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Transcript
PRINCIPLES OF BIOLOGY LECTURE OUTLINE 1 Text -Chapter 1 Definitions Biology Science Knowledge Truth Science vs Theology Scientific method Text -Chapter 2 Characteristics of Life VOCABULARY Science truth knowledge hypothesis theory scientific law observation inductive reasoning deductive reasoning experiment PRINCIPLES OF BIOLOGY LECTURE OUTLINE 2 Text -Chapter 4 Atoms and Molecules of Life BASIC CHEMISTRY Atoms Elements Molecules WHY ATOMS REACT CHEMICALLY CHEMICAL BONDS covalent -polar -nonpolar ionic hydrogen -special properties of water PRINCIPLES OF BIOLOGY LECTURE OUTLINE 3 Text -Chapter 4 MAJOR TYPES OF MOLECULES IN LIVING MATTER Definitions -Organic molecules Inorganic molecules -examples water as an inorganic molecule -Acids -Bases -pH Organic Molecules -major classes -carbohydrates -lipids -proteins -nucleic acids -we will examine each of these classes Carbohydrates -composition and structure -monsaccharides -disaccharides -polysaccharides -Inorganic molecules PRINCIPLES OF BIOLOGY LECTURE OUTLINE 4 Text -Chapter 4 Carbohydrates cont. -polysaccharides -examples of glucose polymers -glycogen -starch -cellulose FUNCTION OF CARBOHYDRATES -energy storage and production -structural roles lipids basic structure hydrophobicity -fats saturated unsaturated -phospholipids Amphipathic -waxes -steroids FUNCTION OF LIPIDS Proteins -amino acids (monomer) 20 kinds -polypeptide (polymer) -peptide bond Tremendous diversity of structure and function FUNCTION OF PROTEINS -participate in all biochemical reactions -enzymes -receptors Nucleic Acids Nucleotides (monomer) 4 kinds Nucleic Acid (polymer) Genes FUNCTION OF NUCLEIC ACIDS Information storage Store information to make all proteins in the cell PRINCIPLES OF BIOLOGY LECTURE OUTLINE 5 Text -chapter 16 Cells basic structure membranes -organelles -nucleus -endoplasmic reticulum -golgi apparatus -mitochondria -chloroplasts -lysosomes CLASSIFICATION OF CELLS Prokaryotes Plants FUNCTION of CELL PARTS vs vs Eukaryotes animals -plasma membrane -structure -basic function -membrane permeability -osmosis -diffusion -active transport -passive transport -phagocytosis PRINCIPLES OF BIOLOGY LECTURE OUTLINE 6 Text -chapter 17 Genetic Control of Cellular metabolism or How proteins are made from the DNA message? Overview DNA ö mRNA ö Protein TRANSCRIPTION Location: nucleus purpose: to copy DNA gene message into mRNA mechanism: DNA unwinds RNA polymerase mRNA leaves nucleus TRANSLATION Location: in cytoplasm on ribosome attached to the E.R. purpose: to translate RNA into DNA mechanism: involves -ribosome -triplet code -tRNA VIRUSES -the ultimate parasite -borrow the cells transcription/translation machinery -structure -different lifestyles -different kinds of viruses -viral antibiotics?? PRINCIPLES OF BIOLOGY LECTURE OUTLINE 7 Text -chapter 18 Energy capture within cells 2 basic processes of energy capture exist within cells Respiration Photosynthesis -both processes generate same molecule in which energy is stored ATP Uses of ATP Biologists classify organisms based on the way they aquire energy -Ecologists -Ecology -Trophic structure -Autotrophs PHOTOSYNTHESIS -definition -light is the source -description of light -dual properties Heterotrophs -kinds of light Energy capture within cells continued -some light damages biological tissue -cellular site of photosynthesis -chloroplast -grana -pigment -the process of photosynthesis -light absorption -excited electron -electron acceptors -products of photosynthesis -ATP -oxygen -hydrogen -glucose BALANCED SHEET OF PHOTOSYNTHESIS PRINCIPLES OF BIOLOGY LECTURE OUTLINE 8 Text -chapter 18 Energy capture within cells - Respiration BALANCED SHEET 2 types of respiration -aerobic -anaerobic energy is liberated from the splitting of glucose -glycolysis -electrons are released -electron transport AEROBIC RESPIRATION - oxygen is used as an electron acceptor ANAEROBIC RESPIRATION -oxygen not used -facultative anaerobes vs strict anaerobes