Download Changes in European Society 1500

1500 - 1820
Changes in European Society
1500 - 1820
1. Monarchs of Europe – 1500 -1800
2. Enlightenment and Revolution – 1550 -1800
3. The French Revolution and Napoleon – 1770 - 1820
1500 - 1820
The French Revolution
and Napoleon
NO! Don’t
execute
me
1789 – 1815
•1. The Revolution Begins
•2. The Republic
•3. Napoleon’s Europe
•4. Napoleon’s Fall and Europe’s Reaction
•Beginning in 1789, a revolution threw France into chaos.
Thousands of people, including king and queen, died
violently during that revolution.
•Eventually, France became a republic.
•After Napoleon Bonaparte took control, it became a
powerful empire.
•Napoleon went onto dominate Europe for years.
1500 - 1820
1. The Revolution Begins
•Problems in French society led to a revolution,
the formation of a new government, and the end
of the monarchy.
1500 - 1820
Causes of the Revolution
•Inequalities in Society
•Enlightenment Ideas
•A Financial Crisis
•In the 1780’s, long-standing resentments against the
French monarchy fueled anger throughout the country.
•The source – unequal structure of French government
and society.
1500 - 1820
Inequalities of Society
•Old Order – ancient regime, created inequalities
in French society.
•King at the top, and three social groups called
estates under him
•King – Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette
•First Estate – Roman Catholic clergy (1%)
•Second Estate – Nobility (2%) government
•Third Estate – Everyone else (97%)
•Bourgeoisie – city-dwelling merchants, factory
owners, and professionals (no government)
•Sans Culottes – artisans and workers of the
cities
•Peasants who farmed the noble’s fields
1500 - 1820
Enlightenment Ideas
•New Ideas from the Enlightenment inspired the French
Revolution.
•Philosophers such as Locke, Montesquieu, and Rosseau
•The American Revolution also encouraged the French to
revolt against their king as well.
•Should the United States help France with their
revolution?
1500 - 1820
A Financial Crisis
•Severe economic problems affected France in
the late 1700’s.
•France was in a huge debt. The king was
desperate for money and decided to raise taxes
on the Second Estate.
•The Country was broke and the people were hungry and
angry.
1500 - 1820
The First events of the
Revolution
•1789 – All members of the Estates were unhappy
and resented the power of the monarchy.
•Hunger and Unemployment plagued the country
of France.
1500 - 1820
Meeting of the EstatesGeneral
•One of the first events – meeting that nobility asked King
Louis to call – Meeting of the Estates General
•First meeting in 175 years
•Took notes – cahiers – to document grievances
•Each estate had only one vote in the Estates-General
•Third estate set out to change voting process and refused to
follow the old rules of the Estates-General
•On June 17, 1789 – they formed the National Assembly, with the
right to make laws for France.
•King rejected the meeting and the Third Estate met in an indoor
Tennis Court Oath – would not leave the court until they had a
written constitution for France.
1500 - 1820
The storming of the
Bastille
•Next major event – Storming of the Bastille – a mob
of Parisians went to the Bastille, an ancient prison,
looking for weapons to arm themselves against troops
that King Louis XVI summoned to Paris and Versailles.
•The mob tried to negotiate with the Prison commander
but after shots were fired, the mob killed the commander
and stuck his head on a long stick and paraded through
the streets.
1500 - 1820
The Spread of Fear
•The Great Fear spread through France.
•The members of the Third Estate feared that
King Louis XVI would find them and execute
them.
1500 - 1820
Creating a New Nation
•The violence that marked the beginning of the
Revolutions eventually lessened.
•The National Assembly began forming a new
government and France’s monarchy eventually
crumbled.
1500 - 1820
Legislating New Rights
•August 1789, the National Assembly had eliminated all the
feudal dues and services peasants owed the landowners.
•Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen.
•Laid out the basic principles of the French Revolution – liberty,
equality, fraternity [brotherhood]
•All men are born equal and remain equal before the law.
•Did not extend to women.
1500 - 1820
Restrictions on Power
•Alarmed by the National Assembly’s actions,
King Louis XVI made the same mistake and
ordered troops to Versailles to protect the
throne.
•This angered the common people of Paris, who
feared the king would crush the revolution.
•In October, 7,000 women marched from Paris to
Versailles demanding bread and broke into the palace.
•To make peace, King Louis XVI agreed to return to his
the Tuileries Palace in Paris with his family.
1500 - 1820
Formation of a New
Government
•1971 –National Assembly completed its constitution.
•Legislative Assembly – gained broad voting rights, but only
taxpayers men at least 25 years old had the right to vote.
•Keep the monarchy, but restricted the king’s power.
