* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Download Basic Root Systems
Arabidopsis thaliana wikipedia , lookup
Indigenous horticulture wikipedia , lookup
Plant tolerance to herbivory wikipedia , lookup
Pollination wikipedia , lookup
Cultivated plant taxonomy wikipedia , lookup
History of herbalism wikipedia , lookup
Plant use of endophytic fungi in defense wikipedia , lookup
Plant defense against herbivory wikipedia , lookup
Hydroponics wikipedia , lookup
Venus flytrap wikipedia , lookup
History of botany wikipedia , lookup
Historia Plantarum (Theophrastus) wikipedia , lookup
Flowering plant wikipedia , lookup
Plant physiology wikipedia , lookup
Plant evolutionary developmental biology wikipedia , lookup
Embryophyte wikipedia , lookup
Plant morphology wikipedia , lookup
Ornamental bulbous plant wikipedia , lookup
-1– GENERAL CERTIFICATE IN ORNAMENTAL HORTICULUTRE LEVEL 1 Workbook : Demonstrate an understanding of the basic structure of ornamental plants All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, and recording or otherwise, without the written permission of the copyright owners. © AgriSETA. AgriSETA Issue date : June 2006 Version 2 -2– GENERAL CERTIFICATE IN ORNAMENTAL HORTICULUTRE LEVEL 1 Workbook : Demonstrate an understanding of the basic structure of ornamental plants Acknowledgements Developed by Lifestyle College With special thanks to: Tasha Tollman Rick Smit from Dynamic Solution Synergies Di Goodwin from Peebles Nursery AgriSETA Issue date : June 2006 Version 2 -3– GENERAL CERTIFICATE IN ORNAMENTAL HORTICULUTRE LEVEL 1 Workbook : Demonstrate an understanding of the basic structure of ornamental plants Contents Page DESCRIPTION Study Session Overview The Unit Standard : Demonstrate an understanding of the basic structure of ornamental plants Introduction Lesson 1 : Why Plants have Roots Lesson 2 : Why Plants have Stems Lesson 3 : Why Plants have Leaves Lesson 4 : Why Plants have Flowers Study Session Summary References AgriSETA Issue date : June 2006 Version 2 PG NO 4 7 12 14 35 49 67 82 84 -4– GENERAL CERTIFICATE IN ORNAMENTAL HORTICULUTRE LEVEL 1 Workbook : Demonstrate an understanding of the basic structure of ornamental plants Study Session Overview Purpose The purpose of this study session is to equip you with the knowledge necessary to recognize the different parts of a plant and their function. This study session forms part of the General Certificate in Horticulture, NQF level 1 and is aligned with the Unit Standard: Demonstrate an understanding of the basic structure of ornamental plants, which carries 4 credits. Who is it for? This study session and unit standard form the knowledge base for people working with plants within the ornamental horticulture or landscaping industry and gives the learner an understanding of: The functions of the root system in the structure and development of a plant. The functions of the stem in the structure and development of a plant. The role of the leaf in the plant’s structure and growth. The role of the flower in the reproductive process of a plant. AgriSETA Issue date : June 2006 Version 2 -5– GENERAL CERTIFICATE IN ORNAMENTAL HORTICULUTRE LEVEL 1 Workbook : Demonstrate an understanding of the basic structure of ornamental plants What's in it for you? The skills acquired in this study session will equip you with the knowledge needed to be able to recognise the different parts of a plant and know their functions. This knowledge will form the basis of your horticultural studies and help you to understand: The structure of the root and the root systems. The function of the root in absorbing water and nutrients from the soil. The importance of the anchoring function of the roots. The structure and support role that the stem plays in plants. The transportation of water and nutrients through the stem to the leaves and flowers. The structure and form of various common leaves. The role of photosynthesis in plant growth. The factors that influence photosynthesis. The structure and components of the flowers. The factors that aid pollination. The importance of pollination. AgriSETA Issue date : June 2006 Version 2 -6– GENERAL CERTIFICATE IN ORNAMENTAL HORTICULUTRE LEVEL 1 Workbook : Demonstrate an understanding of the basic structure of ornamental plants What about assessment? If you can correctly answer all the knowledge questions in the summative assessment, you will receive credits for a competent rating on your assessments. These credits contribute 1 unit standard and 4 credits towards the General Certificate in Ornamental Horticulture, at NQF Level 1. The laid down policies and procedures with regard to assessment, moderation, RPL and appeals govern this assessment. You will be rated "Competent" or "Not Yet Competent" against the assessment criteria. AgriSETA Issue date : June 2006 Version 2 -7– GENERAL CERTIFICATE IN ORNAMENTAL HORTICULUTRE LEVEL 1 Workbook : Demonstrate an understanding of the basic structure of ornamental plants Unit Standard Title Number Level Credits Field Sub field Issue date Learning assumed to be in place Demonstrate an understanding of the basic structure of ornamental plants 119711 1 4 Agriculture and Nature Conservation Horticulture 2006-02-09 Demonstrate knowledge of communication and Numeracy at Abet level 3. Specific Outcomes 1. Explain the role of the leaf in the structure and growth of a plant. Assessment Criteria 1.1 1.2 1.3. 2.1. 2. Indicate the functions of the root in the structure and development of the plant 3. Identify the functions of the stem in the structure and development of a plant 2.2. 2.3. 3.1. 3.2. 4.1. 4. Explain the role of the flower in the reproductive process 4.2. 4.3. AgriSETA Issue date : June 2006 Version 2 Describe the structure and form of various common leaves. Outline the role of photosynthesis in plant growth. Name the factors that influence photosynthesis. Describe the structure of the root and root systems. Explain the function of the root in absorbing water and nutrients from the soil. Explain the importance of the anchoring function of the roots. Describe the structure and support role that the stem plays in plants. Explain the transportation of water and nutrients through the stem to the leaves and flowers. Describe the structure and components of the flower. Describe the factors that aid pollination. Outline the importance of pollination. -8– GENERAL CERTIFICATE IN ORNAMENTAL HORTICULUTRE LEVEL 1 Workbook : Demonstrate an understanding of the basic structure of ornamental plants Embedded Knowledge Embedded knowledge is reflected within the assessment criteria of each specific outcome and must be assessed in its own right, through oral and written evidence. Observation cannot be the only assessment. Critical Cross Field Outcomes Identify and solve problems in which responses display that responsible decisions using critical and creative thinking have been made – specific outcome 3. Work effectively with others as a member of a team, group, organisation or community. Specific outcome embedded in the learning for this level of learner. Organise and manage oneself and one’s activities responsibly and effectively. Collect, analyse, organise and critically evaluate information. Specific outcome 1,2, 3 and 4. Communicate effectively using visual, mathematical and/or language skills in the modes of oral and/or written presentation. Specific outcome embedded in the learning for this level of learner. Use science and technology effectively and critically, showing responsibility toward the environment and health of others. Specific outcome 1,2, 3 and 4. Demonstrate an understanding of the world as a set of related systems by recognising that problem-solving contexts do not exist in isolation. Specific outcome 1, 2, 3 and 4. AgriSETA Issue date : June 2006 Version 2 -9– GENERAL CERTIFICATE IN ORNAMENTAL HORTICULUTRE LEVEL 1 Workbook : Demonstrate an understanding of the basic structure of ornamental plants Unit Standard Accreditation and Moderation Options 1. Internal moderation. 