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Name _____________________________________________ hr ___ 1. Define the following words a. Systematics: b. Taxonomy: c. Convergent Evolution: d. Divergent Evolution: 2. List the hierarchal classification system in order from least specific (least in common) to most specific 3. List the 3 domains & organisms found in each 4. Define the following & use them to label the cladogram Node: Outgroup: Ingroup: Which two organisms are the most distantly related? Which two organisms are most closely related? 5. A paleontologist is comparing fossils from three dinosaurs and Archaeopteryx. The table shows the distribution of characters for each species, where 1 means that the trait is present and 0 means it is not. The outgroup comparison (not shown in the table) had none of the traits. Arrange these species on the cladogram. Also indicate the derived character that defines each branch point on the cladogram. Trait Hollow Bones 3-Fingered hand Half-moon shaped wristbone Reversed first toe Velociraptor 1 1 1 Coelophysis 1 0 0 Archaeopteryx 1 1 1 Allosaurus 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 1. Which one of the following was not a main idea that Darwin advanced in his works? a. species change over time b. new species arise by natural selection c. new species can form by inheritance of acquired characteristics d. modern species arose through a process known as "descent with modification" e. living species have arisen from earlier life forms 2. Aristotle believed which of the following? a. an individual's use of a body part causes it to further evolve b. natural forces are at work changing the Earth's surface c. species are fixed (permanent) and do not evolve d. the best evidence for change within species is seen in fossils e. None of the choices are correct. 3. The eighteenth-century French naturalist Lamarck argued for which of the following ideas? a. Life evolves toward perfection, with chaotic and watery early forms giving way to ever more organized and noble forms. b. Species evolve, and the characteristics an individual develops as a result of using or not using its native capacities can be passed to its young. c. The history of life has consisted of a series of divine creations punctuated by geologic catastrophes. d. Each environment spontaneously produces the species that are fitted to it. e. Species are immutable, but individuals can by their own efforts approach more closely to their species' ideal form. Thus, by reaching for higher leaves, a giraffe can lengthen its neck and become a more perfect giraffe. 4. The unifying theme of biology is a. genetics. d. Evolution b. taxonomy. e. none are correct c. ecology. 5. Which one of the following did Darwin discover that led him to suspect that species in the Americas were more closely related to each other than to species elsewhere? a. The animals he found in the Galaccent(a)pagos resembled South American animals more closely than animals from other continents. b. The South American fossils he collected were more similar to North American fossils than to living South American species. c. Many of the fossils he collected in South America belonged to species that no longer exist. d. The South American fossils he collected included many species that seemed less advanced than their modern counterparts. e. The South American fossils he collected were more similar to living South American species than to fossils from other continents. 6. In the 1700s, __________ raised the possibility that certain fossil forms might be ancient versions of similar living species. a. Aristotle d. Lyell b. Wallace e. Buffon c. Lamarck 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 7. Which one of the following best expresses the concept of natural selection? a. overproduction of offspring b. differential reproductive success c. change in response to need d. inheritance of acquired characteristics e. a drive to perfection 8. Which of the following assumptions was not part of Darwin's theory of natural selection? a. Organisms compete for limited resources. b. The Earth is very old. c. Traits are inherited as discrete particles. d. Populations produce more offspring than their environment can support. e. Organisms vary in heritable ways. 9. Broccoli and cabbages are both descended from the same wild mustard and can still interbreed. The existence of these two vegetables is an example of a. inheritance of acquired characteristics. b. speciation. c. natural selection. d. artificial selection. e. genetic drift. 10. The fossil record shows all of following except that a. some fossils represent an evolutionary series of changes that provide strong documentation of evolution. b. within the vertebrates, fish were the first to evolve. c. the earliest fossils of life are about 3.5 billion years old. d. younger strata are on top of older strata. e. the first life forms were eukaryotes. 11. Which of the following provides evidence that modern species have evolved from prior species? a. biogeography b. molecular biology c. comparative anatomy d. comparative embryology e. All of the choices are correct. 12. Which of the following provides evidence that vertebrates evolved from a common ancestor? a. similarities in protein structure b. the presence of similar genes c. the common development of pharyngeal pouches in an embryonic stage d. homologous structures e. All of the choices are correct. 13. Which one of the following represents two structures that are homologous? a. the wing of a bat and the flipper of a whale b. the legs of a fly and the wings of a bird c. the antennae of an insect and the eyes of a bird d. the feathers of a bird and the salt glands of a blue-footed booby e. the wing of a bat and the scales of a fish 14. Which one of the following is false? Natural selection a. is more of an editing process than a creative mechanism. b. is contingent upon time and place. c. can be seen to be working in organisms alive today. d. results from an organism's needs. e. and evolutionary change can occur in a short time 8 9 10 11 12 13 14