BALANCED SHEET OF ANAEROBIC RESPIRATION 2 ways it can go - also called fermentation -lactic acid build-up PRINCIPLES OF BIOLOGY LECTURE OUTLINE 9 Text chapter 9 Life within organisms -basic life processes Classification of organisms FIVE KINGDOMS Monera Protista Fungi Anamalia difference between Kingdom and Species Kingdom Anamalia characteristics most species of all Kingdoms -phylum Arthropoda -largest phylum -phylum Chordata Vertebrate major classes -Agnatha -Chondrichthyes -Osteichthyes -Amphibia -Reptilia -Aves -Mammals PRINCIPLES OF BIOLOGY LECTURE OUTLINE 10 Text -chapter 12 Genetics -Mendalian definition Gregor Mendel Mendel observations traits phenotypes genotypes homozygous heterozygous dominant recessive allele punnet square predicting the genotype of the parental strains by observing the genotype of the offspring. PRINCIPLES OF BIOLOGY LECTURE OUTLINE 11 Text -chapter 10 Nutrition definition autotroph vs heterotroph Nutrition in Autotrophs -plants -plant organs dedicated to nutrition -leaves -stems -xylem -phloem -annular tree rings -roots Nutrition in Heterotrophs Hydra (Kingdom Anamalia Phylum Nideria) stinging tentacles gastrovascular cavity Nutritive muscular cells Planaria (Kingdom Anamalia, Phylum Flatworm) -gastrovascular cavity -branched -pharynx -bilateral symmetry Earthworm (Kingdom Anamalia, Phylum Annelids) -separate mouth and anus - complete digestive system -pharynx -crop -gizzard -intestine - has closed circulatory system -no lungs PRINCIPLES OF BIOLOGY LECTURE OUTLINE 12 Text -chapter 10 Human Digestive System Oral cavity- mouth -physical digestion -enzymatic digestion -saliva -salivary glands Parotid glands exocrine vs endocrine glands -amylase -lubrication -antimicrobial Pharynx Esophagus -epiglottis Stomach -3 main functions -storage -pyloric sphinctor -physical storage -enzymatic digestion Small intestine -principle organ of digestion -liver bile -pancreas Insulin lipase -gall bladder -absorption of nutrients by small intestine Large Intestine (Colon) -absorb water and salts -populated by bacteria PRINCIPLES OF BIOLOGY LECTURE OUTLINE 13 Text -chapter 10 Human Nutrition, Diet and Stewardship QUESTIONS What substances are required by the body? How much of each is required? What food sources provide the required substances? 6 required nutrient classes CARBOHYDRATES -energy -carbon MINERALS -trace VITAMINS -essential -water soluble -fat soluble PROTEIN -essential amino acids FATS -essential fatty acids -saturated vs insaturated WATER Recommended dietary (daily) allowance -carbohydrate -protein -fats PRINCIPLES OF BIOLOGY LECTURE OUTLINE 14 Text -chapter 11 REPRODUCTION definition Cells are involved -gametes -sperm -egg -haploid Conception-Fertilization Significant events of conception -diploid condition -gender determined -zygote -embryo -preembryo meiosis vs mitosis somatic vs gametes PRINCIPLES OF BIOLOGY LECTURE OUTLINE 15 Text -chapter 11 REPRODUCTION definitions mitosis meiosis cytokinesis meiosis differs from mitosis in three ways ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION -does not involve gametes -uses mitosis as nuclear division process and process of reproduction used by; -unicellular organisms -some invertebrates -plants different forms -fission -budding -fragmentation -sporulation -vegetative reproduction SEXUAL REPRODUCTION involves gametes 3 obstacles that organisms must overcome to reproduce sexually 1 live to maturity 2 sexes must be brought together 3 zygote and baby must be nurtured -review sexual reproduction in flowering plants Human Sexual Reproduction primary reproductive organs gonads -testes -ovaries function female reproductive physiology ovaries oviducts ovulation ectopic pregnancy menstruation male reproductive physiology 3 major functions 1 sperm production 2 production of sex hormones 3 secrete semen Events that occur post-conception -egg viability -sperm viability -polyspermy -implantation PRINCIPLES OF BIOLOGY LECTURE OUTLINE 16 Text -chapter 11 REPRODUCTION-birth control CONTRACEPTION