2. External moderation. 3. Moderation of assessment will be overseen by the relevant ETQA, according to the moderation guidelines in the relevant qualification the agreed ETQA procedures. 4. Internal assessment. 5. External assessment with the relevant registered/accredited industry body/ETQA. 6. An Assessor accredited by the relevant ETQA, will assess the Learner’s competency. 7. Formative and summative assessment of qualifying Learners against this unit standard should be in alignment with the requirements of the NSB. 8. Practical assessment activities will be used that are appropriate to the contents in which the qualifying Learners are working. 9. Assessment will include self and peer assessment, practical and oral assessment, observations, questions and answers, etc. 10. Direct observation is required in simulated or actual work conditions. 11. Reporting skills are demonstrated by effective communication, using verbal and/or writing skills. 12. Assessment is to be structured to include formative and summative component, as well as the submission of a Portfolio of Evidence. 13. The assessment should ensure that all the specific outcomes, critical cross field outcomes and embedded knowledge are assessed. 14. Specific outcomes must be assessed in their own right, through oral and practical evidence and cannot be assessed by observation only. AgriSETA Issue date : June 2006 Version 2 - 10 – GENERAL CERTIFICATE IN ORNAMENTAL HORTICULUTRE LEVEL 1 Workbook : Demonstrate an understanding of the basic structure of ornamental plants Essential embedded knowledge must be assessed in their own right, through oral and practical evidence and cannot be assessed by observation only. 15. Special outcomes and essential embedded knowledge must be assessed in relation to each other. 16. If qualifying Learners are able to explain the essential embedded knowledge, but are unable to perform the specific outcomes, then they should not be assessed as competent. 17. If qualifying Learners are able to perform specific outcomes, but are unable to explain the essential embedded knowledge, they should not be assessed as competent. 18. Evidence of the specified critical cross-field outcomes should be found, both in performance and in essential embedded knowledge. 19. Assessment activities must be fair, so that all Learners have equal opportunities. Activities must be free of gender, ethnic or other bias. 20. This unit standard can be assessed together with any other relevant registered unit standard. AgriSETA Issue date : June 2006 Version 2 - 11 – GENERAL CERTIFICATE IN ORNAMENTAL HORTICULUTRE LEVEL 1 Workbook : Demonstrate an understanding of the basic structure of ornamental plants Who does what? You are expected to actively take part in the lessons by: Asking questions. Planning and preparing for your training and assessment. Completing the assessment tasks that you are given. Telling your trainer when you need help or don’t understand. Your learning will be supported in the following ways: Your trainer will provide you with all the necessary training material. Your trainer will manage the learning process during the training. The assessor will plan and prepare you for assessment, assess your competence and provide feedback to you and any follow up assessments that may be necessary. AgriSETA Issue date : June 2006 Version 2 - 12 – GENERAL CERTIFICATE IN ORNAMENTAL HORTICULUTRE LEVEL 1 Workbook : Demonstrate an understanding of the basic structure of ornamental plants Introduction Plants look after our planet by releasing oxygen, which we need to breathe into the air and by taking in carbon dioxide, which protects the ozone layer (shield) around the earth. Some water plants filter and clean water in polluted rivers. Other plants control soil erosion on steep slopes. Throughout time, plants have looked after people and animals by giving us food, medicine, shade and shelter. What types of plants do you eat? What types of plants do you use for medicine? We use plants to make fires that can cook our food, warm us on cold days, light up the night and protect us from animals. We use plants to build our homes, make furniture, make brooms, rakes, baskets, plates and paper. What types of plants do you use in your home? We use plants with spines and thorns to keep our cattle safe. We use plants to make our homes more beautiful, AgriSETA Issue date : June 2006 Version 2 - 13 – GENERAL CERTIFICATE IN ORNAMENTAL HORTICULUTRE LEVEL 1 Workbook : Demonstrate an understanding of the basic structure of ornamental plants Because we use plants for so many things, we needed to learn how to grow plants. Learning how to grow plant for food is called agriculture. Learning how to grow plants for pleasure is called horticulture and there is so much exciting information to learn about horticulture. Did you know that there are 250 000 species of flowering plants in the world? Let’s begin our learning by discovering: Why plants have roots? Why plants have stems? Why plants have leaves? Why plants have flowers? AgriSETA Issue date : June 2006 Version 2 - 14 – GENERAL CERTIFICATE IN ORNAMENTAL HORTICULUTRE LEVEL 1 Workbook : Demonstrate an understanding of the basic structure of ornamental plants Lesson 1: Why Plants Have Roots Specific outcomes of this lesson : Indicate the functions of the root in the structure and growth of a plant After you have worked through Lesson 1, you should be able to: Describe the structure of the root and the root systems. Explain the function of the root in absorbing water and nutrients from the soil. Explain the importance of the anchoring function of the roots. Introduction We use the roots of plants as food, medicine and fuel. What roots do you eat? What roots do you use as medicine? What roots do you use as fuel? You need to learn about the roots of plants, so that you know how to: Water plants. Carry plants. Transplant plants. Grow plants. AgriSETA Issue date : June 2006 Version 2 - 15 – GENERAL CERTIFICATE IN ORNAMENTAL HORTICULUTRE LEVEL 1 Workbook : Demonstrate an understanding of the basic structure of ornamental plants The Main Functions of the Root The first part of a plant to grow from the seed is the root and the roots of a plant are normally the biggest part of the plant. The root is the most important part of the plant because it: 1. Takes up water and nutrients from the soil. These nutrients are minerals, which dissolved from the soil into the water and are used by the plant to help it grow. 2. Carries water and nutrients to the plant’s stem. The stems then carry the water and nutrients to other parts of the plant. 3. Acts as a storage organ, to store water and food for the plant, which helps the plant to survive during dormant months and dry periods. 