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1. Define the following words
a. Systematics:
b. Taxonomy:
c. Convergent Evolution:
d. Divergent Evolution:
2. List the hierarchal classification system in order from least specific (least in common) to most specific
3. List the 3 domains & organisms found in each
4. Define the following & use them to label the cladogram
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Node:
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Outgroup:
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Ingroup:
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Which two organisms are the most distantly related?
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Which two organisms are most closely related?
5. A paleontologist is comparing
fossils from three dinosaurs and
Archaeopteryx. The table shows the
distribution of characters for each
species, where 1 means that the trait
is present and 0 means it is not. The
outgroup comparison (not shown in
the table) had none of the traits.
Arrange these species on the
cladogram. Also indicate the
derived character that defines each
branch point on the cladogram.
Trait
Hollow Bones
3-Fingered hand
Half-moon shaped
wristbone
Reversed first toe
Velociraptor
1
1
1
Coelophysis
1
0
0
Archaeopteryx
1
1
1
Allosaurus
1
1
0
0
0
1
0
1. Which one of the following was not a main idea that Darwin
advanced in his works?
a. species change over time
b. new species arise by natural selection
c. new species can form by inheritance of acquired
characteristics
d. modern species arose through a process known as
"descent with modification"
e. living species have arisen from earlier life forms
2. Aristotle believed which of the following?
a. an individual's use of a body part causes it to further
evolve
b. natural forces are at work changing the Earth's surface
c. species are fixed (permanent) and do not evolve
d. the best evidence for change within species is seen in
fossils
e. None of the choices are correct.
3. The eighteenth-century French naturalist Lamarck argued for
which of the following ideas?
a. Life evolves toward perfection, with chaotic and watery
early forms giving way to ever more organized and
noble forms.
b. Species evolve, and the characteristics an individual
develops as a result of using or not using its native
capacities can be passed to its young.
c. The history of life has consisted of a series of divine
creations punctuated by geologic catastrophes.
d. Each environment spontaneously produces the species
that are fitted to it.
e. Species are immutable, but individuals can by their own
efforts approach more closely to their species' ideal
form. Thus, by reaching for higher leaves, a giraffe can
lengthen its neck and become a more perfect giraffe.
4. The unifying theme of biology is
a. genetics.
d. Evolution
b. taxonomy.
e. none are correct
c. ecology.
5. Which one of the following did Darwin discover that led him
to suspect that species in the Americas were more closely
related to each other than to species elsewhere?
a. The animals he found in the Galaccent(a)pagos
resembled South American animals more closely than
animals from other continents.
b. The South American fossils he collected were more
similar to North American fossils than to living South
American species.
c. Many of the fossils he collected in South America
belonged to species that no longer exist.
d. The South American fossils he collected included many
species that seemed less advanced than their modern
counterparts.
e. The South American fossils he collected were more
similar to living South American species than to fossils
from other continents.
6. In the 1700s, __________ raised the possibility that certain
fossil forms might be ancient versions of similar living
species.
a. Aristotle
d. Lyell
b. Wallace
e. Buffon
c. Lamarck
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7. Which one of the following best expresses the concept of
natural selection?
a. overproduction of offspring
b. differential reproductive success
c. change in response to need
d. inheritance of acquired characteristics
e. a drive to perfection
8. Which of the following assumptions was not part of Darwin's
theory of natural selection?
a. Organisms compete for limited resources.
b. The Earth is very old.
c. Traits are inherited as discrete particles.
d. Populations produce more offspring than their
environment can support.
e. Organisms vary in heritable ways.
9. Broccoli and cabbages are both descended from the same wild
mustard and can still interbreed. The existence of these two
vegetables is an example of
a. inheritance of acquired characteristics.
b. speciation.
c. natural selection.
d. artificial selection.
e. genetic drift.
10. The fossil record shows all of following except that
a. some fossils represent an evolutionary series of changes
that provide strong documentation of evolution.
b. within the vertebrates, fish were the first to evolve.
c. the earliest fossils of life are about 3.5 billion years old.
d. younger strata are on top of older strata.
e. the first life forms were eukaryotes.
11. Which of the following provides evidence that modern species
have evolved from prior species?
a. biogeography
b. molecular biology
c. comparative anatomy
d. comparative embryology
e. All of the choices are correct.
12. Which of the following provides evidence that vertebrates
evolved from a common ancestor?
a. similarities in protein structure
b. the presence of similar genes
c. the common development of pharyngeal pouches in an
embryonic stage
d. homologous structures
e. All of the choices are correct.
13. Which one of the following represents two structures that are
homologous?
a. the wing of a bat and the flipper of a whale
b. the legs of a fly and the wings of a bird
c. the antennae of an insect and the eyes of a bird
d. the feathers of a bird and the salt glands of a blue-footed
booby
e. the wing of a bat and the scales of a fish
14. Which one of the following is false? Natural selection
a. is more of an editing process than a creative mechanism.
b. is contingent upon time and place.
c. can be seen to be working in organisms alive today.
d. results from an organism's needs.
e. and evolutionary change can occur in a short time
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