VS BIRTH CONTROL -definitions ATrue@ contraceptives Barrier methods -condoms -male -female -not 100% effective against disease -diaphragm -sponge Chemical methods -spermicide Surgical methods -vasectomy -tubal ligation Natural/timing methods Contraceptives meant to work preconception but have post-conception actions The pill Synthetic estrogen or progesterone Norplant Post-Conception birth control Morning after pill RU-486 IUD Pelvic inflammatory disease Future techniques Vaccines PRINCIPLES OF BIOLOGY LECTURE OUTLINE 17 Text -chapter 12 Non-Mendelian genetics and genetics testing -definition of non-Mendelian genetics Incomplete dominance multiple alleles multiple genes sex-linked inheritance chromosomal abnormalities -Down=s syndrome Genetics testing and counseling Amniocentesis Ultrasound Chorionic villus sampling Conceiving the future Eugenics PRINCIPLES OF BIOLOGY LECTURE OUTLINE 18 Text -chapter 13 Nervous and Hormonal systems -these 2 organ systems are dedicated to coordinating all other organ systems common design and functions -both systems penetrate the body tissues -tissue level of organization in the body] -both use a network NERVOUS SYSTEM -nervous system unique to Kingdom Anamalia -primarily made of neurons nervous system in Hydra nervous system in Planaria nervous system in Earthworms Vetebrate nervous system -most complex -has two main branches central peripheral -Overall function of the nervous system -receives input -centralized brain processes input thinking, judgement occur based on input -coordinates other body systems -brain is capable of rational thought -abstract reasoning -problem solving -aesthetic appreciation -ability to believe in a Creator -some of these abilities are unique to man We will examine entire nervous system -Neurons 3 types -sensory -interneurons -motor -Basic structure common to all three types dendrites Axon cell body -sensory neurons -interneurons - motor neurons -effectors PRINCIPLES OF BIOLOGY LECTURE OUTLINE 19 Text -chapter 13 Nervous System neurons- demyelinating diseases impulse transmission Axon of motor and sensory neurons are covered with myelin Myelin - lipo-protein - is protective - has high electrical resistance -secreted by glial cells demyelinating diseases -diseases whereby myelin is diminished or absent from axons -diseases have many symptoms and unkown causes Nerve impulse transmission -electrochemical signal -involves ions sodium is actively pumped out of the neuron potassium also involved -cell at rest is polarized...called resting potential -impulse created by stimulation that lets sodium back into nerve cell -waves of positive charge move down the cell -depoloarization synaptic transmission of nerve cell impulse -impulse must jump synaptic cleft - cell uses neurotransmitters -proteins remove neurotransmitters from synapse after they are done stimulating nerve cell -acetylcholine -norepinephrine -tetanus toxin destroys the proteins that remove neurotransmitterscauses irreversible muscle contraction PRINCIPLES OF BIOLOGY LECTURE OUTLINE 20 Text -chapter 13 Nervous System Central Nervous System CNS CNS -made of brain and spinal cord HUMAN BRAIN -most amazing organ of creation -3 pounds -100 billion neurons -trillion glial cells 3 major parts of the brain -cerebellum -balance -muscular activity -muscle coordination -medulla -involuntary functions -breathing -digestion -heartbeat -cerebrum -five senses -motor control -reading -communication skills Functions associated with cerebral hemispheres -right cerebral hemisphere -nonverbal skills -abstract reasoning -spatial skills -music abilities -left cerebral hemisphere -speech -math -analytical skills Hypothalamus -minor brain region with major functions -physical drives sexual desire thirst, hunger -helps regulate homeostasis -is connection between nervous and hormonal systems -is made of both nervous and gland tissue PRINCIPLES OF BIOLOGY LECTURE OUTLINE 21 Text -chapter 13 Peripheral Nervous System -divided into 2 systems -sensorimoter nervous