•King Louis and Marie Antoinette disguised themselves
and tried to escape, but got caught.
1500 - 1820
The Intervention of
Foreign Powers
•Austria and Prussia issued a declaration warning
against any harm of the French monarch, hinting
that it may cause a war.
•Austria sent 50,000 to the French border and
seriously defeated the revolutionaries.
•Many people blamed the army’s defeats on the king.
•Many decided to take action.
1500 - 1820
The End of the Monarchy
•August 10, 1792 – a mob marched on the palace on
slaughtered the guards.
•Louis, Marie and the children were thrown into prison.
•The Legislative Assembly called for a new legislature, the
National Convention.
•First action – abolish the monarchy and declared France a
Republic.
•Same day – the French defeated foreign invaders and the
Republic had held its ground against Europe’s Old Order.
1500 - 1820
2. The Republic
•An extreme government that changed French
society and tried through harsh means to
eliminate its critics within France.
1500 - 1820
A Radical Government
•September 20, 1792, radicals at the National
Convention decided that France would no longer be a
constitutional monarchy, it would be a republic.
•Three factions at the Convention
•The Mountain - most radical (Jacobins)
•Girondins - Moderates
•Plain - Swing voters (originally supported Girodins, but
later supported the Mountain)
1500 - 1820
Radical Leaders
•Jean Paul Marat - an advocate of violence and a
leader of the Paris sans culottes
•Georges-Jacques Danton - a violent agitator and
popular with the masses
•Maximilien Robespierre - intense dedication to the
Revolution and led the convention during its most bloodthirsty time.
1500 - 1820
The Execution of the king
•Powerful Jacobins were eager to try and
execute the king in order to prevent the return
of the monarchy and to defend the Revolution
from its enemies.
•January 21, 1793 - King Louis was beheaded using a
guillotine, a device that dropped a sharp blade through
the victim’s neck.
1500 - 1820
Tightening Control
•National Convention began to tightened its
control after the execution of the king.
•Committee of Public Safety - manage the countries
military defense
•Created an unprecedented draft
•Revolutionary Tribunal - court set up to root out and
eliminate people who threatened the revolution within.
1500 - 1820
Transforming Society
•The French Revolution transformed French
society.
•Robespierre created the cult of the Supreme to
replace the traditional Roman Catholicism. Metric
system replaced the old system of weights and
measurements.
1500 - 1820
The Reign of Terror
•In the middle of 1793, many people were
concerned about the course of the Revolution.
•Counter Revolution developed - revolution against a
government that was established by a revolution.
•Reign of Terror - a series of accusations, trials, and
executions that created a wave of fear throughout the
country.
1500 - 1820
An outbreak of Civil
War
•Once peasants were rid of their feudal dues,
they returned to their essentially conservative
views - remained Roman Catholic and opposed the
revolutions anticlerical moves.
•Western France - Vendee - era of civil war - Catholic and
Royal Army fought government forces, and eventually the
government forces destroyed everyone and everything it
could.
1500 - 1820
Accusations and Trials
•Back in Paris, the Mountain, leaders of the
resistance, used the Revolutionary Tribunal to rid
the country of dissent.
•Robespierre declared the need to use Terror to
defend the Republic from its many enemies. targeted Girondists and the Old Order.
1500 - 1820
Death by Guillotine
•Most common death sentence - guillotine
•So efficient that the executioner could execute more
than one person per minute.
•The blood overflowed the city’s drainage ditches.
1500 - 1820
The Terror’s Victims
•The Reign of Terror spared no one, including
common people, nobles, and women.
•Even members who launched the Reign of
Terror. Robespierre even became a victim
•How many victims? During the 10 months of the Terror
some 300,000 people were arrested and about 17,000
were executed.
•The Reign of Terror, intended to strengthen the
Revolution, had the opposite effect weakened the
Revolution.
1500 - 1820
After the Terror
•Finally, when the Terror ended, France had to
start over with a new government.
•1795 - the National Convention wrote yet
another constitution.
•Restricted voting rights to men with property.
•Directory - run by an executive branch of five directors
•Not an effective government - weak - ended in 1799
when Napoleon seized power.
1500 - 1820
3. Napoleon’s Europe
•Napoleon Bonaparte rose through military ranks
to become emperor over France and much of
Europe.
1500 - 1820
Napoleon’s Rise to Power
•Napoleon Bonaparte -ruthless and highly
ambitious young man whose rose through the
ranks of the military.
•Achieved great successes over the British, the
Italians, and the Austrians.
•He kept France’s borders secure and won territories for
France.
