Download Efficient design of ATM based Remote Healthcare Monitoring System

International Journal of Electrical, Electronics and Computer Systems (IJEECS)
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Efficient design of ATM based Remote Healthcare Monitoring System
S. Ravisankar
Assistant Professor, Department of ECE, Sree Sastha Institute of Engineering and Technology
Email: [email protected]
Abstract : Remote patient monitoring faces some big
obstacles. Older patients might be unfamiliar with
the technology, and people of all ages still have to be
persuaded to use it. There is little standardization
among the devices because of the number of
companies in the market, so IT faces an integration
headache getting them to work with existing
electronic records. System framework aims to design
and implementation of ATM based remote health
care monitoring system. This allows an individual to
check the medical parameters such as Blood glucose
level, Blood pressure, Heart beat, Body temperature,
Height, Weight using appropriate sensors after
swiping the smart card of the person in the smart
card reader which is interfaced to the
microcontroller. After the check, the money for the
particular test is transferred from the smart card.
Then the health conditions are sent to the person's
mobile phone via GSM. The entire database is stored
in the main server. The main server is considered as
a common healthcare monitoring system which is
maintained by a separate health care unit from
which, physical advises are sent to the persons mobile
number. Also it allows us to access the health
parameters from anywhere by swiping the smart
card in the smart card reader This will reduce the
time to be spent in hospitals and allows consumers
can maintain their own health and wellness. Care
givers can more quickly react to the medical
emergencies of elders. Trainers can analyze trainee's
fitness level. It is a noninvasive approach and will
provide real time monitoring.
Index Terms: GSM, Microcontroller, Smart Card
As the nation's healthcare infrastructure continues to
evolve new technologies promise to provide readily
accessible health information that can help people to
address personal and community health concerns. In
general wearable and implantable medical sensors and
portable computing devices present many opportunities
to provide timely health information to physicians,
public health professionals as well as consumers. By
supplying real time health information or extensive
measurements collected continuously, a sensor based
health care information infrastructure that is based on
relatively static also sparsely collected information can
be used to maintain the patient medical records
effectively. Also a remote health monitoring system will
helps to reduce the cost of healthcare and to
simultaneously improve the quality of the healthcare.
Patients may spend less time in hospitals and it allows
us to maintain detailed health data, measured by
wearable sensors as they go about their daily activities.
I. SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE
To implement a remote healthcare monitoring system. In
these sensors to monitor the medical parameters such as
Blood Glucose, Blood Pressure, Heart Rate,
Temperature, Height and weight are designed and
interfaced to the microcontroller ATmega16. This
microcontroller having inbuilt ADC which converts the
sensors input analog signals to digital signals. In this a
smart card is given to each and every individual, which
holds the basic information about the person such as
name, address, photo, etc ... A individual, who want to
check his physical condition must swipe the smart card
in the smart card reader attached to the a microcontroller
in the setup.
The PC, which attached to this setup, will display all the
details of the individual, who swiped the smartcard. By
selecting the continue button in the display of pc the
window showing the tests are displayed. After selecting
the appropriate test the guidelines to fixing the testing
apparatus in the person's body will be shown as image as
well as text in the PC. Because the actual result depends
only on the accuracy of the particular sensor and fixing
the test equipment's appropriately.
After fixing the equipment the person select a button to
start the test. Then options to end the test or to continue
with other test will be selected. Other test would be
selected by continue with other test option.
Also if we end the test then the result of the particular
test gets displayed on the PC and the health condition of
the patient is sent as a message to the persons mobile
number through GSM and also it gets stored in the data
base which is owned by the healthcare management unit
through a network for future reference and also the
medical advice is given by the physician in the
healthcare management unit.
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the reader facilitates connected states from a couple of
centimetres to a couple of feet's.
III. SENSOR UNIT
A. Blood Pressure Sensor
Hypertension is a critical risk factor for
Fig.1. Block diagram of ATM based remote healthcare
monitoring system
II. SMART CARD UNIT
Over the past few years, smart cards have achieved a
growing acceptance as a powerful tool for security,
identification, as well as authorization [7]. Also the
financial card issuers are moving to replace magnetic
stripe cards with chip cards to reduce the unauthorised
usage. Also the enhancement in computational power
placed on the chip along with advances in cryptography
has made the smart card as a very powerful tool for
identification. A smart card is a small, tamperproof
computer. The smart card itself contains a CPU and also
some non-volatile storage space [7]. In most of the
cards, part of the storage space is tamperproof while the
rest is accessible to any application that can
communicate to the card.
