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Parametrization of invasive alien species impacts in marine ecosystems Sergej Olenin Irina Olenina and Anastasija Zaiko [email protected] Key definitions • Non-indigenous species (NIS, syn.: alien, exotic) … introduced outside of their natural range (past or present) and outside of their natural dispersal potential. • Their presence in the given region is due to intentional or unintentional introduction resulting from human activities. • Natural shifts in distribution ranges (e.g. due to climate change or dispersal by ocean currents) do not qualify a species as a NIS. • Invasive alien species … a subset of established NIS which have spread, are spreading or have demonstrated their potential to spread elsewhere, and have an adverse effect on biological diversity, ecosystem functioning, socio-economic values and/or human health in invaded regions. What invaders do in (or to) marine ecosystems? • They can potentially do anything any species can. • a broad typology of effects of anthropogenic IAS is not different from that for any species, • IAS impacts may be traced at all hierarchical levels of biological organization: genetic, population/species, functional groups, habitats, ecosystems Drivers and interactions with ecosystem components considered in MEECE Where is a problem? • The nature of the impacts varies in great extent • i.e. competition with native species, dominance in an invaded community, hybridisation, change in bottom sediments, alteration of hydrological regime, accumulation of toxic substances, modification of trophic chains, etc, etc • Precise measurement and comparison of impacts within different ecosystems is difficult to achieve when data available from one region, may not exist for another. • A standardized method to assess and compare the impacts of alien invasive species is needed Biopollution assessment http://corpi.ku.lt/~biopollution/ (Olenin, Minchin, Daunys, 2007. Mar. Pol. Bul.) IAS impacts in three categories 1. …native communities – changes in community structure due to displacement of native species, shifts in community dominant species, loss of type-specific communities and keystone species. The magnitude of the impact may vary from no changes to extinction of native keystone species in the worst case (C0…C4) 2. … on habitats – alteration, fragmentation and/or loss of benthic or pelagic habitats native habitats (H0…H4) 3. … on ecosystem functioning – shifts in trophic nets and alteration of energy flow and organic material cycling, involving also cascading effects causing large scale changes. – may be quantified by the energy channelled through the food web by an IAS. – However, such studies are rare; therefore the changes in functional groups may be used as a proxy for this category … loss of the key functional groups within different trophic levels in the worst case (E0…E4) BINPAS: Biological Invasion Impact (Biopollution) Assessment System http://www.corpi.ku.lt/~biopollution/ Dynamics of the bioinvasion impacts caused by the dinoflagellate Prorocentrum minimum in the Baltic subregions during the five years assessment periods and the highest level of impact reached 11 sub-regions; 6 five years periods; Routine monitoring data Olenina et al. (submitted) Relationships between Prorocentrum minimum abundance (cells·L-1), biomass (% from total phytoplankton biomass) and biopollution level BPL= 4 BPL= 3 BPL= 2 BPL= 1 BPL= 0 Olenina et al. (submitted) HELCOM Indicator Fact Sheet on invasive phytoplankton species impact Overall assessment of the biopollution level in the Baltic Sea No. of alien species registered 121 http://www.corpi.ku.lt/nemo/ No. of established alien species 79 No. of established alien species for which ecological impacts have been documented in the Baltic Sea 33 (multicellular species only – mollusks, crustaceans, worms, fishes…) Information sources: • 162 peer-reviewed papers (1992-2009) • ICES WGITMO reports Olenin, Zaiko (in prep.) 9 assessment units Overall level of impacts caused by Marenzelleria spp. in the Baltic Sea sub-regions SUB-REGION