1500 - 1820
Admiral Horatio Nelson
•After securing Europe, Napoleon turned his
attention to Egypt. He wanted to disrupt the
valuable trade between Great Britain and India.
•Admiral of the British, Horatio Nelson, trapped
French ships in the Battle of the Nile
•Napoleon, after losing the battle, decided to cover it up
and he kept his defeat out of the press.
•He then became a national hero.
1500 - 1820
Opportunities for Glory
•Napoleon sought political power as a result of his
status of a national hero.
•Armed supporters of Napoleon surrounded the
Directory legislature and forced members to turn
the government over to Napoleon in 1799.
1500 - 1820
Napoleon Seizes Power
•Coup detat - a forced transfer of power
•Three consuls, the Consulate - replaced the Directory as
the government of France
•Voted Napoleon in charge of the first Consul
•Napoleon became dictator - offered a chance to bring
peace, prosperity , and glory to Europe
1500 - 1820
Emperor Napoleon
•Plebiscite - a question put before all the voters
•1804 - Did they want to declare France an
empire?
•French voters voted yes!
•Thus Napoleon became Emperor Napoleon I.
•Pope Pius VII came from Rome to Paris to crown him and
Napoleon crowned himself. (No one give s Napoleon his
authority, he took it for himself!)
1500 - 1820
Desire for an empire
•Once Napoleon became emperor of France he
wanted to rule Europe and the Americas.
•However, his dreams of conquering the Americas came to
an end when he lost Saint Domingue.
•He eventually sold the territory of Louisiana to the
United States for $15 million to focus his attention on
the rest of Europe.
•Thus, the Napoleonic Wars
1500 - 1820
The Napoleonic Wars
•A series of wars that were an extension of the
ones fought between France and other European
nations during the French Revolution.
•During this period, France dominated mainland
Europe.
•Lasted from 1803 to 1815 - nearly a decade
•Great Britain, who was superior on the seas, organized a
coalition of European nations against France.
•Napoleon knew that if he defeated Great Britain he could
defeat the rest of Europe.
1500 - 1820
The Continental System
•To hurt Great Britain, Napoleon concentrated on
overseas trade to stun the British economy.
•If he disrupted the change, he would weaken the
British war effort against him.
•Continental System - blockade - prohibited French or
allied ships from trading with Britain.
•The British responded by requiring all ships from neutral
countries to stop by British ports for permission to trade
with the French.
The United States, who remained neutral, was caught in
the middle. Both countries began impressing American
merchants, sailors, and ships.
Napoleon tricked President James Madison into
declaring war against Great Britain. This in turn began
America’s Second War for Independence, Mr. Madison’s
War, the War of 1812
1500 - 1820
The Peninsular War
•Portugal, located on the Iberian Peninsula,
depended on trade with Great Britain, and
disobeyed the Continental System.
•Napoleon sent forces to Portugal and quickly won
several victories over the British and the Spanish
troops.
•However, Spanish guerrilla fighters ambushed French
troops and raided French camps and eventually Napoleon
had to withdraw from the Iberian Peninsula.
1500 - 1820
Napoleon dominates Europe
•In spite of this lose, Napoleon managed to take
control of most of Europe.
•Great Britain, Sweden, Portugal, and the
Ottoman Empire were the only nations free from
his control.
•Gave many of his relatives, brothers and sisters thrones
in Holland, Italy, and Germany
1500 - 1820
Napoleon’s Policies
–Expanded the power of France’s central
government
1500 - 1820
Reform of Church-State
Relations
•French citizens
despised the anti
religious nature of
the French
Revolution.
•Napoleon signed the
Concordat with the
pope, which
acknowledged that
most French were
Roman Catholic.
•Recognized religious
toleration
1500 - 1820
Economic Reform
•Established the Bank of France to regulate the
economy.
•Set up efficient tax collection system.
1500 - 1820
Legal and Educational Reform
•Napoleonic Code - made laws uniform across the nation and
eliminated many injustices.
•Although promoted order over and authority over individual
rights.
•In order to have a strong government, he recognized the
need for an education.
•He established a network of high schools, universities,
and technical schools to educate young men.
1500 - 1820
Napoleon’s Legacy
•An age of Napoleon - legacy that spread through
France and the rest of Europe.
•He made some basic revolutionary ideas part of
the French government - equality before the law,
and a representative system of government.
•Age of Napoleon helped spark an age of Nationalism
throughout Europe. A sense of identity and unity as a
people.
1500 - 1820
4. Napoleon’s Fall and
Europe’s Reaction
•After defeating Napoleon, the European allies
sent him to exile and held a meeting in Vienna to
restore order and stability in Europe.
