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Chemistry Review
• What are subatomic
particles?
• Protons
• Electrons
• Neutrons
• What are their charges ?
• Protons = +
• Electrons = • Neutrons = neutral
• Where are they found ?
• Protons = nucleus
• Electrons = shells/ energy levels
in the electron cloud
(smallest particle)
• Neutrons = nucleus
• What is the nuclear model
of the atom ?
• An atom is the smallest unit of an
element that upholds all of the
properties of that element.
• What is the mass of an
atom and how is that
determined ?
• Everything in the nucleus
determines its mass =
• Protons +
• Neutrons (no charge)
• How do atoms define or
determine elements ?
• Protons have a + electrical charge
and electrons have a – charge.
Atoms that have the same
number of + and – do not have an
electrical charge.
• How do protons determine
an elements’ identity ?
• An element can be identified by
it’s atomic number = # of protons
• How do valence electrons
determine an element’s
chemical reaction ?
• Electrons are located and
arranged on energy levels.
• 1st shell = 2 / 2nd shell = 8 3rd shell = 18
• Valence Electrons are on
outermost shell – have the
highest energy
• They determine if valence
electrons are shared, or stolen, or
traded to create new molecules.
• The reactivity is determined by
how easily and readily they react
with the valence electrons from
other atoms
• Metals transfer electrons to
nonmetals when they react.
• Nonmetals usually gain or share
electrons when they react.
• Charged atoms are called Ions
• How are elements arranged
on the Periodic Table ?
• Elements are arranged by
increasing order of the atomic #
• What does the atomic number
represent ?
• Atomic # = number of protons
(and usually electrons)
• What determines the atomic
mass of an element ?
• Number of protons & neutrons
• Everything in the nucleus
• Atomic Mass increases when
moving to the right and down the
periodic table, because of the
addition of more atomic particles
• What do the columns
represent ? What do they
tell you ?
• Columns are called Groups of
Families
• All elements in that group have
the same # of electrons
• What do the rows represent
? What do they tell you ?
• Rows are called Periods
• Each period tells you how many
electron shells the element has.
• . What
physical and
chemical properties are
determined by
investigating the Periodic
Table ?
• Elements in the same Group or
Family have similar physical and
chemical properties.
• Earth Metals (1) Highly reactive m
• Halogens ( 17 )Reactive nonmetal
• Nobel Gase (18) Least reactive
• -------Metals
•
-------> Nonmetals
•
Zigzag/staircase - metalloids
• What defines a chemical
reaction?
• Atoms of substances rearrange
themselves into a new substance.
• The Reactants combine to form
new Products
• What is a Chemical
Equation ?
• Shows the atomic #’s and molecules
making up the reactants and products
of a chemical reaction.
• Subscript = # of atoms
( on right, below line)
• Coefficient = # of molecules
( on the left, big number)
• What are the reactants and
products of a chemical
equation ?
• Reactants ------ Product
____+____ ----- ________
• Anything left of the arrow
• Anything right of the arrow
• Arrow means yields or produces
• What are the four signs that
indicate a chemical reaction
has taken place ?
• Produces gas/ bubbles
• Change in temperature
Endothermic-absorbs energy
Exothermic-releases energy
• Precipitate forms(clear liquid to a solid
• Change in state/color change
• What are the five kinds of
chemical reactions ?
• Synthesis ___+____---> _______
• Decomposition ______- __+__
• Single Replacement
__+____-- ______+___
• Double Replacement
_____+______-______+_______