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Trimester One Grammar: Use the information below to help in your writing and grammar homework. Editing your work Neat and Complete CUPS! Capitalization o First word in a sentence o Proper nouns and I o All other letters lowercased Usage (Grammar) o Subject-verb agreement (I/you/we play, he/she/it plays) o Irregular verbs I am, you/they/we are, he/she/it is I was, you/they/we were, he/she/it was I/you/they/we have, he/she/it has o Complete Sentences Punctuation o Period at the end of sentences. o Is there a question mark at the end of questions? o Put an exclamation point at the end of exclamations! Spelling o All sight words spelled correctly o Previous spelling words spelled correctly o Their, their, they’re; to, two, too Parts of Speech Finding Nouns Ask yourself, is that word a person, place, thing or idea. Examples: sister, house, New Jersey, happiness Finding Pronouns Ask yourself, “Does this word replace a noun. Which noun does it replace? Examples: I, you, he, she it, they, we Finding Adjectives Find the noun. Ask yourself, “Does this word describe the noun?” Examples: colors (green), sizes (little), traits (kind), numbers, (three) Finding Verbs Look for the word that shows an action Examples: run, think, sleep, eat, said Finding Adverbs Look for the word that describes the verb, adjective, or another adverb. Hint: Usually ends with –ly. Examples: quickly, loudly, quietly, slowly Verb tenses Verb Tenses Actions can happen in the past (already happened), present (happening now), and future (hasn’t happened yet). I think about when the action is happening and which verb sounds like book talk. I/you He/she/ it We/ they Subject-verb agreement Past -ed (I walked) Present __ (I walk) -ed (He walked) -ed (We walked) -s, -es (He walks) __ (We walk) Future Will __ (I will walk) Will __ (He will walk) Will __ (We will walk) Subject-Verb Agreement Subjects and verbs agree to sound like “book talk.” Singular subjects go with plural verbs (The boy walks) Plural subjects go with singular verbs (The boys walk) I ask myself, “Does that sound like book talk?” To HAVE I He/she/ it We/ they Past Present Future I had He had I have He has We had We have I will have He will have We will have To BE I You Past I was You were Present I am You are He/she/ it We/ they He was He is We were We are We will be To DO I You Past I did You did Present I do You do He/she/ it We/ they He did He does Future I will do You will do He will do We did We do Future I will be You will be He will be We will do Pronounantecedent agreement Comparatives and superlatives Comparative Adjectives and Adverbs Comparative adjectives and adverbs only compare TWO things using “-er” or “more” o o Adjective: This apple is large. This apple is larger. Adverb: Tayla brought her own lunch recently. Nia brought her lunch more recently. Comparative Adjectives and Adverbs Add –er Add “more” fast faster more recently quick quicker more carefully bright brighter more gracefully slow slower more completely early earlier more horribly high higher more frequently proud prouder sloppy sloppier bright brighter Form Superlative Adjectives and Adverbs Superlative adjectives and adverbs MORE THAN TWO things using “-est” or “most” Hint: often says “the” before because it’s THE one o o Adjective: This first apple is big. The second apple is bigger than the first. The third apple is the biggest of the three. Adverb: Tayla brought her lunch recently. Nia brought her lunch more recently than Tayla. Craig brought his lunch most recently. Superlative Adverbs Add –est Add “most” fast fastest most recently quick quickest most carefully bright brightest most gracefully slow slowest most completely early earliest most horribly high highest most frequently proud proudest sloppy sloppiest bright brightest Punctuation used in dialogue Using Commas and Quotation Marks in Dialogue If the dialogue tag is first: o Tag, “Dialogue.” o She said, “Run over here.” o She yelled, “Run over here!” o She asked, “Are you running?” If the dialogue is first: o “Dialogue,” tag. o “Run over here,” she said. o “Run over here!” she yelled. o “Are you running?” she asked. Hint: comma (make comma motion, quotation (make marks), CAPITALIZE!) Possessive nouns Possessive Nouns A possessive noun shows that something belongs to someone When something belongs to ONE person, use ‘s. o The crayons belong to the teacher. They are the teacher’s crayons. When something belongs to MORE THAN ONE person, use s’. o The soccer ball belongs to the girls. It is the girls’ soccer ball. Don’t Get Tricked! its = possessive (What is its name?) it’s = it is (It’s going to rain.) their = possessive (Where is their game?) they’re = they are (They’re going to the game.) there = place (I want to go there!) Forming and Using Plural Nouns Most nouns are changed from singular to plural by adding –s, -es or –ies (Examples: kid kids, piecepieces, partyparties) Some nouns are irregular and are changed from singular to plural in different ways (examples: loafloaves, partyparties I ask myself, “How do I say more than one __?” I think about the plural noun that makes sense I spell the plural noun in a way that makes sense Irregular nouns Irregular verbs Form Verbs I ask myself, “How do I say this verb in the past?” (already happened) I ask myself, “How do I say this very in the present?” (happening now) I ask myself, “How do I say this very in the future?” (hasn’t happened yet) Decoding tricky words I think about the verb that makes sense I spell the verb in a way that makes sense When I read a word I don’t know, I Use word parts, chunks, blends and vowel sounds that I know Read with accuracy by noticing the beginning, middle, and end of each word Read with fluency by “reading the way I talk” with intonation, speed and through observing punctuation. Correct myself when something doesn’t look right or sound right Reread to understand if I didn’t understand the first time List of high-frequency “tricky” words Reading fluently and accurately When I read to myself or aloud, I Read with accuracy by noticing, the beginning, middle, and end of each word Read with fluency by “reading the way I talk” Read with expression by noticing punctuation and the purpose of the sentences Correct myself when something doesn’t look right or sound right Reread to understand if I didn’t understand the first time