4. Anchors the plant so that the plant does not get blown away by the wind or washed away by rain. The root keeps the plant at the same level within the soil and holds the topsoil in place around the root, stopping the soil from being carried away by wind and water. Let’s begin our learning by finding out how water and nutrients are taken up by the plant’s roots. AgriSETA Issue date : June 2006 Version 2 - 16 – GENERAL CERTIFICATE IN ORNAMENTAL HORTICULUTRE LEVEL 1 Workbook : Demonstrate an understanding of the basic structure of ornamental plants Your Turn… ACTIVITY 1 Osmosis Experiment Insert picture Peel a large potato and cut off a bit at one end. Now shape the potato into a cup by hollowing out the inside of the potato. The walls of the potato should be about half a centimeter thick. Insert sosatie sticks or “blou draad” into the side walls of the potato cup. Be careful not to split open the sides of the potato. Rest your potato onto the sides of a transparent glass. Dissolve 5 heaped teaspoons of sugar into ¼ cup of hot water. Allow the sugar water to cool down and then fill the hollowed out section of the potato ¾ full with the sugar water solution. Fill the glass container with water, to the same height as the liquid in the potato. Mark the level of liquid in both the potato and the glass container using a marker. Now wait and watch the liquid in the potato cup and the water. Depending on how thick your potato walls are it can take between 2 to 6 hours to see a big change. AgriSETA Issue date : June 2006 Version 2 - 17 – GENERAL CERTIFICATE IN ORNAMENTAL HORTICULUTRE LEVEL 1 Workbook : Demonstrate an understanding of the basic structure of ornamental plants So how does the root take up water and nutrients from the soil? The plant’s roots take up water and nutrients from the soil through a process called osmosis. During osmosis the water and nutrients in the soil, which are in low concentration pass into the walls of the root which, is an area of high concentration. To understand how the plant’s roots take up water and minerals from the soil, we need to take a look at the structure of a root. The Structure of the Root The root that grows out of a seed is known as the primary root. The branches that come from this root are called the secondary roots and the roots coming from the secondary roots are known as tertiary roots. All the roots of a plant together are called a root system and healthy strong roots are needed if we want healthy strong plants. Let’s take a look at a root. AgriSETA Issue date : June 2006 Version 2 - 18 – GENERAL CERTIFICATE IN ORNAMENTAL HORTICULUTRE LEVEL 1 Workbook : Demonstrate an understanding of the basic structure of ornamental plants Your Turn… ACTIVITY 2 Go outside and dig up some weeds, remember we want to see the roots of the weeds. AgriSETA Issue date : June 2006 Version 2 - 19 – GENERAL CERTIFICATE IN ORNAMENTAL HORTICULUTRE LEVEL 1 Workbook : Demonstrate an understanding of the basic structure of ornamental plants Your Turn… ACTIVITY 3 Why is the root’s anchoring function important for the plant? AgriSETA Issue date : June 2006 Version 2 - 20 – GENERAL CERTIFICATE IN ORNAMENTAL HORTICULUTRE LEVEL 1 Workbook : Demonstrate an understanding of the basic structure of ornamental plants External structure of a root Insert cross-section picture AgriSETA Issue date : June 2006 Version 2 - 21 – GENERAL CERTIFICATE IN ORNAMENTAL HORTICULUTRE LEVEL 1 Workbook : Demonstrate an understanding of the basic structure of ornamental plants Basic Structure of a Root The growing tip of the root is white in colour and is very flexible. This is the part of the root that moves down into the soil. Root Cap The root tip has a cap to protect it and this is called the root cap. The root tip is slimy and this allows the root to move between the soil particles. (Particles are the soil grains) Growing Region Behind the tip of the root is a smooth, shiny part. This is the part of the root that makes it grow. As the root grows, it pushes the root through the soil to find water and nutrients. The root hairs are so small that they can usually only be seen with a magnifying glass or a microscope. Root Hairs The root hairs absorb the water and nutrients from the soil through the process of osmosis. Through the process of osmosis the water and nutrients in the soil pass through the walls of the root hairs and are taken up by the root, which then carries the water and nutrients to the stem of the plant. AgriSETA Issue date : June 2006 Version 2 - 22 – GENERAL CERTIFICATE IN ORNAMENTAL HORTICULUTRE LEVEL 1 Workbook : Demonstrate an understanding of the basic structure of ornamental plants Your Turn… ACTIVITY 4 Draw a picture that shows the external structure of a common (basic) root. Now use this picture to describe the structure of a common (basic) root. AgriSETA Issue date : June 2006 Version 2 - 23 – GENERAL CERTIFICATE IN ORNAMENTAL HORTICULUTRE LEVEL 1 Workbook : Demonstrate an understanding of the basic structure of ornamental plants Your Turn… ACTIVITY 5 How does the root take up water and nutrients from the soil? AgriSETA Issue date : June 2006 Version 2 - 24 – GENERAL CERTIFICATE IN ORNAMENTAL HORTICULUTRE LEVEL 1 Workbook : Demonstrate an understanding of the basic structure of ornamental plants Basic Root Systems In the plant kingdom the flowering plants are called angiosperms. Angiosperm plants have seeds protected by fruit, for example peaches and roses. And most plants fall into this plant group. Different plants in this plant group have different root systems. Angiosperms can be divided into two plant groups: Dicotyledon plants that get their name because their seed produces a seedling with 2 leaves i.e. Di “cotyledon”. Dicotyledon plants grow one long primary root, which we call a tap root. Look at the weeds you dug up, are any of these weeds dicotyledons? Monocotyledon plants that get their name because their seed produces a seedling with on leaf i.e. mono “cotyledon”. Monocotyledon plants start by growing a primary root that then dies and gives way to many similar sized roots, which we call fibrous roots. Look at the weeds you dug up, are any of these weeds monocotyledons? AgriSETA Issue date : June 2006 Version 2 - 25 – GENERAL CERTIFICATE IN ORNAMENTAL HORTICULUTRE LEVEL 1 Workbook : Demonstrate an understanding of the basic structure of ornamental plants Fibrous Root System Insert drawing Fibrous root systems are the most common type of root system and have many, thin–branched roots, which go down into the soil in all directions. Look at your weeds, do any have fibrous root systems? Plants with fibrous root systems can take up water and nutrients from all around them in the soil and explore the top soil much more effectively than tap roots. Some plants with flattened fibrous root system that lie close to the surface, such as azaleas, rely on the top layer of the soil not drying out. The roots of many conifers don’t like being in narrow pots that get very hot during the afternoon, because the root tips come into contact with the hot edges of the pot. AgriSETA Issue date : June 2006 Version 2 - 26 – GENERAL CERTIFICATE IN ORNAMENTAL HORTICULUTRE LEVEL 1 Workbook : Demonstrate an understanding of the basic structure of ornamental plants Tap Root Systems Insert drawing Tap root systems have a single main root that goes down deeply into the soil and is much thicker than the lateral roots, which come from it. Look at your weeds, do any have tap root systems? Taproots are often used to store food and sometimes becomes large and fleshy. Because these roots can go down deep into the soil, they are able to find water at lower levels than other kinds of roots. This helps the plant to go without watering for a longer period of time. AgriSETA Issue date : June 2006 Version 2 - 27 – GENERAL CERTIFICATE IN ORNAMENTAL HORTICULUTRE LEVEL 1 