Download Parametrization of invasive alien species impacts in marine

Parametrization of
invasive alien species impacts
in marine ecosystems
Sergej Olenin
Irina Olenina and Anastasija Zaiko
[email protected]
Key definitions
• Non-indigenous species (NIS, syn.: alien, exotic) …
introduced outside of their natural range (past or
present) and outside of their natural dispersal potential.
• Their presence in the given region is due to intentional or
unintentional introduction resulting from human activities.
• Natural shifts in distribution ranges (e.g. due to climate change or
dispersal by ocean currents) do not qualify a species as a NIS.
• Invasive alien species
… a subset of established NIS which have spread, are
spreading or have demonstrated their potential to spread
elsewhere, and have an adverse effect on biological
diversity, ecosystem functioning, socio-economic values
and/or human health in invaded regions.
What invaders do in (or to)
marine ecosystems?
• They can potentially do anything any species
can.
• a broad typology of effects of anthropogenic IAS is not
different from that for any species,
• IAS impacts may be traced at all hierarchical
levels of biological organization: genetic,
population/species, functional groups, habitats,
ecosystems
Drivers and interactions with ecosystem
components considered in MEECE
Where is a problem?
• The nature of the impacts varies in great extent
• i.e. competition with native species, dominance in an invaded
community, hybridisation, change in bottom sediments,
alteration of hydrological regime, accumulation of toxic
substances, modification of trophic chains, etc, etc
• Precise measurement and comparison of impacts
within different ecosystems is difficult to achieve
when data available from one region, may not exist
for another.
• A standardized method to assess and compare the
impacts of alien invasive species is needed
Biopollution assessment
http://corpi.ku.lt/~biopollution/
(Olenin, Minchin, Daunys, 2007. Mar. Pol. Bul.)
IAS impacts in three categories
1. …native communities
– changes in community
structure due to displacement
of native species, shifts in
community dominant species,
loss of type-specific
communities and keystone
species.
The magnitude of the impact
may vary from no changes to
extinction of native keystone
species in the worst case
(C0…C4)
2. … on habitats
– alteration, fragmentation
and/or loss of benthic or
pelagic habitats native
habitats
(H0…H4)
3. … on ecosystem functioning
– shifts in trophic nets and
alteration of energy flow and
organic material cycling,
involving also cascading
effects causing large scale
changes.
– may be quantified by the
energy channelled through the
food web by an IAS.
– However, such studies are
rare; therefore the changes in
functional groups may be
used as a proxy for this
category
… loss of the key functional
groups within different trophic
levels in the worst case
(E0…E4)
BINPAS:
Biological Invasion Impact
(Biopollution) Assessment System
http://www.corpi.ku.lt/~biopollution/
Dynamics of the bioinvasion impacts caused by the
dinoflagellate Prorocentrum minimum in the Baltic subregions during the five years assessment periods and
the highest level of impact reached
11 sub-regions;
6 five years
periods;
Routine
monitoring data
Olenina et al. (submitted)
Relationships between Prorocentrum minimum
abundance (cells·L-1), biomass (% from total
phytoplankton biomass) and biopollution level
BPL= 4
BPL= 3
BPL= 2
BPL= 1
BPL= 0
Olenina et al. (submitted)
HELCOM Indicator Fact Sheet
on invasive phytoplankton species impact
Overall assessment of the
biopollution level in the Baltic Sea
No. of alien species registered 121
http://www.corpi.ku.lt/nemo/
No. of established alien species
79
No. of established alien species for
which ecological impacts have been
documented in the Baltic Sea
33
(multicellular species only – mollusks, crustaceans, worms, fishes…)
Information sources:
• 162 peer-reviewed papers (1992-2009)
• ICES WGITMO reports
Olenin, Zaiko (in prep.)
9 assessment
units
Overall level of impacts caused by
Marenzelleria spp. in the Baltic Sea sub-regions
SUB-REGION
ADR
C
H
E
BPL
Reference
Gusev, Starikova 2005; Zettler et al. 2002;
Bastrop, Blank 2006; Zettler et al. 2007;
Granberg et al. 2008
Conf.
Baltic Proper
C
C1
H1
E2
2
Kattegat and Belt
Sea
C
C1
N/A
N/A
1
Gulf of Bothnia
C
C1
N/A
N/A
1
Leppakoski et al. 2002; Stigzelius et al.
