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The Age of Imperialism: 1850 1914 AP WORLD HISTORY MR. KRATZER ROOM 812 Causes of Imperialism Why? Because. Western Nations had motive and opportunity. Economic: Markets for goods, Hungry for Resources, could dominate an area economically not politically Military: New weapons (ex. Steam Fleets, Machine Guns, needed base stations around the world. Social: Rapid population growth – Emigration for opportunity Science and Technology: Quest for Knowledge, medical advances Causes continued….. Cultural: Racial Superiority – white, industrialized nations were entitled to conquer and colonize areas that were backward or uncivilized Social Darwinism – Science applied to Society “I contend that we are the finest race in the world, and the more of it we inhabit, the better it is.” – Cecil Rhodes “The White Man’s Burden” NATIONALISM – Colonies were a source of national pride. Nationalism Continued…. “C is for colonies rightly we boast. For we are Great Britain, and we have the most” - 1900 Nationalist Movements – Italian Unification Mid 19th Century Italy was a whole bunch of independent states Austria controlled some of the North, France actually controlled Rome, Spain Sicily Victor Emmanuel – King of Sardinia Count Camillo Cavour – PrimeMinister Made alliances with European Nations to boot out Austria Italian Unification Continued Guiseppe Garibaldi – Raised a volunteer army to drive out Spain from Sicily (1860) Over the next decade – wars and alliances fought and made to bring together all Italian speaking Peoples. Italy would seek now to prove itself on the world stage…. German Unification Like Italy – German speakers were divided into numerous territories Prussia and Austria were the Largest William I and Otto Von Bismarck (1861) Fought against Austria for control of German Protestant regions 1871 – Franco-Prussian War – consolidated German speaking Catholic peoples to Prussia German Unification Continued 1871 – Bismarck declares the “2nd Reich” Unification leads to rapid Industrialization 1890 – New Emperor William II kicks Bismarck out William II builds a massive fleet, pursues colonies, and militarizes Germany will want respect as a world power How to Imperialize? England The sun never sets on the British Empire Primarily ruled indirectly – used pre-existing local leaders to rule through French “La mission civilisatrice” More of a tendency to export population to areas to rule over directly – will lead to problems Portuguese – harsh Belgians – extremely harsh - Congo Germany - Harsh Italy - Harsh United States – Limited imperial ambitions Colonization of India (Case Study) India has been a crux of trade since post-classical Mughal rule breaking down Islam/Hindu Conflict Returning to its natural state British East India Company conquers Bangladesh in 1750’s Granted exclusive trade rights Set up administrative centers all over India Needed protection - Sepoys India Continued….. 1857 – Sepoy Mutiny B.E.I. not respecting customs (ex. Pork/beef fat) Fear being sent overseas Massacres on both sides Hindus/Muslims don’t cooperate Reaction British military deployed to maintain order India made a crown colony 300 million Indians not British subjects India Continued….. Global Impact British Imperial Model Raw materials to Britain – finished goods to India Upper Castes taught English Christianity Spread Investment in Infrastructure Urbanization Affected Global economics Movement of navies International relations Balance of world power Gives Britain immense wealth and prestige The Good, the Bad and the Indian… The Good (for India) Rapid Modernization- roads, railroads, factories, Educational systems – will become the hallmark of their society Create some Pro-west sentiment Eliminated inhumane cultural practices: Sati, Thuggee, “Untouchables” The Bad (for India) Profits sent back to Britain Destroys local businesses and hand-crafted goods British confiscated lands if taxes delinquent – mass famine Economically Exploited Indian culture marginalized – English Customs become dominant Europe in Southeast Asia Before 1800 – European powers only control major ports Why S.E. Asia? – Rubber, tin, oil, copper, iron, aluminum, chrome Thailand (Siam) – retains independence Modern Monarchs – introduced western industrialization and reforms Buffer Zone between French Indochina and British Burma Europe in China (Case Study) Qing Dynasty (Manchus) retained Isolationist policies of Ming Expanded by conquering neighbors – post-classical style