Workbook : Demonstrate an understanding of the basic structure of ornamental plants Just for interest let’s take a look at some adventitious and modified root systems. Adventitious Root Systems Adventitious roots can form on other parts of the plant, especially the stem and leaves. For example: aerial rootlets which hold the stem of English ivy (Hedera helix) firmly to a wall roots that grow from the “runners” of a strawberry plant (Frageria) “Prop” roots found growing from the stems (above the ground) on mielies (Zea maize) help to hold the plant up straight. These kinds of roots are well developed in mangrove plants and others like the pandanus (Pandanus utilis). We use these roots to grow new plants. AgriSETA Issue date : June 2006 Version 2 - 28 – GENERAL CERTIFICATE IN ORNAMENTAL HORTICULUTRE LEVEL 1 Workbook : Demonstrate an understanding of the basic structure of ornamental plants Modified Root Systems Some roots have modified or adapted over time: Storage roots– for example carrot and sweet potato. Aerial roots – for example like those on many orchids and on the delious monster plant (Monstera deliciosa). Buttress roots – large roots at the base of tall trees that help to hold them up straight. Reproductive roots (suckers) – roots that are able to send up new plants away from the main plant. AgriSETA Issue date : June 2006 Version 2 - 29 – GENERAL CERTIFICATE IN ORNAMENTAL HORTICULUTRE LEVEL 1 Workbook : Demonstrate an understanding of the basic structure of ornamental plants Your Turn… ACTIVITY 6 Go outside and see if you can see plants that have: Adventitious Root Systems Modified Root Systems AgriSETA Issue date : June 2006 Version 2 - 30 – GENERAL CERTIFICATE IN ORNAMENTAL HORTICULUTRE LEVEL 1 Workbook : Demonstrate an understanding of the basic structure of ornamental plants AgriSETA Issue date : June 2006 Version 2 - 31 – GENERAL CERTIFICATE IN ORNAMENTAL HORTICULUTRE LEVEL 1 Workbook : Demonstrate an understanding of the basic structure of ornamental plants Your Turn… ACTIVITY 7 Name and describe the common (basic) root systems. AgriSETA Issue date : June 2006 Version 2 - 32 – GENERAL CERTIFICATE IN ORNAMENTAL HORTICULUTRE LEVEL 1 Workbook : Demonstrate an understanding of the basic structure of ornamental plants Your Turn… ACTIVITY 8 Grow a bean seed and have a look at the roots that develop. Wet a piece of cotton wool and place a bean seed on top of the cotton wool and place a thin layer of cotton wool over the seed. Place the cotton wool in a plate of water so that the seed is touching the cotton wool but not lying in the water. Place your plate in a warm spot, but not in full sunlight. Over the next few days, as you keep your cotton wool moist making sure that it does not dry out you can watch your seed as it starts to grow. AgriSETA Issue date : June 2006 Version 2 - 33 – GENERAL CERTIFICATE IN ORNAMENTAL HORTICULUTRE LEVEL 1 Workbook : Demonstrate an understanding of the basic structure of ornamental plants Lesson Summary Roots: 1. Take up water and nutrients from the soil. 2. Carry water and nutrients to the plants stem. The stem than carries the water and nutrients to the other parts of the plant. 3. Acts as a storage organ, which helps the plant to survive the dormant months and dry periods. 4. Anchors the plant. The first part of a plant to grow from the seed is the root and the roots of a plant are normally the biggest part of the plant. The root that grows out of a seed is known as the primary root. The branches that come from this root are called the secondary roots and those coming from the secondary roots are known as tertiary roots. All the roots of a plant together are called a root system and different plants have different types of root systems. Common root systems are: Fibrous root systems. Tap root systems. The plant needs healthy strong roots to be a healthy strong plant. AgriSETA Issue date : June 2006 Version 2 - 34 – GENERAL CERTIFICATE IN ORNAMENTAL HORTICULUTRE LEVEL 1 Workbook : Demonstrate an understanding of the basic structure of ornamental plants Lesson Checkpoint Now that you have worked through this lesson, please check that you are able to do all the specific outcomes and meet the assessment criteria: I can talk about the functions of the root in the structure and development of a plant. I can describe the structure of the root and common root systems. I can explain the function of the root in absorbing water and nutrients from the soil. I can explain the importance of the anchoring function of the root. AgriSETA Issue date : June 2006 Version 2 - 35 – GENERAL CERTIFICATE IN ORNAMENTAL HORTICULUTRE LEVEL 1 Workbook : Demonstrate an understanding of the basic structure of ornamental plants Notes: AgriSETA Issue date : June 2006 Version 2 - 36 – GENERAL CERTIFICATE IN ORNAMENTAL HORTICULUTRE LEVEL 1 Workbook : Demonstrate an understanding of the basic structure of ornamental plants AgriSETA Issue date : June 2006 Version 2 - 37 – GENERAL CERTIFICATE IN ORNAMENTAL HORTICULUTRE LEVEL 1 Workbook : Demonstrate an understanding of the basic structure of ornamental plants Lesson 2 : Why Plants have Stems Specific outcomes of this lesson : Identify the functions of the stem in the structure and development of a plant. After you have worked through Lesson 2, you should be able to: Describe the structure and support role that the stem plays in plants. Explain the transportation of water and nutrients through the stem to the leaves and flowers. Introduction We use the stems of plants as food, medicine and fuel. What stems do you eat? What stems do you use as medicine? What stems do you use as fuel? AgriSETA Issue date : June 2006 Version 2 - 38 – GENERAL CERTIFICATE IN ORNAMENTAL HORTICULUTRE LEVEL 1 Workbook : Demonstrate an understanding of the basic structure of ornamental plants You need to learn about the stems of plants, so that you know how to: Water plants. Stake and tie plants. Take cuttings of plants. Grow plants. The Main Functions of the Stem: The second part of a plant to grow from the seed is the stem and the stems of the plant are the link between the plant’s roots that absorb the water and nutrients and the leaves of the plant that make the food for the plant. The stems of plants support the plant by: 1. Carrying water and nutrients from the roots of the plant to the leaves and other parts of the plant. 2. Carrying the foods made by the leaves to the roots and other parts of the plant. 3. Supporting the leaves of the plant and helping the leaves to move into a position in which they can get the most light. This helps the plant to produce food for itself. 4. Supporting the branches of the plant. 