This feature makes it possible for the smart card to keep
some secrets, such as the private keys associated with
any certificates it holds. The card is capable of
performing its own cryptographic operations. Smart
cards are storage devices with the core mechanics to
facilitate communication with a reader. They also have
file-system configurations and the ability to be
partitioned into public and private spaces that can be
made available or locked. Smart cards currently
available in two forms, they are contact and contactless.
In general the Contact cards require a reader to facilitate
the bidirectional connection. The card must be inserted
into the device that will touch the contact points in the
card, which provides communication with the smart
card's chip. Contact cards will come in 3-volt and 5-volt
models, same as current desktop CPUs. Contact card
readers are commonly built into company or vendorowned buildings, cellular phones, handheld devices and
stand-alone devices that are connected with a computer
desktop's serial or Universal Serial Bus(USB) port,
laptop card slots, and keyboards [7].Contactless cards
use proximity couplers to get information to and from
the smart card's chip. Also an antenna is wound around
the circumference of the smart card and activated when
the card is radiated in a specific distance from the
reader. Also the configuration of the card's antenna and
cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in the general
population and reduction of blood pressure (BP) with
effective
antihypertensive
therapy
significantly
decreases cardiovascular morbidity and mortality [6].
Keeping observing BP is also a matter of concern for
those who have hyper-tension, coronary heart disease
and other cardiovascular diseases. BP measurement is
also important for particular disease patients, such as
haemodialysis patients. Hence, in the daily life, BP
measurement and management is very useful for
handling health situation and
plays a preventive function. [6 ] Many researches point
out that the importance of BP measurement and
management for elder and hypertensions. Elderly people
usually have higher BP, prone to take sick, and the
morbidity of BP disease is higher. In patients with
hypertension, BP measurement and management warn
patients to take medicines and make prevention about
diet, to get treatment effect.
Blood pressure is comprised of two types [6]: Systolic
pressure (the force of blood in arteries as the heart
contracts and pushes it out) and diastolic pressure (the
force of blood in arteries as the heart relaxes).The
measurement system of blood pressure can be classified
into two categories:
1. Invasive (direct)
2. Non-invasive (indirect)
Invasive techniques of BP Measurement involve
inserting a catheter into the vascular system which
brings high risks of arrhythmia, embolism, heart attack
as well as certain percent of mortality. Also this method
is not very convenient for day to day applications [6].
This can be used only when absolutely necessary. The
non-invasive devices are more safe, easier to use and
also can be utilized in many of the situations. Various
non-invasive methods are available like Electronic
Palpation method, Volume Oscillometric (VO) method,
Volume Compensation (VC) method, Arterial
Tonometry method etc. Among those auscultator
methods, Oscillometric methods are continuous.
B. Blood Glucose Sensor
Diabetes is a condition in which the pancreas of the
body cannot produce the insulin further, which controls
blood glucose levels [8]. The causes and reasons of
diabetes in humans are not fully understood till now,
also the widely accepted statement is that it may be
genetic and may be caused by a high sugar intake as part
of a daily meal serving. Once diabetes is diagnosed, the
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blood sugar level needs to be continuously monitored in
order to facilitate medicinal
insulin intake. Blood Glucose monitors are the medical
devices used to measure the approximate concentration
of glucose in blood, especially of patients with
symptoms or a history of abnormally high or low blood
glucose level [8]s. Most commonly, they enable diabetic
patients to administer appropriate insulin doses. Blood
glucose is measured in mg/dl (milligrams of glucose per
decilitre
of
blood).The
Low
Blood
Sugar
(Hypoglycaemia) range is about 0-70 mg/dl and Normal
Blood Sugar range is from 70-135 mg/dl and also the
High Blood Sugar (Hyperglycemias)=135450mg/dl. The
availability of home-use glucometers has greatly
improved the quality of life of such individuals.
