Download The Civil War Differences Between the North and South Geography

The Civil War
Geography of the North
• Climate – frozen winters; hot/humid summers
• Natural features:
− coastline: bays and harbors – fishermen,
shipbuilding (i.e. Boston)
− inland: rocky soil – farming hard; turned
to trade and crafts (timber for
shipbuilding)
Differences Between the North and
South
Geography of the South
• Climate – mild winters; long, hot,
humid summers
• Natural features:
− coastline: swamps and
marshes (rice & sugarcane,
fishing)
− inland: indigo, tobacco, &
corn
− Towns follow rivers inland!
Economy of the North
Economy of the South
• MORE Cities & Factories
• Agriculture: Plantations and Slaves
• Industrial Revolution: Introduction of the Machine
− products were made cheaper and faster
− shift from skilled crafts people to less skilled
laborers
− Economy BOOST!!!
− White Southerners made
living off the land
− Cotton Kingdom – Eli
Whitney
•cotton made slavery more
important
•cotton spread west, so
slavery increases
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Transportation of the North
Transportation of the South
• National Road – better roads; inexpensive way
to deliver products
• WATER! Southern rivers made water travel
easy and cheap (i.e. Mississippi)
• Ships & Canals – river travels fast; steamboat
(i.e. Erie Canal)
• Southern town sprang up along waterways
• Railroad – steam-powered machine (fastest
transportation and travels across land)
Society of the North – industrial, urban
life
Society of the South –
agrarian, rural life
• Maine to Iowa
• Black Northerners
− free but not equal (i.e. segregation)
− worked as laborers & servants
• White Northerners
− most lived on farms
− children expected to help with
harvesting
− cities next to factories or RR tracks
• Maryland to Florida & west to Texas
• Black Southerners
− small minority free (live separate, wear special
badges) – skilled crafts people or servants
− slaves – cooks, carpenters, blacksmiths, nurse
maids/nannies, MOST field hands
• White Southerners
− measured wealth in terms of land & slaves
Abolitionist Movement
HOWEVER… Female abolitionists:
• Abolitionists – wanted to end
slavery
• tried to convince lawmakers to make
slavery illegal
• both blacks & whites worked in
Abolition Movement
• raised money for suffrage movement
− William Lloyd Garrison –
“Liberator” (white)
− Frederick Douglass – “North Star”
(black)
• spoke out against slave beatings
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The Underground Railroad
Women’s Suffrage
• a series of escape routes running
from South to North
• Fighting Slavery: Women get involved
• traveled by night; hid/rested in
stations
• conductors – people who led
runaways to freedom
− Harriet Tubman
Seneca Falls: The Declaration of
Sentiments
• 1848 – almost 300 people, including 40 men,
arrived for the Convention
• People there: Abolitionists, Quakers,
Housewives, etc.
• Dec. of Sent. – proposal for women’s rights –
modeled after Dec. of Ind.
• Inspired by Second Great Awakening –
religious reform movement; good works
get you to heaven
• Anti – slavery fight helped pave way for
women’s suffrage (right to vote)
The Legacy of Seneca Falls
• created organization among women
• established awareness of women
suffrage
• Sojourner Truth – “Aint I a woman?” –
awareness of black women
− it listed acts of tyranny by men over
women
The Legacy of Seneca Falls (cont.)
Women (at this time)
• Elizabeth Cady Stanton – organized
Seneca Falls Convention, concerned
with voting rights
• Could not hold office; only white men
• Susan B. Anthony – built movement into
national organization, concerned with
women getting equal treatment in work
place.
• Could not control their own money or
property (fathers or husbands
controlled it)
• Could not practice professions (i.e.
medicine or law)
• Would be disciplined by males
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Intro to the Civil War: Immediate
Causes
SIDES
• Election of Lincoln as President
• NORTH: Union
• Secession of southern states
• SOUTH: Confederacy
Issues Leading to the Civil War
Northwest Ordinance 1787
• Southerners threaten secession to get what they want!!!
• All states North of Ohio River = FREE
• Balance of Power in Congress: 1840’s Southerners want to
extend slavery into new territories
• All states South of Ohio River = SLAVE
Add a
picture
here.
Missouri Compromise: attempt to keep equal
number of slave & free states
•Southern states threatened to break (secede)
from Union if Missouri became a “free”
free” state
•So…
So… Missouri = slave; Maine = free
•36’
36’30 parallel – North of it free, South of it
slave
Compromise of 1850
• California = free state; New Mexico & Utah = slave state
• Passed a stricter Fugitive Slave Law – returning slaves to
their owners when they would run away
• Southerners threaten secession if Fugitive Slave Law not
enforced
− wasn’t
wasn t enforced
•kept Union together; but no one happy # of
slave and free states EQUAL!
