Survey
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
PS210 History of Psychology Unit 6 Nichola Cohen Ph.D. What is behaviorism? What is behaviorism? Based on stimulus-response patterns What is behaviorism? Based on stimulus-response patterns How did work with animals influence behaviorism? What is behaviorism? School of thought based on stimulus-response patterns How did work with animals influence behaviorism? Animals demonstrated conditioned behavioral responses Example – Clever Hans Edward Lee Thorndike Edward Lee Thorndike Studied connection between situations and responses (connectionism) Thorndike puzzle box Edward Lee Thorndike Studied connection between situations and responses (connectionism) Thorndike puzzle box Animal has to learn specific behaviors (e.g. operate a latch) to escape from a box Animal will 1st display random behaviors and then stumble across correct behavior by accident. Random behaviors will be displayed less until learning is complete Measured number of incorrect responses and time to escape Edward Lee Thorndike Studied connection between situations and responses (connectionism) Thorndike puzzle box Animal has to learn specific behaviors (e.g. operate a latch) to escape from a box Animal will 1st display random behaviors and then stumble across correct behavior by accident. Random behaviors will be displayed less until learning is complete Measured number of incorrect responses and time to escape Trial and accidental success (trial and error learning) Edward Lee Thorndike Studied connection between situations and responses (connectionism) Thorndike puzzle box Animal has to learn specific behaviors (e.g. operate a latch) to escape from a box Animal will 1st display random behaviors and then stumble across correct behavior by accident. Random behaviors will be displayed less until learning is complete Measured number of incorrect responses and time to escape Trial and accidental success (trial and error learning) Law of effect: Edward Lee Thorndike Studied connection between situations and responses (connectionism) Thorndike puzzle box Animal has to learn specific behaviors (e.g. operate a latch) to escape from a box Animal will 1st display random behaviors and then stumble across correct behavior by accident. Random behaviors will be displayed less until learning is complete Measured number of incorrect responses and time to escape Trial and accidental success (trial and error learning) Law of effect: acts that produce a positive outcome become associated with the situation, so when the situation recurs, the act is more likely to recur Edward Lee Thorndike Studied connection between situations and responses (connectionism) Thorndike puzzle box Animal has to learn specific behaviors (e.g. operate a latch) to escape from a box Animal will 1st display random behaviors and then stumble across correct behavior by accident. Random behaviors will be displayed less until learning is complete Measured number of incorrect responses and time to escape Trial and accidental success (trial and error learning) Law of effect: acts that produce a positive outcome become associated with the situation, so when the situation recurs, the act is more likely to recur Law of exercise: Edward Lee Thorndike Studied connection between situations and responses (connectionism) Thorndike puzzle box Animal has to learn specific behaviors (e.g. operate a latch) to escape from a box Animal will 1st display random behaviors and then stumble across correct behavior by accident. Random behaviors will be displayed less until learning is complete Measured number of incorrect responses and time to escape Trial and accidental success (trial and error learning) Law of effect: acts that produce a positive outcome become associated with the situation, so when the situation recurs, the act is more likely to recur Law of exercise: the more the situation and response are associated, the stronger the connection; the less they are associated the weaker the connection Ivan Pavlov Ivan Pavlov Classical conditioning Ivan Pavlov Classical conditioning Accidental discovery – noticed that dogs secrete saliva before they receive food When food is placed in an animals mouth it will reflexively salivate Ivan Pavlov Classical conditioning Accidental discovery – noticed that dogs secrete saliva before they receive food When food is placed in an animals mouth it will reflexively salivate – innate / unconditioned reflex Ivan Pavlov Classical conditioning Accidental discovery – noticed that dogs secrete saliva before they receive food When food is placed in an animals mouth it will reflexively salivate – innate / unconditioned reflex Salivating at the sight of food is not reflexive, it is learned Ivan Pavlov Classical conditioning Accidental discovery – noticed that dogs secrete saliva before they receive food When food is placed in an animals mouth it will reflexively salivate – innate / unconditioned reflex Salivating at the sight of food is not reflexive, it is learned – conditional/conditioned response Who is the founding father of behaviorism? Who is the founding father of behaviorism? John Watson Basic ideas did not originate with him, but he organized and promoted it According to Watson, what was behaviorism? Who is the founding father of behaviorism? John Watson Basic ideas did not originate with him, but he organized and promoted it According to Watson, what was behaviorism? Psychology dealing only with observable, behavioral acts Things should be described in terms of stimulus and response Rejected concepts such as consciousness “has never been seen, touched, smelled, tasted or moved. It is a plain assumption just as unprovable as the old concept of the soul” Little Albert experiment Little Albert experiment He demonstrated that you could elicit a conditioned emotional response to a previously neutral stimulus Concluded that adult fears, anxieties and phobias are established in infancy Little Albert experiment He demonstrated that you could elicit a conditioned emotional response to a previously neutral stimulus Concluded that adult fears, anxieties and phobias are established in infancy http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FMnhyGozL yE Peter and the rabbit Mary Cover Jones asked – can fear responses be eliminated? 3 year old Peter had a fear of rabbits Over a series of trials (lasting weeks) a rabbit was brought into the room with Peter and gradually moved closer They were able to eliminate his fear response Precursor to behavior therapy Watson and child-rearing Watson and child-rearing Watson’s views on children “never hug or kiss them, never let them sit on your lap. If you must, kiss them once on the forehead when they say goodnight. Shake hands with them in the morning. Give them a pat on the head if they have made an extraordinarily good job of a difficult task…you will find how easy it is to be perfectly objective with your child and at the same time kindly. You will be utterly ashamed of the mawkish, sentimental way you have been handling it” Watson on instincts Initially believed in instincts, but later rejected the concept and argued that all behaviors are conditioned responses Watson on emotions Merely physiological responses to stimuli E.g. heart racing in response to a threat is a learned response Denied conscious perception of the emotion Infants show 3 unlearned emotional response patterns (fear, rage and love), other emotions are compounded through these through conditioning What ethical issues should be considered when conducting research on behavior? What ethical issues should be considered when conducting research on behavior? What are the benefits? What are the risks? Do the benefits outweigh the risks?