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Human Body Unit Part X/XIII The nervous system receives and then sends out information about your body. It also monitors and responds to changes in your environment. Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy • Your brain receives vast amounts of information all of the time. Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy • Who thinks about keeping their heartbeat going? • About blinking? • About their blood pressure? • About regulating their body temperature? (Thermoregulation) • Who thinks about regulating hormones or about breathing normal? Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy • While you are using your nervous system for all of your senses, it is working double controlling all of the things in your body to keep you living Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy • Changes that are happening all of the time in your body and out are called stimuli. Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy • Activity Stimulus! Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy • Activity Stimulus! – Rather quickly, move your finger towards and away from your eye until it touches your eyelash. Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy • Activity Stimulus! – Rather quickly, move your finger towards and away from your eye until it touches your eyelash. – A reflex action will cause your eye to blink. Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy • Activity Stimulus! – This is a somatic response to the stimuli of your moving finger Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy • The messages that are constantly traveling through your body are carried by the neuron or nerve cells. Neuron: A specialized cell transmitting nerve impulses. These impulses have both electrical and chemical signaling. . Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy • Electrical signal: Changes + and – charges from one end of a neuron to the other. Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy • Chemical signal: Chemicals allow signals to go from one neuron to another by “jumping the gap (synapse)”. Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy Cell Body Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy Cell Body Dendrites Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy Cell Body Dendrites Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy Cell Body Myelin sheaths Dendrites Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy Cell Body Axon terminals Myelin sheaths Dendrites Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy Cell Body Axon terminals Myelin sheaths Axon Dendrites Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy Cell Body Axon terminals Myelin sheaths Axon Dendrites Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy Cell Body Axon terminals Myelin sheaths Axon Dendrites Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy Cell Body Axon terminals Myelin sheaths Axon Dendrites Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy Cell Body Axon terminals Myelin sheaths Axon Dendrites Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy Cell Body Axon terminals Myelin sheaths Axon Dendrites 1 mm to over 1 meter in length Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy Cell Body Axon terminals Myelin sheaths Axon Dendrites 1 mm to over 1 meter in length Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy Another Axon with dendrites “Synaptic Terminal” Cell Body Axon terminals Myelin sheaths Axon Dendrites 1 mm to over 1 meter in length Another Axon with dendrites Cell Body Axon terminals Myelin sheaths Axon Dendrites 1 mm to over 1 meter in length Another Axon with dendrites Cell Body Axon terminals Myelin sheaths Axon Dendrites 1 mm to over 1 meter in length Another Axon with dendrites Cell Body Axon terminals Neurotransmitters sent to receptors Myelin sheaths Axon Dendrites 1 mm to over 1 meter in length Another Axon with dendrites Cell Body Axon terminals Neurotransmitters sent to receptors Myelin sheaths Axon Dendrites 1 mm to over 1 meter in length • Receptors: Cells that receive messages from your surroundings. Receptor Cell Interneurons Brain Interneurons Effector Cell. Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy Fingers are dendrites Hand is cell body Arm is axon • There are three types of neurons. Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy • There are three types of neurons. – Sensory neurons Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy • There are three types of neurons. – Sensory neurons – Interneurons Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy • There are three types of neurons. – Sensory neurons – Interneurons – Motor neurons Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy • Sensory neuron: Conducts impulses inwards to the brain or spinal cord. • touch • odor • taste • sound • vision Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy • Interneuron: Transmits impulses between other neurons. (Brain and Spinal Column) Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy • Motor Neurons: (Efferent Neurons) Pathway along which impulses pass from the brain or spinal cord to a muscle or gland. Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy • Name the type of neuron based on the pictures below? Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy • Name the type of neuron based on the pictures below? Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy • Name the type of neuron based on the pictures below? Sensory Neuron Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy • Name the type of neuron based on the pictures below? Sensory Neuron Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy • Name the type of neuron based on the pictures below? Interneuron Sensory Neuron Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy • Name the type of neuron based on the pictures below? Interneuron Sensory Neuron Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy • Name the type of neuron based on the pictures below? Interneuron Sensory Neuron Motor Neuron Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy • Receptors: Cells that receive messages from your surroundings. Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy • Receptors: Cells that receive messages from your surroundings. Receptor Cell Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy • Receptors: Cells that receive messages from your surroundings. Receptor Cell Interneurons Brain Neurons Effector Cell. Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy • Receptors: Cells that receive messages from your surroundings. Receptor Cell Interneurons Brain Interneurons Effector Cell. Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy • Effectors: Cell that gets stimulated by a neuron (Muscle cell) Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy • Sensory neuron: Conducts impulses inwards to the brain or spinal cord. Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy • Interneurons: Transmits impulses between other neurons. (Brain and Spinal Column) Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy • Motor Neurons? (Efferent Neurons) Pathway along which impulses pass from the brain or spinal cord to a muscle or gland. Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy The Central Nervous System: Brain and Spinal Cord Control center of the body. Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy The Central Nervous System: Brain and Spinal Cord Control center of the body. Peripheral Nervous System: Network of nerves throughout body. Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy • Activity! The connectivity of the brain (Interneurons). – The brain is an amazing organ that makes many connections with other cells. – Let’s understand this power with a little exercise with twenty brain cells. – An average brain may have 80-90 billion cells. – Make ten dots on each side of your page – (Please be organized and space them out so they match) – Draw line from the cell (dot on the right) to all of the dots (cells) on the left. Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy • Activity! The connectivity of the brain (Interneurons). – The brain is an amazing organ that makes many connections with other cells. – Let’s understand this power with a little exercise with twenty brain cells. – An average brain may have 50-100 billion neurons and 1000 trillion connections. – Make ten dots on each side of your page – (Please be organized and space them out so they match) – Draw line from the cell (dot on the right) to all of the dots (cells) on the left. Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy • Activity! The connectivity of the brain (Interneurons). – The brain is an amazing organ that makes many connections with other cells. – Let’s understand this power with a little exercise with twenty brain cells. – An average brain may have 50-100 billion neurons and 1000 trillion connections. – Make ten dots on each side of your page – (Please be organized and space them out so they match) – Draw line from the cell (dot on the right) to all of the dots (cells) on the left. Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy • Activity! The connectivity of the brain (Interneurons). – The brain is an amazing organ that makes many connections with other cells. – Let’s understand this power with a little exercise with twenty brain cells. – An average brain may have 50-100 billion neurons and 1000 trillion connections. – Make ten dots on each side of your page – (Please be organized and space them out so they match) – Draw line from the cell (dot on the right) to all of the dots (cells) on the left. Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy • Activity! The connectivity of the brain (Interneurons). – The brain is an amazing organ that makes many connections with other cells. – Let’s understand this power with a little exercise with twenty brain cells. – An average brain may have 50-100 billion neurons and 1000 trillion connections. – Make ten dots on each side of your page – (Please be organized and space them out so they match) – Draw line from the cell (dot on the right) to all of the dots (cells) on the left. Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy • Central Nervous System is very complex. Your body is adjusting to constant change. Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy • Central Nervous System is very complex. Your body is adjusting to constant change. – On the next slide your central nervous system will adjust to the amount of light that enters the retina. Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy • All of the messages that are constantly being sent in your body are interpreted in the central nervous system. Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy • The Brain: An organ of soft nervous tissue contained in the skull of vertebrates, functioning as the coordinating center of sensation and intellectual and nervous activity. Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy • The brain is well protected by the skull. – The brain is also covered in three layers of connective tissue which nourish and protect. Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy • Thick outer layer that comes in contact with the skull. • Watery layer cushion brain • Inner layer clings to the surface of the brain. • Thick outer layer that comes in contact with the skull. • Watery layer cushions brain • Inner layer clings to the surface of the brain. • Thick outer layer that comes in contact with the skull. • Watery layer cushions brain • Inner layer clings to the surface of the brain. • Thick outer layer that comes in contact with the skull. • Watery layer cushions brain • Inner layer clings to the surface of the brain. Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy • Activity! How a watery layer (cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) aids in cushioning the brain from impacts. – Draw a face on two raw eggs. – Place one in a clear container with sealing lid slightly larger than the egg. (Shake five times increasing in strength – Observe after each shake) – Place the other egg in the same container. This time fill the container with water. Repeat shaking process and make a conclusion about (cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy • Parts of the Brain Folds and wrinkles help increase surface area Cerebrum Learning, Cerebrum Intelligence, emotions, Corpus Callosum personality, Judgment, and all voluntary activities of your body. Cerebellum Thalmus Medulla Spinal Cord • Do you see the dancer turning clockwise or anti-clockwise on the next slide? – If clockwise, then you use more of the right side of the brain. – If counterclockwise, then you use more of the left side of your brain. Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy Right Brain Left Brain Right Brain Folds and wrinkles help increase surface area Cerebrum Learning, Intelligence, emotions, personality, Judgment, and all voluntary activities of your body. Corpus Callosum Cerebellum Thalmus Medulla connects brain to spinal column and controls all involuntary activities. Medulla Spinal Cord Folds and wrinkles help increase surface area Cerebrum Learning, Intelligence, emotions, personality, Judgment, and all voluntary activities of your body. Corpus Callosum Cerebellum Thalmus Medulla connects brain to spinal column and controls all involuntary activities. Medulla Spinal Cord 33 Vertebrae bones protect the spinal cord that carries impulses to and from body. • Spinal column. • Note how final spinal column is flexible. • 31 segments and 33 bones – 7 cervical vertebrae. – 12 thoracic. – 5 lumbar. – 5 sacral – 4 coccygeal Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy • Your vertebrae protect your spinal cord but are not indes t r u c t i b l e. Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy • Image of cracked spinal column and severed spinal cord. • Paralysis: Inability to move or function; total stoppage or severe impairment of activity • Again! Please wear your seatbelt. Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy • Again! Please wear your seatbelt. – Besides possibly saving you from TBI (Traumatic Brian Injury). • Again! Please wear your seatbelt. – Besides possibly saving you from TBI (Traumatic Brian Injury). – It can also possibly save you from serious and life altering spinal cord injury. Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy Folds and wrinkles help increase surface area Cerebrum Learning, Intelligence, emotions, personality, Judgment, and all voluntary activities of your body. Corpus Collosum Cerebellum Thalmus Medulla connects brain to spinal column and controls all involuntary activities. Medulla Spinal Cord 33 Vertebrae bones protect the spinal cord that carries impulses to and from body. • Thalmus: Lobed mass of grey matter buried under the cerebral cortex. It is involved in sensory perception and regulation of motor functions. • Thalmus: Lobed mass of grey matter buried under the cerebral cortex. It is involved in sensory perception and regulation of motor functions. – Also controls sleep and awake consciousness. Folds and wrinkles help increase surface area Cerebrum Learning, Intelligence, emotions, personality, Judgment, and all voluntary activities of your body. Corpus Callosum Cerebellum Thalmus Medulla connects brain to spinal column and controls all involuntary activities. Medulla Spinal Cord 33 Vertebrae bones protect the spinal cord that carries impulses to and from body. • Corpus Callosum: Thick band of nerve fibers that divides the cerebrum into left and right hemispheres. Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy • Corpus Callosum: Thick band of nerve fibers that divides the cerebrum into left and right hemispheres. – Allows communication between both hemispheres. Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy • Visual information that we see on the left gets processed by the right hemisphere. Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy • Visual information that we see on the left gets processed by the right hemisphere. • Information on the right gets processed by the left hemisphere. Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy • Visual information that we see on the left gets processed by the right hemisphere. • Information on the right gets processed by the left hemisphere. – The neurons are "crossed" Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy Folds and wrinkles help increase surface area Cerebrum Learning, Intelligence, emotions, personality, Judgment, and all voluntary activities of your body. Corpus Callosum Cerebellum Thalmus Medulla connects brain to spinal column and controls all involuntary activities. Medulla Spinal Cord 33 Vertebrae bones protect the spinal cord that carries impulses to and from body. Folds and wrinkles help increase surface area Cerebrum Learning, Intelligence, emotions, personality, Judgment, and all voluntary activities of your body. Corpus Callosum Cerebellum Thalmus Medulla connects brain to spinal column and controls all involuntary activities. Controls motor movement, coordination, balance. Medulla Spinal Cord 33 Vertebrae bones protect the spinal cord that carries impulses to and from body. • Sense Organs: They respond to changes in light, sound, heat, pressure, and chemicals. Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy • Sense Organs: They respond to changes in light, sound, heat, pressure, and chemicals. • Some common sense organs Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy • Sense Organs: They respond to changes in light, sound, heat, pressure, and chemicals. • Some common sense organs • Sense Organs: They respond to changes in light, sound, heat, pressure, and chemicals. • Some common sense organs • Can anyone name the mystery actor below? • Can anyone name the mystery actor below? Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy • Can anyone name the mystery actor below? • Can anyone name the mystery actor below? • Can anyone name the mystery actor below? Owen Wilson Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy • Frontal Lobeassociated with reasoning, planning, parts of speech, movement, emotions, and problem solving Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy • Frontal Lobe- associated with reasoning, planning, parts of speech, movement, emotions, and problem solving • Parietal Lobe- associated with movement, orientation, recognition, perception of stimuli • Occipital Lobe- associated with visual processing • Temporal Lobe- associated with perception and recognition of auditory stimuli, memory, and speech Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy • Frontal Lobe- associated with reasoning, planning, parts of speech, movement, emotions, and problem solving • Parietal Lobe- associated with movement, orientation, recognition, perception of stimuli • Occipital Lobe- associated with visual processing • Temporal Lobe- associated with perception and recognition of auditory stimuli, memory, and speech Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy • Functions of the Brain step by step drawing. Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy • When you bang the back of you head you often see stars. Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy • When you bang the back of you head you often see stars. – These stars are the firing of neurons, which is interpreted by the brain's visual cortex as quick flashes of light. Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy • Eye: Organ that detects light and converts it to electro-chemical impulses in neurons. Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy • The eye requires a brain to perceive (interpret) these electrochemical impulses. Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy • A quick step by step drawing of an eye. – Place eye on next page beneath your brain. Tear Duct • A quick step by step drawing of an eye. – Place eye on next page beneath your brain. Tear Duct The tear glands protect and water your eyes by washing away unwanted particles. • A quick step by step drawing of an eye. – Place next to other eye drawing. Gives our eyes color, enlarging in dim light and contracting in bright light. known as the pupil. Acqueous Humor Cornea Clear, Light passes through, Protects Pupil Sclera (Clear Membrane) Retina Lens helps to focus light on the retina Vitreous is transparent, colorless mass of soft, gelatinous material filling the eyeball Macula Vitreous Fluid Optic Nerve Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy • Which is nearsightedness, and which is far sightedness? Farsightedness Farsightedness Nearsightedness • Is this person nearsighted or far sighted? Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy • Answer! Farsighted Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy • Cataract: A clouding of the lens of the eye. Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy • Cataract: A clouding of the lens of the eye. “C’mon Boy.” • Glaucoma: Eye conditions that lead to damage to the optic nerve, the nerve that carries visual information from the eye to the brain. Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy • Glaucoma: Eye conditions that lead to damage to the optic nerve, the nerve that carries visual information from the eye to the brain. – Increased pressure from aqueous humor. Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy Gives our eyes color, enlarging in dim light and contracting in bright light. known as the pupil. Acqueous Humor Cornea Clear, Light passes through, Protects Pupil Sclera (Clear Membrane) Retina back of the eye, formed of lightsensitive nerve endings that carry the visual impulse Lens helps to to the optic nerve.. focus light on the retina Macula Vitreous is transparent, colorless mass of soft, gelatinous material filling the eyeball Vitreous Fluid Optic Nerve • Diabetes: Can cause Retinopathy which damages the eye. • Diabetes: Can cause Retinopathy which damages the eye. • A quick step by step drawing of an eye. – Place next to other eye drawing. Gives our eyes color, enlarging in dim light and contracting in bright light. known as the pupil. Acqueous Humor Cornea Clear, Light passes through, Protects Pupil Sclera (Clear Membrane) Retina back of the eye, formed of lightsensitive nerve endings that carry the visual impulse Lens helps to to the optic nerve.. focus light on the Macula small area in retina the retina that provides our most central, acute vision. Vitreous is transparent, colorless mass of soft, gelatinous material filling the eyeball Vitreous Fluid Optic Nerve • A quick step by step drawing of an eye. – Place next to other eye drawing. Gives our eyes color, enlarging in dim light and contracting in bright light. known as the pupil. Acqueous Humor Cornea Clear, Light passes through, Protects Pupil Sclera (Clear Membrane) Retina back of the eye, formed of lightsensitive nerve endings that carry the visual impulse Lens helps to to the optic nerve.. focus light on the Macula small area in retina the retina that provides our most central, acute vision. Vitreous is transparent, colorless mass of soft, gelatinous material filling the eyeball Vitreous Fluid Optic Nerve • Rod and Cones: The two types of photoreceptors in the eye. • Rod and Cones: The two types of photoreceptors in the eye. – Rods are more numerous (120 million) and work well in dim light. • That is why you don’t really see colors at night. • Rod and Cones: The two types of photoreceptors in the eye. – Rods are more numerous (120 million) and work well in dim light. – Cones see color (6-7 million – macula) and don’t work well in dim light. • That is why you don’t really see colors at night. • Which is a rod and which is a cone? • Which is a rod and which is a cone? • Which is a rod and which is a cone? • Which is a rod and which is a cone? • Which is a rod and which is a cone? Cone Cone Rod Cone • Everything you see is actually upside down. Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy • Everything you see is actually upside down. Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy • Everything you see is actually upside down. – Your visual processing center in your brain then processes this message quickly. Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy • Videos! The eyeball. Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy • Observation Basics. – Our perceptions are not photographs, they are constructions - something that our minds manufacture. – What we perceive is partially determined by what we know or believe. – Constructive perception has survival value - it helps us make sense of the world. – So, seeing is not necessarily believing. – USE YOUR JOURNAL! Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy • Observation Basics. – Our perceptions are not photographs, they are constructions - something that our minds manufacture. – What we perceive is partially determined by what we know or believe. – Constructive perception has survival value - it helps us make sense of the world. – So, seeing is not necessarily believing. – USE YOUR JOURNAL! Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy • Observation Basics. – Our perceptions are not photographs, they are constructions - something that our minds manufacture. – What we perceive is partially determined by what we know or believe. – Constructive perception has survival value - it helps us make sense of the world. – So, seeing is not necessarily believing. – USE YOUR JOURNAL! Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy • Observation Basics. – Our perceptions are not photographs, they are constructions - something that our minds manufacture. – What we perceive is partially determined by what we know or believe. – Constructive perception has survival value - it helps us make sense of the world. – So, seeing is not necessarily believing. – USE YOUR JOURNAL! Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy • Observation Basics. – Our perceptions are not photographs, they are constructions - something that our minds manufacture. – What we perceive is partially determined by what we know or believe. – Constructive perception has survival value - it helps us make sense of the world. – So, seeing is not necessarily believing. Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy Do these red lines bend? Do these red lines bend? • Please write down the phrase that you will see on the next slide? You get just a second. Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy Mary had had a little lamb Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy “Write down what it said in your journal?” Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy “Did your brain act faster than your eyes?” Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy Mary had had a little lamb Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy Mary had had a little lamb Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy Mary had had a little lamb Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy Our brains are programmed for normal right side-up. Our brains are programmed for normal right side-up. I will flip this picture and you will see. • Smell: To perceive the scent of (something) by means of the olfactory nerves. Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy • To Smell… – Molecules from that thing have to make it to your nose. – Career Opportunity: Deodorant Tester Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy • To Smell… – Molecules from that thing have to make it to your nose. – Career Opportunity: Deodorant Tester Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy • To Smell… – Molecules from that thing have to make it to your nose. – Career Opportunity: Deodorant Tester Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy • To Smell… – Molecules from that thing have to make it to your nose. – Career Opportunity: Deodorant Tester Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy • To Smell… – The object needs to have light molecules that will float away. Volatile=Evaporates easily. Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy • To Smell… – The object needs to have light molecules that will float away. Volatile=Evaporates easily. Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy • To Smell… – The object needs to have light molecules that will float away. Volatile=Evaporates easily. – Not heavy molecules. Your metals and other heavy molecules don’t generally smell. Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy • To Smell… – The object needs to have light molecules that will float away. Volatile=Evaporates easily. – Not heavy molecules. Your metals and other heavy molecules don’t generally smell. Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy • To smell… – Inside your nose is a patch of neurons that come in contact with the air. Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy • To smell… – Inside your nose is a patch of neurons that come in contact with the air. Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy • To smell… – Inside your nose is a patch of neurons that come in contact with the air. – They have hair like projections called cilia that maximize surface area with air. Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy • To smell… – Inside your nose is a patch of neurons that come in contact with the air. – They have hair like projections called cilia that maximize surface area with air. – Odor molecules binds to cilia and the message is sent via the neurons. Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy • To Taste… – We must smell. – 75% of what we perceive as taste comes from our sense of smell. – Volatile (evaporates) molecules from the food travel up the nasal cavity to nose. • To Taste… – We must smell. – 75% of what we perceive as taste comes from our sense of smell. – Volatile (evaporates) molecules from the food travel up the nasal cavity to nose. • To Taste… – We must smell. – 75% of what we perceive as taste comes from our sense of smell. – Volatile (evaporates) molecules from the food travel up the nasal cavity to nose. • To Taste… – We must smell. – 75% of what we perceive as taste comes from our sense of smell. – Volatile (evaporates) molecules from the food travel up the nasal cavity to nose. Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy Your food tastes bland when you are sick because the molecules can’t make it to your neurons without getting trapped in mucous. Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy Your food tastes bland when you are sick because the molecules can’t make it to your neurons without getting trapped in mucous. • Last bit about smell and the brain. – What are these kids doing? • Inhalant abuse, commonly called huffing, is the purposeful inhalation of chemical vapors to achieve an altered mental or physical state, which for most abusers is a euphoric effect. Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy • Chronic inhalant abuse may result in serious and sometimes irreversible damage to the user's heart, Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy • Chronic inhalant abuse may result in serious and sometimes irreversible damage to the user's heart, liver, Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy • Chronic inhalant abuse may result in serious and sometimes irreversible damage to the user's heart, liver, kidneys, Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy • Chronic inhalant abuse may result in serious and sometimes irreversible damage to the user's heart, liver, kidneys, lungs, Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy • Chronic inhalant abuse may result in serious and sometimes irreversible damage to the user's heart, liver, kidneys, lungs, and brain. Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy • Brain damage may result in personality changes, diminished cognitive functioning, memory impairment, and slurred speech. Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy • Death from inhalant abuse can occur after a single use or after prolonged use. Sudden sniffing death (SSD) may result within minutes of inhalant abuse from irregular heart rhythm leading to heart failure. Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy • Hearing… – The hearing system is based solely on physical movement. (Not chemical such as smell and taste). Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy • Hearing… – The hearing system is based solely on physical movement. (Not chemical such as smell and taste). – Sound occurs when it vibrates in matter. (Solid, Liquid, Gas). Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy • Hearing… – The hearing system is based solely on physical movement. (Not chemical such as smell and taste). – Sound occurs when it vibrates in matter. (Solid, Liquid, Gas). Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy • To hear, you must… Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy • To hear, you must… – Direct the sound waves into the hearing part of the ear. Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy • To hear, you must… – Direct the sound waves into the hearing part of the ear. • To hear, you must… – Direct the sound waves into the hearing part of the ear. – Sense the fluctuations in air pressure. • To hear, you must… – Direct the sound waves into the hearing part of the ear. – Sense the fluctuations in air pressure. – Translate these fluctuations into an electrical signal that your brain can understand. Outer Ear / Pinna Outer Ear / Pinna Ear Canal Outer Ear / Pinna Ear Drum Ear Canal Outer Ear / Pinna Hammer Ear Drum Ear Canal Outer Ear / Pinna Anvil Hammer Ear Drum Ear Canal Outer Ear / Pinna Anvil Hammer Ear Drum Ear Canal Stirrup Outer Ear / Pinna Semicircular Canals Anvil Hammer Ear Drum Ear Canal Stirrup Outer Ear / Pinna Semicircular Canals Anvil Hammer Stirrup Ear Drum Ear Canal Cochela Outer Ear / Pinna Semicircular Canals Anvil Hammer Ear Drum Ear Canal Stirrup Nerves that connect to brain Cochela Outer Ear / Pinna Semicircular Canals Anvil Hammer Ear Drum Ear Canal Stirrup Nerves that connect to brain Cochela Eustachian Canal to the nose • Use Deductive Reasoning. (Frontal Cortex) • Anvil - A tiny bone that passes vibrations from the hammer to the stirrup. Cochlea - A spiral-shaped, fluid-filled inner ear structure; it is lined with cilia (tiny hairs) that move when vibrated and cause a nerve impulse to form. Eardrum - (Also called the tympanic membrane) a thin membrane that vibrates when sound waves reach it. Eustachian Canal - A tube that connects the middle ear to the back of the nose; it equalizes the pressure between the middle ear and the air outside. – When your ears pop as you change altitude (going up a mountain or in an airplane), you are equalizing the air pressure in your middle ear. • Hammer - A tiny bone that passes vibrations from the eardrum to the anvil. Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy • Use Deductive Reasoning. (Frontal Cortex) • Anvil - A tiny bone that passes vibrations from the hammer to the stirrup. Cochlea - A spiral-shaped, fluid-filled inner ear structure; it is lined with cilia (tiny hairs) that move when vibrated and cause a nerve impulse to form. Eardrum - (Also called the tympanic membrane) a thin membrane that vibrates when sound waves reach it. Eustachian Canal - A tube that connects the middle ear to the back of the nose; it equalizes the pressure between the middle ear and the air outside. – When your ears pop as you change altitude (going up a mountain or in an airplane), you are equalizing the air pressure in your middle ear. • Hammer - A tiny bone that passes vibrations from the eardrum to the anvil. Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy • Use Deductive Reasoning. (Frontal Cortex) • Anvil - A tiny bone that passes vibrations from the hammer to the stirrup. Cochlea - A spiral-shaped, fluid-filled inner ear structure; it is lined with cilia (tiny hairs) that move when vibrated and cause a nerve impulse to form. Eardrum - (Also called the tympanic membrane) a thin membrane that vibrates when sound waves reach it. Eustachian Canal - A tube that connects the middle ear to the back of the nose; it equalizes the pressure between the middle ear and the air outside. – When your ears pop as you change altitude (going up a mountain or in an airplane), you are equalizing the air pressure in your middle ear. • Hammer - A tiny bone that passes vibrations from the eardrum to the anvil. Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy • Use Deductive Reasoning. (Frontal Cortex) • Anvil - A tiny bone that passes vibrations from the hammer to the stirrup. Cochlea - A spiral-shaped, fluid-filled inner ear structure; it is lined with cilia (tiny hairs) that move when vibrated and cause a nerve impulse to form. Eardrum - (Also called the tympanic membrane) a thin membrane that vibrates when sound waves reach it. Eustachian Canal - A tube that connects the middle ear to the back of the nose; it equalizes the pressure between the middle ear and the air outside. – When your ears pop as you change altitude (going up a mountain or in an airplane), you are equalizing the air pressure in your middle ear. • Hammer - A tiny bone that passes vibrations from the eardrum to the anvil. Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy • Use Deductive Reasoning. (Frontal Cortex) • Anvil - A tiny bone that passes vibrations from the hammer to the stirrup. Cochlea - A spiral-shaped, fluid-filled inner ear structure; it is lined with cilia (tiny hairs) that move when vibrated and cause a nerve impulse to form. Eardrum - (Also called the tympanic membrane) a thin membrane that vibrates when sound waves reach it. Eustachian Canal - A tube that connects the middle ear to the back of the nose; it equalizes the pressure between the middle ear and the air outside. – When your ears pop as you change altitude (going up a mountain or in an airplane), you are equalizing the air pressure in your middle ear. • Hammer - A tiny bone that passes vibrations from the eardrum to the anvil. Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy • Use Deductive Reasoning. (Frontal Cortex) • Anvil - A tiny bone that passes vibrations from the hammer to the stirrup. Cochlea - A spiral-shaped, fluid-filled inner ear structure; it is lined with cilia (tiny hairs) that move when vibrated and cause a nerve impulse to form. Eardrum - (Also called the tympanic membrane) a thin membrane that vibrates when sound waves reach it. Eustachian Canal - A tube that connects the middle ear to the back of the nose; it equalizes the pressure between the middle ear and the air outside. – When your ears pop as you change altitude (going up a mountain or in an airplane), you are equalizing the air pressure in your middle ear. • Hammer - A tiny bone that passes vibrations from the eardrum to the anvil. Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy • Use Deductive Reasoning. (Frontal Cortex) • Anvil - A tiny bone that passes vibrations from the hammer to the stirrup. Cochlea - A spiral-shaped, fluid-filled inner ear structure; it is lined with cilia (tiny hairs) that move when vibrated and cause a nerve impulse to form. Eardrum - (Also called the tympanic membrane) a thin membrane that vibrates when sound waves reach it. Eustachian Canal - A tube that connects the middle ear to the back of the nose; it equalizes the pressure between the middle ear and the air outside. – When your ears pop as you change altitude (going up a mountain or in an airplane), you are equalizing the air pressure in your middle ear. • Hammer - A tiny bone that passes vibrations from the eardrum to the anvil. Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy • Use Deductive Reasoning. (Frontal Cortex) • Anvil - A tiny bone that passes vibrations from the hammer to the stirrup. Cochlea - A spiral-shaped, fluid-filled inner ear structure; it is lined with cilia (tiny hairs) that move when vibrated and cause a nerve impulse to form. Eardrum - (Also called the tympanic membrane) a thin membrane that vibrates when sound waves reach it. Eustachian Canal - A tube that connects the middle ear to the back of the nose; it equalizes the pressure between the middle ear and the air outside. – When your ears pop as you change altitude (going up a mountain or in an airplane), you are equalizing the air pressure in your middle ear. • Hammer - A tiny bone that passes vibrations from the eardrum to the anvil. Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy • Use Deductive Reasoning. (Frontal Cortex) • Anvil - A tiny bone that passes vibrations from the hammer to the stirrup. Cochlea - A spiral-shaped, fluid-filled inner ear structure; it is lined with cilia (tiny hairs) that move when vibrated and cause a nerve impulse to form. Eardrum - (Also called the tympanic membrane) a thin membrane that vibrates when sound waves reach it. Eustachian Canal - A tube that connects the middle ear to the back of the nose; it equalizes the pressure between the middle ear and the air outside. – When your ears pop as you change altitude (going up a mountain or in an airplane), you are equalizing the air pressure in your middle ear. • Hammer - A tiny bone that passes vibrations from the eardrum to the anvil. Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy • Use Deductive Reasoning. (Frontal Cortex) • Anvil - A tiny bone that passes vibrations from the hammer to the stirrup. Cochlea - A spiral-shaped, fluid-filled inner ear structure; it is lined with cilia (tiny hairs) that move when vibrated and cause a nerve impulse to form. Eardrum - (Also called the tympanic membrane) a thin membrane that vibrates when sound waves reach it. Eustachian Canal - A tube that connects the middle ear to the back of the nose; it equalizes the pressure between the middle ear and the air outside. – When your ears pop as you change altitude (going up a mountain or in an airplane), you are equalizing the air pressure in your middle ear. • Hammer - A tiny bone that passes vibrations from the eardrum to the anvil. Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy • Use Deductive Reasoning. (Frontal Cortex) • Anvil - A tiny bone that passes vibrations from the hammer to the stirrup. Cochlea - A spiral-shaped, fluid-filled inner ear structure; it is lined with cilia (tiny hairs) that move when vibrated and cause a nerve impulse to form. Eardrum - (Also called the tympanic membrane) a thin membrane that vibrates when sound waves reach it. Eustachian Canal - A tube that connects the middle ear to the back of the nose; it equalizes the pressure between the middle ear and the air outside. – When your ears pop as you change altitude (going up a mountain or in an airplane), you are equalizing the air pressure in your middle ear. • Hammer - A tiny bone that passes vibrations from the eardrum to the anvil. Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy • Use Deductive Reasoning. (Frontal Cortex) • Nerves - These carry electro-chemical signals from the inner ear (the cochlea) to the brain. Ear canal - The tube through which sound travels to the eardrum. Pinna - The visible part of the outer ear. It collects sound and directs it into the outer ear canal Semicircular Canals - three loops of fluid-filled tubes that are attached to the cochlea in the inner ear. They help us maintain our sense of balance. Stirrup - A tiny, U-shaped bone that passes vibrations from the stirrup to the cochlea. This is the smallest bone in the human body (it is 0.25 to 0.33 cm long). Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy • Use Deductive Reasoning. (Frontal Cortex) • Nerves - These carry electro-chemical signals from the inner ear (the cochlea) to the brain. Ear canal - The tube through which sound travels to the eardrum. Pinna - The visible part of the outer ear. It collects sound and directs it into the outer ear canal Semicircular Canals - three loops of fluid-filled tubes that are attached to the cochlea in the inner ear. They help us maintain our sense of balance. Stirrup - A tiny, U-shaped bone that passes vibrations from the stirrup to the cochlea. This is the smallest bone in the human body (it is 0.25 to 0.33 cm long). Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy • Use Deductive Reasoning. (Frontal Cortex) • Nerves - These carry electro-chemical signals from the inner ear (the cochlea) to the brain. Ear canal - The tube through which sound travels to the eardrum. Pinna - The visible part of the outer ear. It collects sound and directs it into the outer ear canal Semicircular Canals - three loops of fluid-filled tubes that are attached to the cochlea in the inner ear. They help us maintain our sense of balance. Stirrup - A tiny, U-shaped bone that passes vibrations from the stirrup to the cochlea. This is the smallest bone in the human body (it is 0.25 to 0.33 cm long). Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy • Use Deductive Reasoning. (Frontal Cortex) • Nerves - These carry electro-chemical signals from the inner ear (the cochlea) to the brain. Ear canal - The tube through which sound travels to the eardrum. Pinna - The visible part of the outer ear. It collects sound and directs it into the outer ear canal Semicircular Canals - three loops of fluid-filled tubes that are attached to the cochlea in the inner ear. They help us maintain our sense of balance. Stirrup - A tiny, U-shaped bone that passes vibrations from the stirrup to the cochlea. This is the smallest bone in the human body (it is 0.25 to 0.33 cm long). Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy • Use Deductive Reasoning. (Frontal Cortex) • Nerves - These carry electro-chemical signals from the inner ear (the cochlea) to the brain. Ear canal - The tube through which sound travels to the eardrum. Pinna - The visible part of the outer ear. It collects sound and directs it into the outer ear canal Semicircular Canals - three loops of fluid-filled tubes that are attached to the cochlea in the inner ear. They help us maintain our sense of balance. Stirrup - A tiny, U-shaped bone that passes vibrations from the stirrup to the cochlea. This is the smallest bone in the human body (it is 0.25 to 0.33 cm long). Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy • Use Deductive Reasoning. (Frontal Cortex) • Nerves - These carry electro-chemical signals from the inner ear (the cochlea) to the brain. Ear canal - The tube through which sound travels to the eardrum. Pinna - The visible part of the outer ear. It collects sound and directs it into the outer ear canal Semicircular Canals - three loops of fluid-filled tubes that are attached to the cochlea in the inner ear. They help us maintain our sense of balance. Stirrup - A tiny, U-shaped bone that passes vibrations from the stirrup to the cochlea. This is the smallest bone in the human body (it is 0.25 to 0.33 cm long). Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy • Use Deductive Reasoning. (Frontal Cortex) • Nerves - These carry electro-chemical signals from the inner ear (the cochlea) to the brain. Ear canal - The tube through which sound travels to the eardrum. Pinna - The visible part of the outer ear. It collects sound and directs it into the outer ear canal Semicircular Canals - three loops of fluid-filled tubes that are attached to the cochlea in the inner ear. They help us maintain our sense of balance. Stirrup - A tiny, U-shaped bone that passes vibrations from the stirrup to the cochlea. This is the smallest bone in the human body (it is 0.25 to 0.33 cm long). Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy • Use Deductive Reasoning. (Frontal Cortex) • Nerves - These carry electro-chemical signals from the inner ear (the cochlea) to the brain. Ear canal - The tube through which sound travels to the eardrum. Pinna - The visible part of the outer ear. It collects sound and directs it into the outer ear canal Semicircular Canals - three loops of fluid-filled tubes that are attached to the cochlea in the inner ear. They help us maintain our sense of balance. Stirrup - A tiny, U-shaped bone that passes vibrations from the stirrup to the cochlea. This is the smallest bone in the human body (it is 0.25 to 0.33 cm long). Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy • Use Deductive Reasoning. (Frontal Cortex) • Nerves - These carry electro-chemical signals from the inner ear (the cochlea) to the brain. Ear canal - The tube through which sound travels to the eardrum. Pinna - The visible part of the outer ear. It collects sound and directs it into the outer ear canal Semicircular Canals - three loops of fluid-filled tubes that are attached to the cochlea in the inner ear. They help us maintain our sense of balance. Stirrup - A tiny, U-shaped bone that passes vibrations from the stirrup to the cochlea. This is the smallest bone in the human body (it is 0.25 to 0.33 cm long). Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy • Use Deductive Reasoning. (Frontal Cortex) • Nerves - These carry electro-chemical signals from the inner ear (the cochlea) to the brain. Ear canal - The tube through which sound travels to the eardrum. Pinna - The visible part of the outer ear. It collects sound and directs it into the outer ear canal Semicircular Canals - three loops of fluid-filled tubes that are attached to the cochlea in the inner ear. They help us maintain our sense of balance. Stirrup - A tiny, U-shaped bone that passes vibrations from the stirrup to the cochlea. This is the smallest bone in the human body (it is 0.25 to 0.33 cm long). Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy • Use Deductive Reasoning. (Frontal Cortex) • Nerves - These carry electro-chemical signals from the inner ear (the cochlea) to the brain. Ear canal - The tube through which sound travels to the eardrum. Pinna - The visible part of the outer ear. It collects sound and directs it into the outer ear canal Semicircular Canals - three loops of fluid-filled tubes that are attached to the cochlea in the inner ear. They help us maintain our sense of balance. Stirrup - A tiny, U-shaped bone that passes vibrations from the stirrup to the cochlea. This is the smallest bone in the human body (it is 0.25 to 0.33 cm long). Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy • Loudness is measured in decibels (dB) – – This is the force of sound waves against the ear. The louder the sound, the more decibels. – – – – – – – – – Ticking Watch 20 Whisper 30 Normal Speech 50 Car 60 Alarm Clock 80 Lawn Mower 95 Chain Saw 110 Jackhammer 120 Jet Engine 130 Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy • Loudness is measured in decibels (dB) – – This is the force of sound waves against the ear. The louder the sound, the more decibels. – – – – – – – – – Ticking Watch 20 Whisper 30 Normal Speech 50 Car 60 Alarm Clock 80 Lawn Mower 95 Chain Saw 110 Jackhammer 120 Jet Engine 130 Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy • Loudness is measured in decibels (dB) – – This is the force of sound waves against the ear. The louder the sound, the more decibels. – – – – – – – – – Ticking Watch 20 Whisper 30 Normal Speech 50 Car 60 Alarm Clock 80 Lawn Mower 95 Chain Saw 110 Jackhammer 120 Jet Engine 130 Which of the following require ear protection? Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy • Loudness is measured in decibels (dB) – – This is the force of sound waves against the ear. The louder the sound, the more decibels. – – – – – – – – – Ticking Watch 20 Whisper 30 Normal Speech 50 Car 60 Alarm Clock 80 Lawn Mower 95 Chain Saw 110 Jackhammer 120 Jet Engine 130 Which of the following require ear protection? Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy • Sounds that are too loud or that last a long time can cause Noise-induced hearing loss (NIHL). Our sensitive hair cells that convert sound energy into electrical signals that travel to the brain can become damaged. Once damaged, our hair cells cannot grow back. Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy • Sounds that are too loud or that last a long time can cause Noise-induced hearing loss (NIHL). Our sensitive hair cells convert sound energy into electrical signals that travel to the brain and can become damaged. Once damaged, our hair cells cannot grow back. Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy • Sounds that are too loud or that last a long time can cause Noise-induced hearing loss (NIHL). Our sensitive hair cells convert sound energy into electrical signals that travel to the brain and can become damaged. Once damaged, our hair cells cannot grow back. Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy • Sounds that are too loud or that last a long time can cause Noise-induced hearing loss (NIHL). Our sensitive hair cells convert sound energy into electrical signals that travel to the brain and can become damaged. Once damaged, our hair cells cannot grow back. Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy • Touch: Found in all areas of the skin. • The skin has touch receptor cells that allows you to feel texture. • Deeper receptor cells allow you to feel pressure. • Other receptors respond to heat, cold, and pain. Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy • The skin has touch receptor cells that allows you to feel texture. • Deeper receptor cells allow you to feel pressure. • Other receptors respond to heat, cold, and pain. Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy • The skin has touch receptor cells that allows you to feel texture. • Deeper receptor cells allow you to feel pressure. Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy • The skin has touch receptor cells that allows you to feel texture. • Deeper receptor cells allow you to feel pressure. Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy • The skin has touch receptor cells that allows you to feel texture. • Deeper receptor cells allow you to feel pressure. • Other receptors respond to heat, cold, and pain. Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy • The skin has touch receptor cells that allows you to feel texture. • Deeper receptor cells allow you to feel pressure. • Other receptors respond to heat, cold, and pain. Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy • The skin has touch receptor cells that allows you to feel texture. • Deeper receptor cells allow you to feel pressure. • Other receptors respond to heat, cold, and pain. Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy • The skin has touch receptor cells that allows you to feel texture. • Deeper receptor cells allow you to feel pressure. • Other receptors respond to heat, cold, and pain. Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy • The skin has touch receptor cells that allows you to feel texture. • Deeper receptor cells allow you to feel pressure. • Other receptors respond to heat, cold, and pain. Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy • The skin has touch receptor cells that allows you to feel texture. • Deeper receptor cells allow you to feel pressure. • Other receptors respond to heat, cold, and pain. Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy Human Body Unit Part X/XIII