1500 - 1820
Disaster and Defeat
• While some of Napoleon’s officers believed that
invading Russia was a bad idea, Napoleon himself
did not see the sign and decided to invade Russia.
1500 - 1820
The Russian Campaign
• When Napoleon began to station troops near
the Russian border, Czar Alexander I began to
gather his own troops as well.
•June, 1812, 600,000 French troops crossed the
border into Russia.
•The Russian troops withdrew farther into Russia
as the French progressed. As they moved east,
peasants and Russian soldiers set fire to their
fields and cities to leave nothing behind for the
French.
•When Napoleon and his troops reached Moscow,
they had to turn around and return back to
France. In the end only about 94,000 out of
600,000 troops returned home. Napoleon had
faced his worst loss, due to the Russian winter,
not the Russian military.
1500 - 1820
Defeat and Exile to Elba
•Napoleon’s defeat
in Russia gave his
enemies new hope.
Russia, Prussia,
Austria, and Great
Britain attacked
Napoleon’s new
inexperienced
troops near the
German city Leipzig.
This battle was a
clear defeat for
Napoleon.
•As one of the terms of surrender, Napoleon had to give
up his throne.
•He was allowed to keep the title of emperor – of a small
Mediterranean island named Elba, off the coast of Italy.
•Napoleon was sent to exile with a small pension and about
400 guards. He would not go quietly.
1500 - 1820
The Last Campaigns
•Once in exile, Napoleon waited for an
opportunity to rise and regain control of France.
•Meanwhile, the allies restored the French monarchy.
King Louis XVIII, brother of executed King Louis XVI.
Borders of France returned to what they had been in
1792.
1500 - 1820
The Hundred Days
•After about one year in exile, Napoleon managed
to hire a ship that took him and many supporters
back to France.
•He landed on the north coast of France and headed for
Paris. By March 20, 1815, Napoleon arrived in the Paris to
cheering crowds.
•Marked the Hundred Day’s – a brief period of renewed
glory for Napoleon and of problems for his enemies.
1500 - 1820
The Battle of Waterloo
•Across Europe, countries were gathering their
troops for another showdown against Napoleon.
•Final confrontation – pitted Napoleon troops against
British leader Duke of Wellington in Waterloo, Belgium.
•The French and the British suffered huge losses at the
battle, totaling about 50,000.
•But for Napoleon, the Battle of Waterloo was a crushing
defeat. It was the end of his military career and the end
of the Napoleonic Wars.
1500 - 1820
Napoleon’s Final Days
•Napoleon was captured trying to escape to
America. His captors exiled him farther away
than Elba – Saint Helena, a bleak volcanic island in
the South Atlantic, some 1,200 miles away.
•Napoleon never escaped from his remote prison. He Died
six years later; his death was unknown.
1500 - 1820
The Congress of Vienna
•Just after Napoleon’ s loss at Waterloo,
representatives from all of Europe met in the
city of Vienna to plan to restore order and
stability to Europe after the turmoil of the
Napoleonic Wars.
1500 - 1820
The Negotiators
•Crucial Players
•Lord Castlereagh – Great Britain
•Czar Alexander I - Russia
•King Frederick William III – Prussia
•Prince Klemens von Metternich – Austria
•Charles Maurice de Talleyrand – represented
Louis XVIII of France
•Agenda – try to restore the Old Order and change the
boundaries and borders of Europe.
1500 - 1820
Redrawing the Map
•The Dutch Republic and the Austrian
Netherlands were united as the Kingdom of the
Netherlands.
•Austria joined with 38 German states – formed
the German Confederacy.
•Great Britain received overland territories,
rather than land in Europe.
•France had lost all of its conquered territories and was
forced to pay indemnity – a payment to other countries to
compensate them for damages.
1500 - 1820
Restoring Monarchies
•In addition to changing the borders, the Congress
of Vienna restored some of the monarchies that
Napoleon had eliminated.
•Spain, Portugal, Sicily, and Sardinia.
1500 - 1820
Metternich’s Influence
•Reactionary – return to those of earlier time –
back to the Old Order and restoration of the
Monarchy.
•Metternich supported absolute monarchy;
Constitutions, voting rights, freedom of religion
and the press - he despised them.
•His influence – Austria, German states, and Italy –
liberalism was suppressed.
1500 - 1820
The Revolution’s Legacy
•Even though the Old Order and conservatism
was restored in Europe, monarchs never again
were secure in their privileged positions.
•Although the Revolution was over within 10 years, the
ideals influenced people around the world for the next
200 years.
•Only after a few years after the Revolution and the
Napoleonic Wars – revolutions sparked up everywhere
throughout the world.
•Eventually, the same ideals reached Asia, Africa, and
Latin America.