However, such monitors require a blood draw through
finger pricks for each test, which causes pain and
inconvenience. Each test also requires a new test-strip,
contributing to the recurring cost of such a device.
[8]Optimum insulin dosage, however, requires
frequent/continuous monitoring of blood glucose, and
currently available glucometers do not address this
requirement. Continuous monitors do exist, but they
need to be implanted under the skin, causing trauma
while being implanted, and they need to be replaced
every week. So in this project we use a non-invasive
method of blood glucose monitoring is used to alleviate
the drawbacks in the invasive approach and to provide
continuous glucose monitoring.
In this project we use Near Infrared (NIR) spectroscopy
to determine blood glucose levels based on
transmittance spectroscopy on the ear lobe [8]. Using
various body parameters, such as tissue thickness, blood
oxygen saturation, and a linear regression-analysis based
calibration system, an accurate and real-time
architecture is proposed. The amount of near infrared
light passing through the ear lobe depends on the
amount of blood glucose in that region. The ear lobe was
chosen due to the absence of bone tissues and also
because of its relatively small thickness. Near Infrared
(NIR) light is applied onto one side of the ear lobe,
while a receiver on the other side receives the attenuated
light [8]. This attenuated signal is then sampled and
processed. The light transmitters and receptors around a
wavelength of 1550nm are relatively low cost as
compared to other wavelengths with equal or higher
response to glucose.
C. Heart Beat Sensor
The Heart Beat Sensor provides a simple way to study
the heart's function. This sensor monitors the flow of
blood through Finger. As the heart forces blood through
the blood vessels in the, the amount of blood in the
Finger changes with time [2]-[4]. Heart beat sensor is
designed to give digital output of heart beat when a
finger is placed on it. It consists of a super bright red
LED and light detector[2]. The LED needs to be super
bright as the maximum light must pass spread in finger
and detected by detector. When the heart pumps a pulse
of blood through the blood vessels, the finger becomes
slightly more opaque and so less light reached the
detector. With each heart pulse the detector signal
varies. This variation is converted to electrical pulse.
This digital output can be connected to microcontroller
directly to measure the Beats Per Minute (BPM) rate.
This signal is amplified and triggered through an
amplifier which outputs +5V logic level signal. The
output signal is also indicated by a LED which blinks on
each heart beat.
Fig.2.Heart Beat Sensor
D. Temperature Sensor
The LM35 series are precISIon integrated-circuit
temperature sensors, whose output voltage is linearly
proportional to the Celsius (Centigrade) temperature[3][5].Low cost is assured by trimming and calibration at
the wafer level. The LM35's low output impedance,
linear output, and precise inherent calibration make
interfacing to readout or control circuitry especially
easy. The LM35 series is available packaged in hermetic
TO-46 transistor packages, while the LM35C, LM35CA,
and LM35D are also available in the plastic TO-92
transistor package.
E. Ultrasonic Sensor
To measure the height of the human, we use ultrasonic
sensor. The HC-SR04 ultrasonic sensor uses sonar to
determine distance to an object like bats or dolphins do.
It offers excellent range accuracy and stable readings in
an easy-to-use package [2].Fig. 3. Ultrasonic Sensor
Ultrasonic sensors(also known as transceivers when they
both send and receive) work on a principle similar to
radar or sonar which evaluate attributes of a target or
sonar which evaluate attributes of a target by
interpreting the echoes from radio or sound wave
respectively. Ultrasonic sensors generate high frequency
sound wave and evaluate the echo which is received
back by the sensor. Sensor calculates the time interval
between sending the signal and receiving the echo to
determine the distance to an object.
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frequency and electric charge. Sensor inputs can be
accelerometer, thermocouple, thermostat, resistance
thermometer, strain gauge or bridge, and LVDT or
RVDT.
Fig.3.Ultrasonic Sensor
F. Weight Sensor
For the measurement of weight we are using load cell
rated 5-60 kg as rated load. Single Point Load Cells are
usually designed for processing applications which
require weight control platforms, usually on the small
scale type[2]. They are given their name because they
can be used for these platform applications supporting
off centre loading by utilizing only one sensor.
