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Sparta and Athens Get Ready to Read Section Overview This section traces the development of Greek governments and compares the systems adopted by Sparta and Athens. Sparta and Athens Get Ready to Read (cont.) Focusing on the Main Ideas • Tyrants were able to seize power from the nobles with the support of Greek farmers, merchants, and artisans. • The Spartans focused on military skills to control the people they conquered. • Unlike Spartans, Athenians were more interested in building a democracy than building a military force. Sparta and Athens Get Ready to Read (cont.) Locating Places • Sparta (SPAHR·tuh) • Athens (A·thuhnz) Meeting People • Solon (SOH·luhn) • Peisistratus (py·SIHS·truht·uhs) • Cleisthenes (KLYS·thuh·NEEZ) Sparta and Athens Get Ready to Read (cont.) Building Your Vocabulary • tyrant (TY·ruhnt) • oligarchy (AH·luh·GAHR·kee) • democracy (dih·MAH·kruh·see) • helot (HEH·luht) Reading Strategy Compare and Contrast Draw a Venn diagram like the one on page 124 of your textbook. Compare and contrast life in Sparta and Athens. Sparta and Athens Tyranny in the City-States • Nobles, who owned large farms, seized power from the Greek kings. • Farmers had to borrow money from nobles and often could not pay back the debt. • The farmers lost their land and had to work for the nobles or were sold into slavery. (pages 125–126) Sparta and Athens Tyranny in the City-States (cont.) • Unhappy farmers demanded changes in the power structure of the city-states. • This unhappiness led to the rise of tyrants, or people who take power by force and rule with total authority. • Tyrants overthrew the nobles during the 600s B.C. (pages 125–126) Sparta and Athens Tyranny in the City-States (cont.) • Tyrants maintained their popularity by building marketplaces, temples, and walls. • The Greek people eventually tired of the tyrants and created oligarchies or democracies. • An oligarchy is a form of government in which a few people hold power. (pages 125–126) Sparta and Athens Tyranny in the City-States (cont.) • A democracy is a form of government in which all citizens share power. • Sparta was an oligarchy; Athens was a democracy. (pages 125–126) Sparta and Athens Are tyrants today different from those in ancient Greece? A. Yes B. No Today the word tyrant means a harsh, oppressive ruler. Today’s tyrants are not concerned with the common good of their country’s people. Sparta and Athens Sparta • To obtain more land, Spartans conquered and enslaved their neighbors, calling them helots. • To keep the helots from rebelling, the Spartans created a strong military of boys and men. • Boys entered the military at age seven. • At age 20, men entered the regular army and lived in the barracks for 10 years. (pages 126–127) Sparta and Athens Sparta (cont.) • They returned home at age 30 but served in the army until age 60. • Spartan girls were trained in sports to become healthy mothers and were freer than other Greek women. • The Spartan government was an oligarchy containing two branches, a council of elders, and an assembly. (pages 126–127) Sparta and Athens Sparta (cont.) • The Spartan government kept foreign travelers out and discouraged its own citizens from traveling in order to maintain control of the country. (pages 126–127) Sparta and Athens What was one disadvantage of the Spartans’ focus on the military? A. They did not learn as much about science or practice as much trade as Greeks in Athens. B. They beat up everyone and soon they did not have anyone left to beat up. Sparta and Athens Athens • Boys in Athens attended school to learn reading, writing, and arithmetic. • Athenian girls learned household duties from their mothers. • Some wealthy girls learned reading, writing, and playing the lyre. • The government of early Athens was an oligarchy. (pages 128–130) Sparta and Athens Athens (cont.) • A noble named Solon reformed the Athenian government in 594 B.C. • The tyrant Peisistratus seized power 30 years after Solon’s reforms. • Cleisthenes took power in 508 B.C. • He created a democracy in Athens. • Cleisthenes gave the assembly more power. (pages 128–130) Sparta and Athens Athens (cont.) • He also created a new council to help the assembly carry out its duties. • Members of the council were chosen by lottery. (pages 128–130) Sparta and Athens Solon refused to give away land of the wealthy nobles, so the farmers remained unhappy. A. True B. False Sparta and Athens Who were the helots? A. The helots were captive workers in Sparta. B. The Helots were the best Greek heavy metal band. C. The Helots were a group of teachers. Sparta and Athens Tyrants fell out of favor with the Greeks because most Greeks longed for rule by law with all citizens participating in government. A. True B. False Sparta and Athens Evaluate Athenians choose officials by lottery. A. True B. False Would there be drawbacks to this method? Explain. Sparta and Athens Explain How did Greek nobles gain power? A. They seized power from kings during the Dark Age. B. They purchased the power with money. Sparta and Athens Analyze Why was Solon popular among some Athenian farmers and unpopular among others? A. B. He canceled farmers’ debts and freed those who had become enslaved, but he refused to give away wealthy nobles’ land. He wore a leather jacket and sunglasses and drove a really cool car. Sparta and Athens Civics Link How did Athenian democracy keep one person from gaining too much power? A large council chosen by lottery kept power distributed among the people. Sparta and Athens Descriptive Writing Imagine that you are a 28-year-old man living in Sparta in 700 B.C. Write a letter to your 6-year-old nephew telling him what to expect when he leaves home on his next birthday. Your letter should discuss early military training and the importance of serving Sparta. Sparta and Athens How would a citizen of Sparta complete this sentence: “I’m proud of my city-state because _______.”