Download INTRODUCTION TO ANEMIA

INTRODUCTION TO ANEMIA
•Definition.
•Age, Sex and other factors.
•Causes of Anemia.
•Clinical diagnosis.
•Classification of Anemia.
•Laboratory Tests in the diagnosis of anemia.
Anemia
Inability of blood to supply the tissue with
adequate oxygen for proper metabolic
function.
i.e. anemia is considered to be present if
hemoglobin concentration of RBC or
PCV (Hct) is below the lower limit of the
normal range (95 % reference interval).
Diagnostic criteria for anemia are  Hb, Hct or RBC.
Considerations by Age, sex and
other factors
New born infant
1 week
6 month old
1-15 years
Adult
Male
Female
Hb 14-22 g/dl
Hb 11-14 g/dl
Hb 11-15 g/dl
Hb 13-17 g/dl
Hb 12-15 g/dl
Other factors
• Geographical factor
a. High altitude (8000 feet) may have high
Hb level.
b. Different population (Asia and Europe).
•
Various diseases.
Causes of anemia
• Blood loss (internal or external hemorrhage).
• Nutritional deficiency (Folate, B12 or Iron).
• Accelerated destruction of RBC (immune & non
immune hemolysis).
• BM replacement (cancer).
• Infections.
• Toxicity.
• Hematopoietic stem cell arrest or damage.
• Hereditary (G6PD, Sickle cell anemia).
• Idiopathic.
Clinical diagnosis
- Patient history
Signs and symptom: non specific
Fatigue, weakness, faintness, headache and heart
palpitation
- Physical signs
Pallor, low BP, a slight fever.
- Changes in hematologic profiles
Laboratory investigation:
Quantitation and Semi-quantitation of RBC indices
Quantitation
Three lab manifestations of anemia include:
- a decrease Hb concentration.
- a reduced Pack Cell Volume (Hct) level.
-a decreased RBC count and other
indices.
Semi-Quantitative
Microscopic Examination:
*RBC morphology:
- Normochromic Normocytic.
- Hypochromic Microcytic.
- Hyperchromic Macrocytic.
Depends on classification
RBC indices and other tests:
Hb
Hct
RBC indices (MCV, MCH, MCHC)
Blood Smear
Reticulocytes count
BM smear
References:
Essential Haematology (Hoffbrand & Pettit)
Clinical Hematology & Fundamentals of Hemostasis (Denise Harmening).