Fig. 4. Weight Sensor.
The advantage of this particular load cell design over
others is that it is low profile, has high precision, and
can be adjusted for off centre loading. This particular
load cell type is generally easy to mount. Other products
for similar applications such as load buttons are not as
easy to mount. This load cell is also designed for high
volume OEM applications and offered in a wide range
of capacities from Gram ranges to 500 Ibs in the same
form fit function. Also due to its compact size, high
precision and long Mean Time between Failures (MTBF
of very well over 100 million cycles) it has been an ideal
choice for many medical applications such as automated
blood management system, dialysis and bag hanging
applications for drug delivery application. By using this
load cell we can measure the calibrated load of 2 to 3kgs
the output of load cell is in current form so and I to V
converter is used for converting it into voltage form.
Then the precision rectifier is used.
Fig.4.Weight Sensor
IV. SIGNAL CONDITIONING UNIT
Specialized inputs include encoder, counter or
tachometer, timer or clock, relay or switch, and other
specialized inputs. Outputs for signal conditioning
equipment can be voltage, current, frequency, timer or
counter, relay, resistance or potentiometer, and other
specialized outputs. Signal conditioning processes.
Signal conditioning can include amplification, filtering,
converting, range matching, isolation and any other
processes required to make sensor output suitable for
processing after conditioning [4].
i. Filtering
Filtering is the most common signal conditioning
function, as usually not all the signal frequency
spectrum contains valid data. The common examples are
60 Hz AC
power lines, present in most environments, which will
produce noise if amplified.
ii. Amplifying
Signal amplification performs two important functions:
increases the resolution of the input signal, and increases
its signal-to-noise
ratio. For example, the output of an electronic
temperature sensor, which is probably in the mill volts
range is probably too low for an Analog-to-digital
converter (ADC) to process directly. In this case it is
necessary to bring the voltage level up to that required
by the ADC.
iii. Isolation
Signal isolation must be used in order to pass the signal
from the source to the measurement device without a
physical connection: it is often used to isolate possible
sources of signal perturbations. Also notable is that it is
important to isolate the potentially expensive equipment
used
to process the signal after conditioning from the sensor.
Magnetic or optic isolation can be used. Magnetic
isolation transforms the signal from voltage to a
magnetic field, allowing the signal to be transmitted
without a physical connection (for example, using a
transformer).Optic isolation takes an electronic signal
and modulates it to a signal coded by light transmission
(optical encoding), which is then used for input for the
next stage of processing.
V. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
SCU is primarily utilized for data acquisition, in which
The data can be transmitted from one location to another
sensor signals must be nonnalized and filtered to levels
location, which can be displayed in virtual terminal as
suitable for analog-to-digital conversion so they can be
shown in the above figure. LCD will display the varying
read by computerized devices. Other uses include
preprocessing signals in order to reduce computing time
[3]. Signal inputs accepted by signal conditioners
include DC voltage and current, AC voltage and current,
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value of potentiometer. The current value of
potentiometer will be continuously displayed in virtual
terminal window, if not varying the potentiometer.
Fig. 6.3. Data transmission output when the test options
are selected
Fig. 6.1. Data transmission output when no smart card is
inserted.
When no smart card is inserted text to insert the smart
card will be displayed and it is shown in the following
figure S. I. When the smart card is inserted the option to
select particular test will be displayed in the fig .5.2.
VI. CONCLUSION
Thus the idea of implementation of ATM based remote
health care monitoring system was proposed and the
simulation output for various health parameters
determined using Proteus software and the output is
visualized in the hyper terminal window. This method
effectively reduces the time of the patients to be spent in
the hospitals and allows each and every individual to
maintain their own health records. Future work will be
the hardware implementation of this health care
monitoring system and also this will includes the
implementation of each and every sensor to determine
the medical parameters, a smart card unit, and the health
condition is sent to the person's mobile number and
result will be stored in the database of the medical
healthcare unit. This allows physician in the healthcare
unit to send medical advice to send medical advice to
the individual.
REFERENCES
Fig. 6.2. Data transmission output when smart card is
inserted .
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When the test options are selected the results of the test
are displayed in the hyper-terminal window.
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