system -autonomic nervous system SENSORIMOTOR SYSTEM -under the control of the cerebrum -body functions under control are characterized as voluntary -exception -the knee -jerk reflex -sensroy neurons associated with sensory organs -motor neurons mostly associated with skeletal muscles AUTONOMIC SYSTEM -specializes in control of involuntary activities and control of internal organs -sensory neurons line internal organs -motor neurons effectors -smooth muscle -cardiac muscle -divided into 2 systems -sympathetic and autonomic -have coordinating but opposite effects -organs are Adual wired@ -sympathetic system -causes activation in general -responsible for fight or flight response -causes rapid stimulation of all body organs involved in alertness -parasympathetic -serves to restore or deactivate after increase in activity or stress -counters fight or flight response PRINCIPLES OF BIOLOGY LECTURE OUTLINE 22 Chapter 13 Hormone- Endocrine System Hormones -definition -effects growth differentiation reproductive cycles behavior Plant hormones Animal hormones -In animals found in glands -animal hormones vary in structure -modified amino acids -steroids -proteins Link between hormone and nervous system -neuroendocrinology -hypothalamus Glands of the hormone system -pituitary gland -master gland -anterior -posterior -thyroid gland PRINCIPLES OF BIOLOGY LECTURE OUTLINE 23 Chapter 14 Homeostasis and Coordination Homeostasis -definition Examples of coordination and homeostasis -thermoregulation -ectotherms -endotherms -osmoregulation -the amazing kidney -different jobs in different animals -terrestrial animals must preserve water and maintain proper water balance -kidney functions -excretion of niotrogenous wastes -maintenance of water and salt balance STRUCTURE OF THE HUMAN KIDNEY Urinary system includes -kidney -ureters -bladder -urethra Structure of the nephron -glomerulus -tubule -retention of water, glucose -use of ions to conserve water -loop of Henle -water retention under control of hypothalamus PRINCIPLES OF BIOLOGY LECTURE OUTLINE 24 Chapter 14 Development reproductive, conception-fertilization and development are all hormonally controlled processes Embryological development development defined begins with zygote differentiation First five days of development of the human embryo -gastrulation Zygote divides into blastocyst stage -chorion -chorionic gonadotropin -prevents loss of endometrium -hormone produced by the baby that acts on mother -blastocyst -invades the endometrium -placental contacts established only certain substances cross barrier PRINCIPLES OF BIOLOGY LECTURE OUTLINE 25 Chapter 15 Genetic variation and selection Origins hypothesis may be plausible but are not testable scientifically. Both depend on presuppositions and therefore require faith Two philosophies dominate origins hypothesis Naturalism (metaphysical naturalism) & Supernaturalism (metaphysical theism) NATURALISM - atheistic worldview - denies existence of Creator] - no purpose in nature - no free will - no meaning in life - no foundation for ethics or morality SUPERNATURALISM -theistic worldview -natural as well as supernatural events may occur -purpose in nature -life has meaning MODEL OF ORIGINS OF NATURALISM Evolution -definition Uniformitarianism MODEL OF ORGINS OF SUPERNATURALISM Creation Intelligent design Catastrophism Problems with both theories...cannot be proved scientifically Evolution is put forth in society as fact...scientifically provable problems with evolution as a scientifically factual model PRINCIPLES OF BIOLOGY LECTURE OUTLINE 26 Chapter 5,6,7,8 Ecology, Environment, population dynamics words and concepts to know ecosystem biosphere kinetic energy potential energy food chain primary carnivore secondary carnivore tertiary carnivore predator-prey relationship monoculture ecosystem biomes detritivore decomposers biogeochemical cycles water cycle carbon cycle biological amplification population growth carrying capacity natality mortality human population and stewardship