5. Supporting the flowers of the plant so that the flowers can play their role in the making of new plants. AgriSETA Issue date : June 2006 Version 2 - 39 – GENERAL CERTIFICATE IN ORNAMENTAL HORTICULUTRE LEVEL 1 Workbook : Demonstrate an understanding of the basic structure of ornamental plants 6. Acting as a storage organ for the plant so that the plant can store water and food, which helps the plant to survive dormant months and dry periods. Your Turn… ACTIVITY 9 Go outside and pick a couple of plant stems. AgriSETA Issue date : June 2006 Version 2 - 40 – GENERAL CERTIFICATE IN ORNAMENTAL HORTICULUTRE LEVEL 1 Workbook : Demonstrate an understanding of the basic structure of ornamental plants AgriSETA Issue date : June 2006 Version 2 - 41 – GENERAL CERTIFICATE IN ORNAMENTAL HORTICULUTRE LEVEL 1 Workbook : Demonstrate an understanding of the basic structure of ornamental plants The External Structure of Stems The stems of common plants can spread: upwards - as in most plants by climbing – as in climbing plants Along the ground – as in ground covers. What stems did you collect? Let’s take a look at what a stem is made up of: Insert picture that shows a stem with nodes, internodes, terminal and lateral buds. AgriSETA Issue date : June 2006 Version 2 - 42 – GENERAL CERTIFICATE IN ORNAMENTAL HORTICULUTRE LEVEL 1 Workbook : Demonstrate an understanding of the basic structure of ornamental plants The External Structure of a Stem Can you see the place on the stem where the leaves and the buds are found? Node This is called a node. In woody, deciduous plants or where leaves have fallen off a leaf scar is left. Internodes Can you see the piece of the stem between two nodes? This is called an internode. Buds are growth points found at nodes. They may form leaves, shoots or flowers. They are often covered by small scales to protect them from drying out. These are called bud scales. Buds The part of the plant between the leaf petiole and the leaf is called the leaf axil The tip of a twig generally has a terminal bud Between the leaf petiole and the stem, buds may be seen and these are called lateral buds Lenticel These are breathing holes in the stem. AgriSETA Issue date : June 2006 Version 2 - 43 – GENERAL CERTIFICATE IN ORNAMENTAL HORTICULUTRE LEVEL 1 Workbook : Demonstrate an understanding of the basic structure of ornamental plants Common Leaf Arrangements On Stems When you see only one leaf at each node, Alternate leaf arrangements this is called an alternate leaf arrangement. This is the most common type of leaf arrangement. When you see two leaves opposite each other Opposite leaf arrangements at each node this is called an opposite leaf arrangement. When you see three or more leaves at each Whorled leaf arrangements node this is called a whorled leaf arrangement. Insert pictures. AgriSETA Issue date : June 2006 Version 2 - 44 – GENERAL CERTIFICATE IN ORNAMENTAL HORTICULUTRE LEVEL 1 Workbook : Demonstrate an understanding of the basic structure of ornamental plants Stem Modifications Just for interest, let’s take a look at some stems that have modified or adapted over time: Modification Example Tendrils Granadilla Twining stems Morning glory Spines Kei Apple Tubers Potato Corms Gladiolus Rhizomes Iris Bulb Daffodil Stems that photosynthesize Stolon/runners AgriSETA Issue date : June 2006 Version 2 Prickly Pear Strawberry - 45 – GENERAL CERTIFICATE IN ORNAMENTAL HORTICULUTRE LEVEL 1 Workbook : Demonstrate an understanding of the basic structure of ornamental plants Your Turn… ACTIVITY 10 How does the stem structure support the plant? AgriSETA Issue date : June 2006 Version 2 - 46 – GENERAL CERTIFICATE IN ORNAMENTAL HORTICULUTRE LEVEL 1 Workbook : Demonstrate an understanding of the basic structure of ornamental plants AgriSETA Issue date : June 2006 Version 2 - 47 – GENERAL CERTIFICATE IN ORNAMENTAL HORTICULUTRE LEVEL 1 Workbook : Demonstrate an understanding of the basic structure of ornamental plants Let’s take a look at how water and nutrients are carried by the stem to the leaves and other parts of the plants. Your Turn… ACTIVITY 11 Experiment: Find a clear container. Add about 5mm of food colouring into your container. Green or red food colouring works best. Choose a plant with a flower, which has a light colour like white or yellow. White roses work best. Cut the bottom of the stem. Place your cut flower into the food colouring. Now sit back and watch what happens. Did your flower change colour? If so, how did the food colouring get to the flower? AgriSETA Issue date : June 2006 Version 2 - 48 – GENERAL CERTIFICATE IN ORNAMENTAL HORTICULUTRE LEVEL 1 Workbook : Demonstrate an understanding of the basic structure of ornamental plants So how does the stem take up water and nutrients from the root? To understand how the plant’s stem takes up water and minerals from the root, we need to take a look at the internal structure of a stem. Internal Structure of the Stem Inside the stem there are tube-like structures called the vascular Vascular Bundles bundles, these are long and tough and run from the roots through the stem to the leaves and flowers. Inside the vascular bundles are tubes through which the water and Xylem nutrients are taken up by the roots and transported. These are called Xylem. Inside the vascular bundles there are also tubes called phloem. Phloem These tubes transport the sugars and other foods manufactured by the leaves to all other parts of the plant, including the roots. An easy way to remember this is that the xylem tubes transport water and the phloem tubes transport food. AgriSETA Issue date : June 2006 Version 2 - 49 – GENERAL CERTIFICATE IN ORNAMENTAL HORTICULUTRE LEVEL 1 Workbook : Demonstrate an understanding of the basic structure of ornamental plants Your Turn… ACTIVITY 12 How does the stem transport water and nutrients from the roots to the leaves and flowers? AgriSETA Issue date : June 2006 Version 2 - 50 – GENERAL CERTIFICATE IN ORNAMENTAL HORTICULUTRE LEVEL 1 Workbook : Demonstrate an understanding of the basic structure of ornamental plants AgriSETA Issue date : June 2006 Version 2 - 51 – GENERAL CERTIFICATE IN ORNAMENTAL HORTICULUTRE LEVEL 1 Workbook : Demonstrate an understanding of the basic structure of ornamental plants Lesson Summary Stems of plants: Carry water and nutrients from the roots to the leaves and other parts of the plant. Carry food made by the leaves to the roots and other parts of the plant. Support the leaves of the plant. Support the branches of the plant. Support the flowers of the plant. Can act as storage organs for the plant, storing water and food to help the plant survive dormant months or dry periods. You need to learn about the stems of plants, so that you know how to: Water plants. Stake and tie plants. Take cuttings of plants. Grow plants. The external structure of the stem is made up of the: Nodes. Internodes. Buds. Lenticel. AgriSETA Issue date : June 2006 Version 2 - 52 – GENERAL CERTIFICATE IN ORNAMENTAL HORTICULUTRE LEVEL 1 Workbook : Demonstrate an understanding of the basic structure of ornamental plants Common leaf arrangements: Alternate. Opposite. Whorled. The internal structure of the stem is made up of the: Vascular bundles. Xylem. Phloem. Lesson Checkpoint Now that you have worked through this lesson, please check that you are able to do all the specific outcomes and meet the assessment criteria: I can identify the functions of the stem in the structure and development of a plant. I can describe the structure and support role that the stem plays in plants. I can explain the transportation of water and nutrients through the stem to the leaves and flowers. AgriSETA Issue date : June 2006 Version 2 - 53 – GENERAL CERTIFICATE IN ORNAMENTAL HORTICULUTRE LEVEL 1 Workbook : Demonstrate an understanding of the basic structure of ornamental plants NOTES: AgriSETA Issue date : June 2006 Version 2 - 54 – GENERAL CERTIFICATE IN ORNAMENTAL HORTICULUTRE LEVEL 1 Workbook : Demonstrate an understanding of the basic structure of ornamental plants AgriSETA Issue date : June 2006 Version 2 - 55 – GENERAL CERTIFICATE IN ORNAMENTAL HORTICULUTRE LEVEL 1 Workbook : Demonstrate an understanding of the basic structure of ornamental plants Lesson 3 : Why Plants have Leaves Specific outcomes of this lesson : Explain the role of the leaf in the plants structure and growth. After you have worked through Lesson 3, you should be able to: Describe the structure and form of various