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Harriet Beecher Stowe
• Uncle Tom’s
Tom s Cabin
• book that turned many
Northerners against
slavery
• author scorned by South
Kansas-Nebraska ACT
Dred Scott Case
• cancelled Missouri Compromise
• slave from Missouri who was taken to Wisconsin (a free
state)
• allow settlers to decide issue of slavery
− popular sovereignty – rule by the people
− North = upset, South = happy
• struggle over slavery turned violent
− “Bleeding
Bleeding Kansas”
Kansas – violence between pro and anti slavery
forces
5th Amendment
• sued to gain freedom when returning to Missouri
• said he was made free in Wisconsin
• Decision of case:
− 1. Slaves are PROPERTY not citizens! (no right to
sue..)
− 2. Fugitive Slave law must be enforced
− 3. Missouri Compromise was unconstitutional
Republican Party
• slaves are property – Scott was a slave
• new party formed
• Property cannot be taken away without due process
• believed no man can own
another
• South = happy; North = mad
• nominated Abraham Lincoln
for Illinois Senator he lost
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Abraham Lincoln
John Brown
• did not want Union
divided over slavery
• Abolitionist (Radical)
• slavery is a moral issue,
not a legal one
• wanted weapons to arm slaves for rebellion
• Raided Harpers Ferry in Virginia, plan to seize guns
• all men caught, tried, hanged
• not an abolitionist but
wanted to stop slavery
from spreading into new
territories
• Northerners outraged
• Southerners alarmed
• increase tension between North & South
Lincoln-Douglas Debates (1858 Senate
Campaign)
• Lincoln’s views on slavery: It
should not be allowed to
spread!
• Stephen Douglas: believed
each state should decide
for itself whether or not to
allow slavery
Presidential Election of 1860
• Lincoln won
• Election results made it clear: the nation no longer wanted
compromise
• Now 18 free states, 15 slave states
• South is upset!
Secession
Fort Sumter
• South saw Lincoln as an abolitionist
• 1861
• South Carolina – first state to break away from Union
• Southerners captured federal fort for weapons
• no one killed, but surrendered to South
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Confederacy Established…
Intro to the Civil War: Long Term Causes
• 1861
• Conflict over slavery in territories
• seceding states formed a new nation, the Confederate
States of America, with its president = Jefferson Davis
• Compromise failure in Congress (i.e. Missouri
Compromise)
• Economic differences
− South – needed slaves
− North – want to end slavery
Emancipation Proclamation
• During the Civil War,
Lincoln freed all the
slaves in states that
were rebelling
• exception: slaves in
South Carolina remained
slaves
− political move
Effects of the Civil War
Amendments from the Civil War
• Abolition of slavery
• 13th – outlawed slavery
• Devastation to the South
• 14th – made slaves (freedmen) citizens
• Reconstruction of the South
• 15th – gave all citizens (freedmen) the right to vote
• Nation reunited
• Boom of Industry
• Federal Authority dominant
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CIVIL WAR: the bloodiest war in
American History
NORTH
• NORTH: UNION
• STRENGTHS
• WEAKNESSES
• President – Abraham
Lincoln
• More people than South
• Military Leaders
− 1/3 of nation’s military
officers returned to the
South
− Many remaining officers
too old for combat
• Soldiers – “Yankees”
• Commanding General –
Ulysses S. Grant
• 90% of nation’s
manufacturing in North
• more RR tracks (will
become nation’s biggest
business post-civil war)
• Must invade South
South: Confederacy
SOUTH
• President – Jefferson Davis
• STRENGTHS
• WEAKNESSES
• Soldiers – Rebels
• Fighting a defensive battle
• Commanding General –Robert E. Lee
• Great Military Leaders
• Economy:
− wealth in land & slaves
− Few factories to produce
guns and military
supplies
• Transportation Problem =
− lacked RR network &
transportation
Anaconda Plan
• Capture Richmond, VA - capital of Confederacy;
destroy rebel government
• Gain control of Mississippi River = separates the
Confederacy (can’t travel or trade)
• Union blockade of Southern coastal ports
− Northern strategy that prevented cotton & other
products from being exported to Britain and
France
− Weakened Southern economy
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BATTLES of the Civil War
BULL RUN (VA)
• 1st major battle of the Civil
War
• Stonewall Jackson stopped
Union troops
• Southern Victory
• Rose Greenhow – spy for
South
− Union plan to capture
Richmond
Fort Wagner (SC)
Antietam (MD)
• (Union)
Massachusetts 54th
Regiment – 1st
black regiment
(“Glory”)
• Bloodiest day
• heavy losses
• 6000 died,
17000 injured
• No one won
(but South will
claim they did)
• Southern Victory
Battle of Shiloh (TN)
Vicksburg (MS)
• Ulysses S. Grant led advance in south; he refused
to retreat & WON
• Fought for control of Mississippi River
• U.S. army = 13,000 losses
• Union Victory: captured the Mississippi River and
managed to divide the Confederate states
• C.S. army = 10,000 losses
• Gave the Union access to Mississippi River & the
eventual blockade
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Sherman’s March
• TOTAL WAR!