Unwilling to modernize/industrialize – delusions of grandeur Limited European access to markets Napoleon – “Sleeping Dragon” Opium Wars in China 1773 – British introduce Opium – why? Trade imbalance swings 1839 – Manchu Emperor outlaws Opium 1839-1842 – 1st “War” Treaty of Nanjing – open ports, lower tariffs, Hong Kong taken, Christian missionaries back in 1856 – 1860 – 2nd “War” All of China opened to trade – “Spheres of Influence” – controlled by foreigners Fall of China Opium Wars lead to a series of violent rebellions White Lotus – Buddhists Taiping – 2nd Deadliest war in world history – 20-30 million dead 1895 – Sino-Japanese war – China embarrassed by “little brother” – lose territory Leads to more foreign involvement – “Open Door Policy” Boxer Rebellion – “Society of righteous and harmonious fists” – martial artists Anti-west, anti-manchu, anti-Christian Easily defeated – few modern weapons By 1900 traditional China is falling apart 1911 – Government Toppled – will become a republic led by SunYat-Sen The Enigma of Japan Tokugawa Shogunate 18th century – Achievements? Policies? Very Similar to China – Isolated, Proud, “Backwards” 1853 – Commodore Matthew Perry – “Gunboat Diplomacy” “Treaty of Friendship” – Perry returns in 1854 with a bigger fleet…. How can Japan resist this power? The Enigma of Japan: Meiji Restorartion 1868 – Overthrow of the Tokugawa – Meiji come to power Irony – must embrace the West to resist the West Top-Down: emperor to people Political Changes: Abolished Feudalism Established Parliament – “voted in” 5% could vote Meiji Restoration continued…. Economic Changes Social Changes No more rigid social Stress Efficiency – rural hierarchy Civil service exams – meritocracy Urbanization and all the problems that come with it Lower classes educated, military service Rapid population growth peasant numbers decline Sent young upper class to Europe and U.S. to train Government investment in Industry Sponge for any and all Western Technology Traded their “market” for technology Africa in 1800 - Hundreds of Tribes and Languages North Africa West Africa Sahara Desert Islamic reform Egypt and the Fertile Nile Fertile land along the Med. Close ties to Islamic World Under Ottoman Control movement in wake of abolishment of slave trade “Jihad” preached as a means of resistance New Muslim State arose in West Africa based on farming, herding, and trade Ex. Asante Kingdom Africa in 1800 continued South Africa East Africa Dutch Settler 1650’s – Port Cities and similar climate Exapnded north – Vortrekkers Wars between Vortrekkers and Zulu Zulu were a centralized militaristic nation unified by Shaka profitable trade Slave Trade Ivory and Copper in Interior Europe in Africa Europeans have little interest in Africa prior to I.R. – only coastal areas European contacts with Africa increase: Explorers, Missionaries, Settlers 1880-1910 “Scramble for Africa” - Almost brings Europe to war 1884-1885 – Berlin Conference By 1910 Only 2 independent nations in Africa: Liberia, Ethiopia The Berlin Conference - 1884 Set up rules for African colonization – limit conflict over colonies Needed to be first to establish possession – “effective occupation” Positives – added infrastructure Negatives – Economic Exploitation, treatment of Natives, erosion of African culture Borders of modern countries based on European possession, not cultural, linguistic or tribal boundaries – leads to conflict African Regions and Domination North Africa: Easy to control, many European ties South Africa also easy, established European presence Sub-Saharan and Central Africa difficult to control, maintain communication West African Kingdoms also difficult to subdue Ex. Anashti Kingdom Europe in Middle East - “The Eastern Question” Ottoman Empire – “Sick Man of Europe” Held together loosely a very volatile area Extremely Predictable Europe doesn’t want Ottomans to fall – Chaos Prop up Empire and pick off parts that they want Nationalism at work – Balkans gain independence 1876 – 1878 1908 – “Young Turks” prowest army officers – coup – ally Ottomans with Germans…….. Case Study: Egypt Egypt part of the Ottoman Empire – However wanted independence Muhammad Ali revolt 1805 – breaks away goes on the offensive France/Britain step in, why? Don’t want to see Ottomans toppled. N. Africa now cut off from Ottoman – goes to Europeans Egypt begins construction of Suez Canal – French & British investment 1881 military revolt leads British to intervene to protect interests Egypt becomes protectorate – expand South