1997; Bastrop, Blank 2006; Wiklund et al.
2008
x
Gulf of Finland
C
C2
H1
E0
2
Orlova et al. 2006; Haahti, Kangas 2006;
Kotta et al. 2006
xxx
Gulf of Riga
C
C1
H1
N/A
2
Kotta et al. 2006; 2008
Curonian Lagoon
C
C2
H2
E2
2
Olenin, Leppakoski, 1999; Daunys, 2001
xxx
xxx
Olsen et al. 2008
xx
x
x
Vistula Lagoon
D
C2
H1
E2
2
Zmudzinski 1996; Ezhova, Spirido 2005;
Ezhova et al. 2005; Chubarenko, Margoriski
2008
Gulf of Gdansk
D
N/A
H1
N/A
2
Warzocha et al. 2004; Gusev, Starikova
2005
x
Odra Lagoon
D
C2
N/A
N/A
2
Gruszka 1999
x
Olenin, Zaiko (in prep.)
N/A – information not available
Conf., confidence rank: xxx – high, xx – medium, x - low
Visualization of bioinvasion
impact assessment: examples
Gammarus
tigrinus
Replacement of native Marenzelleria
gammarids, loss of type
specific communities.
(Jazdzewski et al. 2005;
Grabowski et al. 2006)
spp.
BPL
0 – no
1 - weak
2 - moderate
3 - strong
4 - massive
Pontogammarus
robustoides
Cercopagis
pengoi
Number of documented
case studies (impacts on):
Communities
65
Habitats
23
Ecosystem funct.
51
No one species
with BPL>3
Olenin, Zaiko (in prep.)
Bioinvasion impacts on the Baltic Sea scale
20
18
No. of alien spp. with BPL>0
16
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
Gulf of
Finland
Vistula
Lagoon
Odra
Lagoon
Curonian
Lagoon
Gulf of
Riga
Gulf of
Gdansk
Kattegat
and Belt
Sea
Baltic
Proper
Gulf of
Bothnia
The highest number of impacting alien species (BPL>0, i.e. weak, moderate and strong
impacts) is found in the coastal lagoons and inlets
Olenin, Zaiko (in prep.)
Bioinvasion impacts on the Baltic Sea scale
Olenin, Zaiko (in prep.)
The biopollution assessment rule 1
• The assessment should be performed only for the
areas with known history of biological invasions.
» Sufficient data on abundance and distribution of alien
species present in the system is a prerequisite for the
assessment.
» At least basic knowledge on local native biodiversity and
environmental impacts of invasive alien species is required.
• Defining the level of certainty (High, Moderate,
Low) while assessing the abundance / distribution
range and impacts in three different categories is
important.
• The Biopollution assessment system is not
producing new data! It is converting the existing
data on multiple alien species impacts into
uniform Biological pollution level (BPL) units.
The biopollution assessment rule 2
• The assessment should be performed for
each alien species known for the given
assessment unit.
» It is highly unlikely that species, causing more or less
serious changes in the invaded system (i.e. BPL>1)
would remain unnoticed.
• The assessment unit is a defined water
body.
» (e.g. a lake, a lagoon, a coastal zone or a gulf).
• The assessment should be performed for a
certain period of time.
The biopollution assessment rule 3
• The BPL for any alien species is
determined according to its greatest impact
level during the assessment period at least
in one category of impacts
– on community,
– habitat or
– ecosystem functioning.
The biopollution assessment rule 4
• The overall BPL for the assessment unit is
determined according to the greatest
impact level for at least one species which
was noticed during the evaluation period.
The “ONE OUT – ALL OUT” rule
» For instance, if for a 5-year evaluation period, BPL
was low (BPL≤ 1) for twenty AS, but at least one
species once showed BPL=3, than the BPL for the
whole system would be 3.
Conclusion
• Biopollution level index (BPL) may be used for
parameterization and quantification of invasive
alien species impacts in (on) marine
ecosystems
• BPL enables comparison between different alien
species and different ecosystems, it may be
used for:
–
–
–
–
acquiring baseline information on alien species,
monitoring of bioinvasion effects,
prioritizing impacting species,
evaluation of effectiveness of bioinvasion
management.