common leaves. Outline the role of photosynthesis in plant growth. Name the factors that influence photosynthesis. Introduction After the root and stem has grown, the next part of the plant to grow is the leaves. Leaves come in all shapes and sizes from long and thin to oval, heartshaped or triangular. The leaves of the plant make the food for the plant, so that the plant can grow. You need to learn about the leaves of a plant so that you can: Identify different plants. Tell whether the plant is healthy. Let’s begin our learning by looking at the structure and form of various common leaves. AgriSETA Issue date : June 2006 Version 2 - 56 – GENERAL CERTIFICATE IN ORNAMENTAL HORTICULUTRE LEVEL 1 Workbook : Demonstrate an understanding of the basic structure of ornamental plants Your Turn… ACTIVITY 13 Go outside and collect different shapes and forms of leaves. AgriSETA Issue date : June 2006 Version 2 - 57 – GENERAL CERTIFICATE IN ORNAMENTAL HORTICULUTRE LEVEL 1 Workbook : Demonstrate an understanding of the basic structure of ornamental plants AgriSETA Issue date : June 2006 Version 2 - 58 – GENERAL CERTIFICATE IN ORNAMENTAL HORTICULUTRE LEVEL 1 Workbook : Demonstrate an understanding of the basic structure of ornamental plants Let’s take a look at the leaves you have collected. Insert picture . AgriSETA Issue date : June 2006 Version 2 - 59 – GENERAL CERTIFICATE IN ORNAMENTAL HORTICULUTRE LEVEL 1 Workbook : Demonstrate an understanding of the basic structure of ornamental plants Structure or Characteristics of a Common (Basic) Leaf Can you see the tip of the leaf? This is called the apex and can be pointed, rounded or flattened The Leaf Blade Can you see the outer line of the leaf? This is called the margin and different leaves have (or lamina) different looking margins, which can be “toothed”, scalloped, wavy or even cut into lobes. The bottom of the leaf is called the base. This may be rounded, heart-shaped or flattened Can you see where the stem joins the leaf? This is called the petiole. It is this join that allows the leaf to move so that it can get as much sunlight as Petiole possible. In some plants, like roses (Rosa) where the petiole joins the stem there are two leaf-like parts called stipules. Can you see the veins on the leaf? There are two main types of veins on leaves: Veins Parallel veins – The veins run sided by side – found in all monocotyledons. Net veins – The veins have branches – found in all dicotyledons. The main vein that runs down the middle of the leaf is called the midrib. AgriSETA Issue date : June 2006 Version 2 - 60 – GENERAL CERTIFICATE IN ORNAMENTAL HORTICULUTRE LEVEL 1 Workbook : Demonstrate an understanding of the basic structure of ornamental plants Insert picture parallel and net veins. AgriSETA Issue date : June 2006 Version 2 - 61 – GENERAL CERTIFICATE IN ORNAMENTAL HORTICULUTRE LEVEL 1 Workbook : Demonstrate an understanding of the basic structure of ornamental plants Your Turn… ACTIVITY 14 Draw a picture of the structure of a common (basic) leaf. Now use this picture to describe the structure of a common (basic) leaf. AgriSETA Issue date : June 2006 Version 2 - 62 – GENERAL CERTIFICATE IN ORNAMENTAL HORTICULUTRE LEVEL 1 Workbook : Demonstrate an understanding of the basic structure of ornamental plants Common (Basic) Leaf Forms There are two kinds of leaf forms: Leaf forms Simple Compound In a simple leaf the blade is all in one unit. In a compound leaf the blade is made up of a number of separate leaf parts. These are called leaflets. There are several different kinds of compound leaves. Insert picture of simple and compound leaves AgriSETA Issue date : June 2006 Version 2 - 63 – GENERAL CERTIFICATE IN ORNAMENTAL HORTICULUTRE LEVEL 1 Workbook : Demonstrate an understanding of the basic structure of ornamental plants Basic Leaf Shapes There are many different leaf shapes, as we look at the most common leaf shapes, see if you can identify the shape of the leaves you picked. Long and narrow e.g. grasses Insert pictures of some basic leaf shapes Round AgriSETA Issue date : June 2006 Version 2 e.g. nasturium - 64 – GENERAL CERTIFICATE IN ORNAMENTAL HORTICULUTRE LEVEL 1 Workbook : Demonstrate an understanding of the basic structure of ornamental plants Lobed AgriSETA Issue date : June 2006 Version 2 e.g. oak - 65 – GENERAL CERTIFICATE IN ORNAMENTAL HORTICULUTRE LEVEL 1 Workbook : Demonstrate an understanding of the basic structure of ornamental plants Oval e.g. pear Lanceolate e.g. privet AgriSETA Issue date : June 2006 Version 2 - 66 – GENERAL CERTIFICATE IN ORNAMENTAL HORTICULUTRE LEVEL 1 Workbook : Demonstrate an understanding of the basic structure of ornamental plants Leaf Modifications These are other kinds of leaves that have been formed for special use by the plant: Modification Example Spines Cacti Food storage Onions Store water Vygies Tendrils Climbing Sweet Peas Form plantlets Ruscus AgriSETA Issue date : June 2006 Version 2 - 67 – GENERAL CERTIFICATE IN ORNAMENTAL HORTICULUTRE LEVEL 1 Workbook : Demonstrate an understanding of the basic structure of ornamental plants Your Turn… ACTIVITY 15 Name the forms of common (basic) leaves. AgriSETA Issue date : June 2006 Version 2 - 68 – GENERAL CERTIFICATE IN ORNAMENTAL HORTICULUTRE LEVEL 1 Workbook : Demonstrate an understanding of the basic structure of ornamental plants AgriSETA Issue date : June 2006 Version 2 - 69 – GENERAL CERTIFICATE IN ORNAMENTAL HORTICULUTRE LEVEL 1 Workbook : Demonstrate an understanding of the basic structure of ornamental plants So how does the leaf make food for the plant? Photosynthesis Did you know that plants are the only living thing that can make their own food? Each leaf of the plant is like a small factory that makes food for the plant. Plants make their own food through a process called photosynthesis. This word means to “make from light”. For photosynthesis to happen, a source of energy (sunlight), chlorophyll (the green colour in leaves), carbon dioxide and water are needed. During photosynthesis tiny holes in the leaves of plants take up carbon dioxide from the air. Water from the soil comes from the roots of the plant. Inside the cells of leaves is a chemical called chlorophyll (this gives the leaves their green colour). Chlorophyll takes up the sunlight and uses its energy to turn the ingredients of carbon dioxide, water and nutrients into energy rich plant foods. So we can say that the factors that influence photosynthesis are: Sunlight. Chlorophyll. Carbon dioxide. Water and nutrients. AgriSETA Issue date : June 2006 Version 2 - 70 – GENERAL CERTIFICATE IN ORNAMENTAL HORTICULUTRE LEVEL 1 Workbook : Demonstrate an understanding of the basic structure of ornamental plants The reason that photosynthesis is so important is that the foods produced by photosynthesis are used in other parts of the plant. This allows the plant to stay healthy and grow. Your Turn… ACTIVITY 16 How does photosynthesis help the plant to grow? AgriSETA Issue date : June 2006 Version 2 - 71 – GENERAL CERTIFICATE IN ORNAMENTAL HORTICULUTRE LEVEL 1 Workbook : Demonstrate an understanding of the basic structure of ornamental plants AgriSETA Issue date : June 2006 Version 2 - 72 – GENERAL CERTIFICATE IN ORNAMENTAL HORTICULUTRE LEVEL 1 Workbook : Demonstrate an understanding of the basic structure of ornamental plants Your Turn… ACTIVITY 17 What factors influence photosynthesis? AgriSETA Issue date : June 2006 Version 2 - 73 – GENERAL CERTIFICATE IN ORNAMENTAL HORTICULUTRE LEVEL 1 Workbook : Demonstrate an understanding of the basic