• Goal: to destroy all supplies
in the South
Gettysburg (PA)
• *Turning point for
Union
− last Confederate
attack on the
North
• Pickett’s charge –
Northern most point
reached by South
• Such devastation that
Lincoln addresses the
nation (i.e. Gettysburg
Address)
Four score and seven years ago our fathers brought forth, upon this
continent, a new nation, conceived in Liberty, and dedicated to the
proposition that all men are created equal.
Now we are engaged in a great civil war, testing whether that nation, or
any nation so conceived, and so dedicated, can long endure. We are
met here on a great battlefield of that war. We have come to dedicate a
portion of it as a final resting place for those who here gave their lives
that that nation might live. It is altogether fitting and proper that we
should do this.
Appomatox (VA)
• Surrender of Confederacy (April 9, 1865)
• Lee surrendered to Grant
• Men treated very well (none murdered, all are soldiers)
But in a larger sense we can not dedicate - we can not consecrate - we
can not hallow this ground. The brave men, living and dead, who
struggled, here, have consecrated it far above our poor power to add or
detract. The world will little note, nor long remember, what we say here,
but can never forget what they did here.
President Abraham Lincoln Figure
It is for us, the living, rather to be dedicated here to the unfinished work
which they have, thus far, so nobly carried on. It is rather for us to be
here dedicated to the great task remaining before us - that from these
honored dead we take increased devotion to that cause for which they
here gave the last full measure of devotion - that we here highly resolve
that these dead shall not have died in vain; that this nation shall have a
new birth of freedom; and that this government of the people, by the
people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth.
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Consequences of the Civil WAR
New realities of War:
• New weaponry
− rifles replaced muskets
− improved cannons & artillery
− infantry assaults more deadly
• Medical care poor (no understanding of causes of
infections)
− More soldiers died of diseases than wounds
− 220,000 Union died in hospital vs.140,000
died in battlefields
Outcomes of the War
• Drafts
− started during Civil War
• Changed how Americans thought about their
nation
− union as a whole, not individual states
• Helped federal govt. expand
− federal govt. stronger than state govt.
• Spurred industry
− petroleum, steel, food processing, manufacturing
Reconstruction 1865-1877
• rebuilding the South
• bringing the South back into the Union
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Lincoln’s Assassination
Lincoln…Johnson’s Plan
• April 14, 1865 (5 days after the war ended)
• President Andrew Johnson granted amnesty to
all white southerners, except leaders
• Lincoln = first president to be assassinated
• Assassinated at Ford’s Theater in D.C.
• by John Wilkes Booth – Confederate supporter – who
hoped this would create chaos within govt. and help
Confed. win war!
• Right to vote to all blacks who were educated
or served in military
• 10% Plan
− when 10% of voters of state took a loyalty oath,
state could form a new govt. with new
constitution (without slavery)
Struggle for control of Reconstruction
Struggle for control of Reconstruction
• Battle between President Johnson and
Congress
• Congress enacts bills to help freedmen
(14th Amend., Freedmens’ Bureau, and
Reconstruction Act of 1867)
• Johnson’s policy = easy on the south:
amnesty
−Ex: black codes (control former
slaves/restrict freedom)
Impeachment of Johnson
Civil War Amendments
• Johnson was 1st
President impeached by
Congress because of
his ideas on
Reconstruction & his
“slap on the wrist”
actions
• 13th – freed the slaves
• 14th – gave all freed men citizenship
• 15th – gave all citizens the right to vote (not
women)
• Not convicted & stayed
in office
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Jim Crow Laws
Ku Klux Klan (KKK)
• Laws enforcing segregation of blacks & whites in
South after Civil War
• White Supremacist
organization set up in South
to scare blacks away from
voting & seeking equal rights
• claimed to be “the Ghosts of
the Confederate Soldiers”
• Segregation & Oppression
continue
Freedmen’s Bureau
Scalawags
• Govt. agency to help former enslaved
people
• Southerners who sided with the
Republicans & their policies for
Reconstruction
Carpetbaggers
Compromise of 1877
• Northerners who settled in the South after the
war
• Debate on presidential election between Rutherford B.
Hayes (Republican) & Samuel J. Tilden (Democrat)
• Supported the Republicans
• Hayes would get presidency IF…
− Republicans agreed to withdraw remaining fed. troops
from the south
− Because they leave, Reconstruction comes to an end!
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