3. Magnetic compass- additional directional aid invented by the Chinese Led to the exploration and overseas expansion of the colonial empires Spain Begins to Explore The Atlantic World, 1492–1800 Europeans explore and colonize the Americas, disrupting native civilizations, and build the slave trade to support plantations in the New World. Christopher Columbus, Spanish explorer, as young man. NEXT Spain Builds an American Empire The Voyages of Columbus • Genoese sea captain Christopher Columbus reaches Americas (1492) • Instead of taking the traditional route along Africa, he travels west across the Atlantic to find a new route to Asia • Thinks he is in East Indies, calls natives “los indios”—Indians • Actually lands in the Caribbean Sea on an island, probably in the Bahamas • Unable to find gold, he claims many islands for Spain • In 1493, he sets out for the Americas again with a large fleet • Spain aims to set up colonies—lands controlled by a foreign nation Rivalry Between Portugal & Spain • Because the Portuguese believed Columbus landed in Asia tension grows between the two countries. • In order to try to keep peace between the two nations, an imaginary line drawn north to south through the Atlantic Ocean. This was called the Line of Demarcation. • It gave all the land west of the line to Spain. This included the Americas. • All the land east of the line was given to Portugal •Treaty of Tordesillas- both countries officially agreed to the line and sign it as formalized •This ignites the Age of Exploration into full force Why is Columbus celebrated for finding America when people already lived there? Other Voyages Other Explorers Take to the Seas • Pedro Álvares Cabral claims Brazil for Portugal (1500) • Amerigo Vespucci identifies South America as new continent (1501) • In 1507, German mapmaker names the continent America • Vasco Núñez de Balboa reaches the Pacific Ocean • Portuguese's Ferdinand Magellan leaves to sail around the world (1519) • Magellan is killed, but some of his men return to Spain in 1522 NEXT Spanish Conquests in Mexico Conquistadors • In 1519, Hernando Cortés—Spanish adventurer: lands in Mexico • He and others become known as conquistadors: Spanish conquerors Cortés Conquers the Aztecs • Cortés and 600 men reach Aztec capital of Tenochtitlán • By 1521, they conquer Aztec empire • Spanish Conquest aided by 1. Superior weapons 2. Native American allies 3. European diseases wipe out large numbers of Aztecs Image NEXT Spanish Conquests continued Another Conquistador • Spanish conqueror Francisco Pizarro leads force to Peru in 1532 Pizarro Subdues the Inca • Pizarro kills Atahualpa—Inca ruler— and defeats the Inca Spain’s Pattern of Conquest • In the middle of the 16th century, Spain created an American Empire called NEW SPAIN • Spanish men and Native American women have children • Result is large mestizo—mixed Spanish and native—population •Encomienda system—Spanish force Native Americans to work for them …which are a cheap work labor force The Portuguese in Brazil In 1530s, Portuguese settle in Brazil, begin growing sugar Spain’s Influence Expands Growth of Spanish Power • Conquests in Americas bring great wealth to Spain • Spain enlarges its navy to protect ships carrying treasure Conquistadors Push North • Juan Ponce de León claims Florida for Spain (1513) • In 1540s, Francisco Coronado explores Southwest, finds little gold • Catholic priests set up missions in Southwest • In early 1600s, Spanish establish capital of Santa Fe NEXT Opposition to Spanish Rule Protests Against Mistreatment • Catholic priests protest mistreatment of Native Americans African Slavery and Native Resistance • Spain abolishes encomienda system (1542) • This was promoted by Bartoleme de Las Casas, however the need for workers in mines and on farms caused him to suggest African Slavery • Native Indian labor in Latin America during the colonial period led to large numbers of African slaves being imported • Spain ultimately becomes the 1st European country to import slaves from Africa to the Americas. •Some Native Americans resist Spanish conquerors • In 1680, Popé leads rebellion against Spanish in modern New Mexico • Spanish driven out, but return 12 years later to stay Why did the Spanish have to start using African slaves? European Nations Settle North America Competing Claims in North America Other European Claims in North America • French, English, Dutch start colonies in North America Explorers Establish New France • Samuel de Champlain founds Quebec • New France—French colony in North America • New France includes Great Lakes and Mississippi River valley A Trading Empire • New France is very large but has few inhabitants • Main activity of the colony is the fur trade NEXT The English Arrive in North America The First English Colony • King James permits investors to start North American colony • In 1607, colonists found Jamestown—English settlement in Virginia The Settlement at Jamestown • Early years very difficult; many die, but settlement takes hold….b/c the goal of the English was to increase their territory Puritans Create a “New England” • Pilgrims—group persecuted for religion—found Plymouth in 1620 • Puritans—group seeking religious freedom—settle in Massachusetts • Many families in Massachusetts colony, which begins to grow NEXT The English Arrive in North America The Dutch originally settle Now York aka. “New Netherland” • In 1609, Henry Hudson explores waterways for Dutch • Dutch claim land, found New Netherland—now known as Albany and New York City • Dutch focus on fur trade; welcome settlers from other lands Colonizing the Caribbean • European nations also start colonies in Caribbean • Large cotton, sugar plantations worked by enslaved Africans NEXT The Struggle for North America The English Oust the Dutch • New Netherland splits northern & southern English colonies so the English wanted full control • In 1664, English force Dutch colonists to surrender control • By 1750, about 1.2 million English settlers in 13 colonies England Battles France • English settlers, pushing west, collide with French possessions • French and Indian War—part of Seven Years’ War—begins (1754) • In 1763, France loses to Britain, gives up its American colonies Native Americans Respond A Strained Relationship • French and Dutch fur traders get along well with Native Americans • English settlers and Native Americans disagree over land, religion Settlers and Native Americans Battle • Hostility often breaks out into war • Native American ruler Metacom launches attacks on colonists in 1675 Natives Fall to Disease • Wars are less deadly to Native Americans than European diseases • These Native American deaths due to disease led to severe shortage of labor in the colonies • Colonists use enslaved Africans to work in place of Native Americans NEXT The Atlantic Slave Trade The Causes of African Slavery Slavery in Africa • Slavery had existed in Africa for centuries, but been minor practice • In the 7th century, the spread of Islam produces more slavery in Africa. However slavery in African and Muslim lands was different from in the Americas. • In African & Muslim lands, slaves have some rights. •In the Americas, slavery was based on race and was hereditary. The Atlantic Slave Trade The Causes of African Slavery The Demand for Africans • In the 1600s, the interest of Europeans in Africa was because of their need for workers in the American colonies led to increased demands for enslaved Africans Europeans Preferred African Slaves over Native American Workers 1. Africans could withstand diseases 2. Have farming skills 3. Unlikely to escape, b/c they didn’t know the landscape Atlantic slave trade: forced movement of many Africans to Americas The Causes of African Slavery Spain and Portugal Lead the Way • By 1650, about 300,000 enslaved Africans in Spanish colonies • Portugal brings many more slaves to sugar plantations in Brazil Slavery Spreads Throughout the Americas England Dominates the Slave Trade • From 1690 to 1807, England dominates slave trade • About 400,000 enslaved Africans brought to North American colonies African Cooperation and Resistance • Many African rulers capture people to be sold into slavery • Later, some rulers protest the trade A Forced Journey The Triangular Trade • Triangular trade—trade network linking Europe, Africa, Americas • Routes: Interactive 1. manufactured goods move from Europe (England) to Africa 2. people move from Africa to Americas - sugar, coffee, tobacco move from Americas to Europe The Middle Passage • Voyage of enslaved Africans to Americas known as the middle passage, because it was the 2nd or middle part of the triangular trade • As many as 20 percent of Africans die on these journeys NEXT The Triangular Trade •New England, New York, and Philadelphia were all a part of the triangular trade • England Exported manufactured goods • West Indies exported sugar and molasses to England, New York, & Philadelphia & then New England, Philadelphia, & New York export dish, lumber, and grain to the West Indies, Spain, Portugal, the Azores, and Madeira Islands • The Middle Passage transported gold and enslaved Africans Who provided the slaves for the trade? Slavery in the Americas A Harsh Life • In Americas, captured Africans sold at auction to highest bidder • Life is difficult: long work hours; poor food, housing, clothing Resistance and Rebellion • Africans maintain musical, cultural traditions • Some resist by breaking tools or working slowly • Some run away or take part in revolts Consequences of the Slave Trade Results in Atlantic Slave Trade In African societies suffer from loss of so many people • African families disrupted • Many cultures lost their fittest members In Americas, labor of enslaved people helps build new societies • Enslaved Africans affect culture in Americas • Population in Americas changes NEXT The Columbian Exchange & Global Trade The Columbian Exchange The Columbian Exchange • Columbian Exchange—global transfer of food, plants, animals • East to West: Corn, potatoes from Americas become crops in Eastern Hemisphere • East to West: livestock, plants introduced by Europeans take hold in Americas • European diseases kill millions of Native Americans NEXT Global Trade Changing Economies • Wealth from Americas & growth of trade overseas lead to new businesses and trade practices in Europe during the 16th & 17th centuries The Rise of Capitalism • New economic system—capitalism—based on private property, profit • Financial success in the American colonies and increase in business leads to inflation— rising prices—in Europe • Hauls of gold, silver from Americas cause high inflation in Spain Joint-Stock Companies • Joint-stock company lets investors share risk, profits of business • These companies help fund colonies in America The Growth of Mercantilism New Economic Policy • Policy of mercantilism emphasizes national wealth as source of power • The way to do this is through a balance of trade Balance of Trade • One way for nation to increase wealth: gather gold, silver • Favorable balance of trade when nation sells more goods than it buys • Colonies provide raw materials that home country uses to make goods The Growth of Mercantilism Economic Revolution Changes European Society • Economic changes spur growth of towns, rise of merchant class • Still, most people are poor and live in rural areas The Age of Exploration Results of the Age of Exploration • European influence spreads to the Western hemisphere • Native American Population between 1492 to 1608 decreases by millions due to diseases introduced by the Spanish