structure of ornamental plants Lesson Summary After the root and stem has grown, the next part of the plant to grow is the leaves. Leaves come in all shapes and sizes from long and thin to oval, heartshaped or triangular. The leaves of the plant make the food for the plant. You need to learn about the leaves of a plant so that you can: Identify different plants. Tell whether the plant is healthy. The structure of the leaf can be outlined as: The leaf blade or lamina (apex, base, margin). Petiole (stipules). Veins (midrib). There are two kinds of leaf forms: Simple. Compound. AgriSETA Issue date : June 2006 Version 2 - 74 – GENERAL CERTIFICATE IN ORNAMENTAL HORTICULUTRE LEVEL 1 Workbook : Demonstrate an understanding of the basic structure of ornamental plants There are many leaf shapes: Long and narrow e.g. grasses. Round e.g. nasturium. Lobed e.g. oak. Oval e.g. pear. Lanceolate e.g. privet. Plants can make their own food through a process called photosynthesis. This word means to “make from light”. The green colour in leaves is called chlorophyll. Chlorophyll in the leaves uses the energy of the sunlight to make sugars and other foods by using the water and nutrients taken up by the roots and the carbon dioxide they take from the air. This process of making (manufacturing) food from light (sunlight) is called photosynthesis. Lesson Checkpoint Now that you have worked through this lesson, please check that you are able to do all the specific outcomes and meet the assessment criteria: I can explain the role of the leaf in the plant’s structure and growth. I can describe the structure and form of various common leaves. I can outline the role of photosynthesis in plant growth. I can name the factors that influence photosynthesis. AgriSETA Issue date : June 2006 Version 2 - 75 – GENERAL CERTIFICATE IN ORNAMENTAL HORTICULUTRE LEVEL 1 Workbook : Demonstrate an understanding of the basic structure of ornamental plants Notes: AgriSETA Issue date : June 2006 Version 2 - 76 – GENERAL CERTIFICATE IN ORNAMENTAL HORTICULUTRE LEVEL 1 Workbook : Demonstrate an understanding of the basic structure of ornamental plants AgriSETA Issue date : June 2006 Version 2 - 77 – GENERAL CERTIFICATE IN ORNAMENTAL HORTICULUTRE LEVEL 1 Workbook : Demonstrate an understanding of the basic structure of ornamental plants Lesson 4 : Why Plants have Flowers Specific outcomes of this lesson : Explain the role of the flower in the reproductive process of the plant. After you have worked through Lesson 4, you should be able to: Describe the structure and components of common flowers. Describe the factors that aid pollination. Outline the importance of pollination. Introduction Flowers are the final part of a plant to grow. Plants make flowers so that the plant can make seed and produce more plants. And while all plants make flowers, some flowers are so small that you can’t see them with the naked eye. AgriSETA Issue date : June 2006 Version 2 - 78 – GENERAL CERTIFICATE IN ORNAMENTAL HORTICULUTRE LEVEL 1 Workbook : Demonstrate an understanding of the basic structure of ornamental plants Your Turn… ACTIVITY 18 Go outside and collect a variety of different sized flowers AgriSETA Issue date : June 2006 Version 2 - 79 – GENERAL CERTIFICATE IN ORNAMENTAL HORTICULUTRE LEVEL 1 Workbook : Demonstrate an understanding of the basic structure of ornamental plants Let’s take a look at the structure of a common (basic) flower. Insert picture of the basic flower structure AgriSETA Issue date : June 2006 Version 2 - 80 – GENERAL CERTIFICATE IN ORNAMENTAL HORTICULUTRE LEVEL 1 Workbook : Demonstrate an understanding of the basic structure of ornamental plants Structure of a common (basic) flower Sepals Can you see the sepals that form the outer parts of the flower and protect the other flower parts in the bud? The sepal is usually green. All the sepals taken together are called the calyx Petals Can you see the petals? The petals are usually the colourful flower part of the flower so that the flower can attract insects. All the petals together are called the corolla Can you see the stamens, which form a ring inside the corolla? The stamens are the male part of the plant. Each stamen has a thin stalk Stamen called the filament. The filament has an anther at the top of it. The anthers are where the pollen grains are kept. Can you see the carpels that make up the centre ring and are the female parts of the flower? Carpel The carpel has three parts; A thick base area, the ovary, carries the ovules The style, a thin stalk The stigma on the top of the style. Receptacle Can you see the thickened end of the flower stem? This is called the receptacle. The sepals, petals, stamens and carpels are joined to the receptacle. Nectary pollinate the flowers. Perianth The nectaries are glands that secrete nectar, which attracts insects to This is the word used to describe the calyx and corolla together. In monocotyledons the calyx and corolla are joined together. The individual parts of the perianth are called tepals. The base of the receptacle is called the pedicel. AgriSETA Issue date : June 2006 Version 2 - 81 – GENERAL CERTIFICATE IN ORNAMENTAL HORTICULUTRE LEVEL 1 Workbook : Demonstrate an understanding of the basic structure of ornamental plants Differences in monocotyledon and dicotyledon flowers Monocotyledon Dicotyledon In monocotyledons the calyx and corolla In dicotyledons there are four floral rings are joined to form tepals. This means (sepals, petals, stamens and carpel) that they have three floral rings that make their flowers ( tepals, stamens and carpel). The flower parts like the stamens and The flower parts like the stamens, calyx perianth are in threes or groups of and corolla are in fours or fives. threes. AgriSETA Issue date : June 2006 Version 2 - 82 – GENERAL CERTIFICATE IN ORNAMENTAL HORTICULUTRE LEVEL 1 Workbook : Demonstrate an understanding of the basic structure of ornamental plants Your Turn… ACTIVITY 19 Draw the structure and components of a common (basic) flower. Now use this picture to describe the structure and components of a common (basic) flower. AgriSETA Issue date : June 2006 Version 2 - 83 – GENERAL CERTIFICATE IN ORNAMENTAL HORTICULUTRE LEVEL 1 Workbook : Demonstrate an understanding of the basic structure of ornamental plants Pollination For a plant to make seed it needs its flower to become pollinated. When the pollen sacs of the stamen split open and expose the pollen (which is usually yellow in colour and light in weight) and the pollen then gets onto a receptive stigma (receptive means ripe or ready), pollination takes place. The pollen is carried to the stigma by insects, birds, bats or the wind. When the pollen grains land on the stigma, the pollen grain grows a long tube, which reaches down into the ovary of the plant. Then the male part from the pollen unites with the female part and fertilisation takes place. Pollination is important in order for fertilisation to take place so that the plant can produce seed or fruit to form a new plant. AgriSETA Issue date : June 2006 Version 2 - 84 – GENERAL CERTIFICATE IN ORNAMENTAL HORTICULUTRE LEVEL 1 Workbook : Demonstrate an understanding of the basic structure of ornamental plants Factors that aid pollination Plants that are pollinated by birds, bats and insects have adapted to attract pollination by producing: Brightly coloured flowers to attract insects, birds or bats. Nectar to attract insects, birds or bats. Honey guides (dark lines) to show insects where to find the flower’s nectar. These honey guides make sure