Download By: Jaclynn Huse, PhD, RN, CNE Professor of Nursing Southern

Concept Mapping Anemia: Transferring Ownership in Learning to the Nursing Student By: Jaclynn Huse, PhD, RN, CNE Professor of Nursing Southern Adventist University DIRECTIONS
Anemia Concept Map •  You will be working in groups of
2-3 people to develop a concept
map that compares numerous
types of anemia.
•  There are similarities and
differences between each of the
anemia's and this concept map
will help you visualize how they
can be compared and contrasted
with each other.
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Sickle cell anemia
Chronic renal failure
Aplastic anemia
Pernicious Anemia
Folic acid deficiency anemia
Iron Deficiency Anemia
Thalassemia
Hereditary Spherocytosis
Glucose-6-Phosphate
Dehydrogenase Deficiency
•  Hemolytic Disease
of the Newborn
•  Antibody-Mediated Drug
Reactions
•  Acute blood loss
P/E: Defective beta chain on hemoglobin. U S/S’s: Pain, strokes, MI’s, chronic organ dysfunction. Tx: Stem cell transplant, hydration, pain management, ↓ risk for infection, transfusion if necessary. Dx: Thalassemia Dx: B12 Deficiency P/E: Can be caused by insufficient intake of B12 (not as common), or most commonly caused by lack of intrinsic factor which is required for digestion in GI tract. U S/S’s: Neuro deficits, glossitis Tx: B12 injections or nasal spray Dx: Folic Acid Deficiency
P/E: Lack of folic acid in diet – commonly seen
in alcoholics.
U S/S’s: Glossitis
Tx: Folic acid replacement with food or with pills.
Dx: Iron Deficiency P/E: Faulty RBC’s are destroyed faster than healthy ones. A deficiency in one or more polypeptide chains causes decreased hemoglobin synthesis and an imbalance between the chains. U S/S’s: Skull bone deformities, bowing of long bones, icterus. Tx: Blood transfusion, splenectomy, immunizations. P/E: Most commonly r/t blood loss thru trauma or monthly periods. U S/S’s: Pica, brittle nails Tx: Iron replacement with food, pills, or IM injection. Dx: Hereditary Spherocytosis Inherited
Disorders
of RBC’s ↓ RBC Production Common S/S’s MAP THESE ANEMIA’S
Dx: Sickle Cell Dx: Aplastic Anemia P/E: Stem cell disorder resulting in loss of stem cells which were supposed to become RBC’s, WBC’s, and platelets. U S/S’s: ↑ risk for infection, ↑ risk for bleeding, and all general S/S’s of anemia. Tx: Avoid toxin exposure, bone marrow transplant, blood transfusions, immunosuppressive therapy, prevent infections Dx: Chronic Renal Failure P/E: Faulty kidneys no longer produce and excrete erythropoietin. U S/S’s: Uremia. Tx: Epogen or Procrit injections, dialysis. ↑ HR, fatigue, ↓ O2 carrying capacity, tissue hypoxia, ↑ R, dyspnea, general weakness, ↓stamina, orthostatic and non-­‐orthostatic hypotension, vasoconstriction, pallor, murmurs, chest pain, heart failure, intermittent claudication, night cramps, headache, lightheadedness, tinnitus, faintness jaundice. Dx: Antibody-­‐Mediated Drug Reaction P/E: Exposure to certain drugs causes a person to start killing off their own RBC’s. U S/S’s: Hemoglobinuria, ARDS, and respiratory arrest. Tx: D/C those medications. Steroids and transfusions may be necessary in severe cases. P/E: Defective RBC membrane skeletons and altered membrane properties. U S/S’s: Bile pigment gallstones, and chronic leg ulcers. Tx: Splenectomy, immunizations, and oral penicillin. Dx: G6PD P/E: Defect caused by G6PD enzyme deficiency. Results in anemic s/s when this person is exposed to certain triggers such as certain meds. U S/S’s: No unique symptoms. Tx: Avoid triggers, avoid infection. Some may need a transfusion. Dx: Hemolytic Dz in Newborn Extrinsic RBC Destruction or Loss P/E: When fetal RBC’s cross placenta, mom creates antibodies. AB’s can get back into fetal circulation. U S/S’s: Hyperbilirubinemia, kernictus. Tx: RhoGAM to mom. Exchange transfusions in utero if really bad. Dx: Acute Blood Loss P/E: Trauma or loss secondary to dz process. U S/S’s: 10% loss shows no s/s. 20% = tachycardia, 30% = flat neck veins, 40% = low CO, CVP, BP, > 50% = death. Tx: Replace blood, volume replacement. REFERENCE
Copstead, L C., Banasik, J. L. (2012). Pathophysiology. (5th ed.). St. Louis, MI: Saunders Elsevier.
For each of these diseases and/or
disorders, use your textbook and
look up:
P/E = Pathophysiology & Etiology U S/S’s = Unique Signs & Symptoms Tx = Treatment On the concept map paper, start
with organizing these diseases into
similar categories and then in the
center, we will put the common S/
S’s and tx. Then we will put the
“Unique S/S’s” (U S/S’s) with the
disease name or disorder.