ADR C H E BPL Reference Gusev, Starikova 2005; Zettler et al. 2002; Bastrop, Blank 2006; Zettler et al. 2007; Granberg et al. 2008 Conf. Baltic Proper C C1 H1 E2 2 Kattegat and Belt Sea C C1 N/A N/A 1 Gulf of Bothnia C C1 N/A N/A 1 Leppakoski et al. 2002; Stigzelius et al. 1997; Bastrop, Blank 2006; Wiklund et al. 2008 x Gulf of Finland C C2 H1 E0 2 Orlova et al. 2006; Haahti, Kangas 2006; Kotta et al. 2006 xxx Gulf of Riga C C1 H1 N/A 2 Kotta et al. 2006; 2008 Curonian Lagoon C C2 H2 E2 2 Olenin, Leppakoski, 1999; Daunys, 2001 xxx xxx Olsen et al. 2008 xx x x Vistula Lagoon D C2 H1 E2 2 Zmudzinski 1996; Ezhova, Spirido 2005; Ezhova et al. 2005; Chubarenko, Margoriski 2008 Gulf of Gdansk D N/A H1 N/A 2 Warzocha et al. 2004; Gusev, Starikova 2005 x Odra Lagoon D C2 N/A N/A 2 Gruszka 1999 x Olenin, Zaiko (in prep.) N/A – information not available Conf., confidence rank: xxx – high, xx – medium, x - low Visualization of bioinvasion impact assessment: examples Gammarus tigrinus Replacement of native Marenzelleria gammarids, loss of type specific communities. (Jazdzewski et al. 2005; Grabowski et al. 2006) spp. BPL 0 – no 1 - weak 2 - moderate 3 - strong 4 - massive Pontogammarus robustoides Cercopagis pengoi Number of documented case studies (impacts on): Communities 65 Habitats 23 Ecosystem funct. 51 No one species with BPL>3 Olenin, Zaiko (in prep.) Bioinvasion impacts on the Baltic Sea scale 20 18 No. of alien spp. with BPL>0 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 Gulf of Finland Vistula Lagoon Odra Lagoon Curonian Lagoon Gulf of Riga Gulf of Gdansk Kattegat and Belt Sea Baltic Proper Gulf of Bothnia The highest number of impacting alien species (BPL>0, i.e. weak, moderate and strong impacts) is found in the coastal lagoons and inlets Olenin, Zaiko (in prep.) Bioinvasion impacts on the Baltic Sea scale Olenin, Zaiko (in prep.) The biopollution assessment rule 1 • The assessment should be performed only for the areas with known history of biological invasions. » Sufficient data on abundance and distribution of alien species present in the system is a prerequisite for the assessment. » At least basic knowledge on local native biodiversity and environmental impacts of invasive alien species is required. • Defining the level of certainty (High, Moderate, Low) while assessing the abundance / distribution range and impacts in three different categories is important. • The Biopollution assessment system is not producing new data! It is converting the existing data on multiple alien species impacts into uniform Biological pollution level (BPL) units. The biopollution assessment rule 2 • The assessment should be performed for each alien species known for the given assessment unit. » It is highly unlikely that species, causing more or less serious changes in the invaded system (i.e. BPL>1) would remain unnoticed. • The assessment unit is a defined water body. » (e.g. a lake, a lagoon, a coastal zone or a gulf). • The assessment should be performed for a certain period of time. The biopollution assessment rule 3 • The BPL for any alien species is determined according to its greatest impact level during the assessment period at least in one category of impacts – on community, – habitat or – ecosystem functioning. The biopollution assessment rule 4 • The overall BPL for the assessment unit is determined according to the greatest impact level for at least one species which was noticed during the evaluation period. The “ONE OUT – ALL OUT” rule » For instance, if for a 5-year evaluation period, BPL was low (BPL≤ 1) for twenty AS, but at least one species once showed BPL=3, than the BPL for the whole system would be 3. Conclusion • Biopollution level index (BPL) may be used for parameterization and quantification of invasive alien species impacts in (on) marine ecosystems • BPL enables comparison between different alien species and different ecosystems, it may be used for: – – – – acquiring baseline information on alien species, monitoring of bioinvasion effects, prioritizing impacting species, evaluation of effectiveness of bioinvasion management.