that the insect touches the stamens and stigma. Sweet smelling scent to attracts insects, birds or bats. Sticky pollen that is spiked or barbed that stick in clumps to the insects, birds or bats. Plants that are wind pollinated have adapted by producing: Small, plain flowers, which are often, green, for example grasses. No scent. No nectar. Anthers that hang outside the flowers so that the slightest air movement shakes them. Feathery stigmas which act as a net to trap passing pollen grains. Stamens hang outside flowers exposed to the wind. Large quantities of smooth, light-weight pollen. AgriSETA Issue date : June 2006 Version 2 - 85 – GENERAL CERTIFICATE IN ORNAMENTAL HORTICULUTRE LEVEL 1 Workbook : Demonstrate an understanding of the basic structure of ornamental plants Main types of pollination: Self-pollination: This is the transfer of pollen from the anther to the stigma of the same flower. Cross-pollination: This is the transfer of pollen from the anther of one plant to the stigma of another plant. This pollination can be done by either wind or insects, and sometimes even by water or birds. This type of pollination is often encouraged since the new plants formed from cross-pollination are often stronger than those from self-pollination. Assisted pollination: Man can assist pollination by taking pollen from one flower to another to make sure a plant produces fruit or to make a hybrid cross. (You will learn more about this later in your studies). Other unusual types of pollination Some plants have only the male flowers and others Male and female plants only female flowers, so it is often necessary to plant them fairly close together for pollination to occur. With some fruit trees you need to plant two varieties in order to get fruit. This is because a variety’s pollen is Two varieties of trees not ripe at the same time as the stigma is, so you need a different variety that will ripen pollen when the stigma of the other is ready. AgriSETA Issue date : June 2006 Version 2 - 86 – GENERAL CERTIFICATE IN ORNAMENTAL HORTICULUTRE LEVEL 1 Workbook : Demonstrate an understanding of the basic structure of ornamental plants Your Turn… ACTIVITY 20 What factors aid (help) the plant to pollinate? AgriSETA Issue date : June 2006 Version 2 - 87 – GENERAL CERTIFICATE IN ORNAMENTAL HORTICULUTRE LEVEL 1 Workbook : Demonstrate an understanding of the basic structure of ornamental plants Your Turn… ACTIVITY 21 Why is pollination important for the plant? AgriSETA Issue date : June 2006 Version 2 - 88 – GENERAL CERTIFICATE IN ORNAMENTAL HORTICULUTRE LEVEL 1 Workbook : Demonstrate an understanding of the basic structure of ornamental plants Lesson Summary Flowers are the final part of a plant to grow. Plants make flowers so that the plant can make seed and reproduce more plants. The structure of a common flower: Sepals (calyx). Petals (corolla). Stamen (filament, anther, pollen). Carpel (ovary, stigma, style). Receptacle. Nectary. Perianth (tepals, pedicel). Pollination is important in order for fertilisation to take place so that the plant can produce seed or fruit to form a new plant. AgriSETA Issue date : June 2006 Version 2 - 89 – GENERAL CERTIFICATE IN ORNAMENTAL HORTICULUTRE LEVEL 1 Workbook : Demonstrate an understanding of the basic structure of ornamental plants The factors that aid insect, bird or bat pollination are: Brightly coloured flowers. Nectar A honey guide. A sweet smelling scent. Sticky pollen that is spiked or barbed . The factors that aid wind pollination are: Small, plain flowers, which are often, green, for example grasses. No scent. No nectar. Anthers that hang outside the flowers. Feathery stigmas which act as a net to trap passing pollen grains. Stamens hang outside flowers exposed to the wind. Large quantities of smooth, light weight pollen. The main types of pollination are: Self-pollination. Cross-pollination. Assisted pollination. AgriSETA Issue date : June 2006 Version 2 - 90 – GENERAL CERTIFICATE IN ORNAMENTAL HORTICULUTRE LEVEL 1 Workbook : Demonstrate an understanding of the basic structure of ornamental plants Lesson Checkpoint Now that you have worked through this lesson, please check that you are able to do all the specific outcomes and meet the assessment criteria: I can explain the role of the flower in the reproductive process of the plant. I can describe the structure and components of the flower. I can describe the factors that aid pollination. I can outline the importance of pollination. AgriSETA Issue date : June 2006 Version 2 - 91 – GENERAL CERTIFICATE IN ORNAMENTAL HORTICULUTRE LEVEL 1 Workbook : Demonstrate an understanding of the basic structure of ornamental plants NOTES: AgriSETA Issue date : June 2006 Version 2 - 92 – GENERAL CERTIFICATE IN ORNAMENTAL HORTICULUTRE LEVEL 1 Workbook : Demonstrate an understanding of the basic structure of ornamental plants Study Session Summary “I never go anywhere. But let me tell you that there are many things I can do. I’m shade for many animals on a hot sunny day and home for many birds and insects. I even supply the earth with oxygen.” Extracted from the Wonderful Story by Wynne Cohen Can you guess what I am? “I’ll tell you another secret, when I was just a wee twig of a tree, the wind and the rain gave me a terrible time. The rain would loosen my grip on the soil and the wind would blow me over, ‘poof’, just like that. I remember how the other trees all laughed and made fun of me” Extracted from the Wonderful Story by Wynne Cohen Can you guess what I did? “Sure enough, as I began to soak up the rain and resist the wind, my roots became larger and stronger and so did my stem. Eventually no matter how hard the wind blew or how much it rained I stood firm. Extracted from the Wonderful Story by Wynne Cohen AgriSETA Issue date : June 2006 Version 2 - 93 – GENERAL CERTIFICATE IN ORNAMENTAL HORTICULUTRE LEVEL 1 Workbook : Demonstrate an understanding of the basic structure of ornamental plants Your Turn… ACTIVITY 22 Prepare a dance or a song or a story that teaches a child all you have learnt about: Why plants have roots. Why plants have stems. Why plants have leaves. Why plants have flowers. AgriSETA Issue date : June 2006 Version 2 - 94 – GENERAL CERTIFICATE IN ORNAMENTAL HORTICULUTRE LEVEL 1 Workbook : Demonstrate an understanding of the basic structure of ornamental plants AgriSETA Issue date : June 2006 Version 2 - 95 – GENERAL CERTIFICATE IN ORNAMENTAL HORTICULUTRE LEVEL 1 Workbook : Demonstrate an understanding of the basic structure of ornamental plants References Wynne Cohen, The Wonderful Story by Wynne Cohen, CanCan-Kidz International Hong Kong 2001. Reader’s Digest Complete Guide to Gardening in South Africa, Volume 1, Second Edition. Weier T. Elliot, Stocking C. Ralph, Barbour Michael G., Botany : an introduction to plant biology 5th Edition, John Wiley & sons, USA. Sinnott Edmund W., Wilson Katherine S., Botany: Principles and Problems 6th Edition, Mcgraw-Hill, New York, 1955. Dent, S.R., Life part 2 : Biology for Senior Certificate, Natal Witness press, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa. Brown, L.V., Applied Principles of Horticultural Science 2nd Edition, MPG Books, Great Britain, 2002. Reiley, Edward. H., Shry Carroll. L. Jr., Introductory Horticulture, 6th Edition, Thomas Learning Inc., USA, 1983. Sheat W.G., The A to Z of Gardening in South Africa, Struik Publishers, Cape Town South Africa, 1983. Shaw T.R., The South African Garden Manuel 20th Edition, South China Printing, Hong Kong, 1982. AgriSETA Issue date : June 2006 Version 2