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Varieties of Judaism Two common myths; Js are genetic descendants of Father Abraham Until the advent of Ref Jud in the 1800¹s all Js were homogenous and Orthodox Abraham and Lot Biblical times - political and religious differences We are all Talmudic Jews - 500 bce to 600 ce Karaites - circa 600 ce - Bagdad and/or Alexandria - 40,000 in Israel today After Diaspora - geographical divisions. Ashkenazi, Sephardim, Mizrachim (China, Japan etc) Enlightenment (1650-1850 Napolean (1769-1821) 18th & 19th century - Maskilim were the leaders of the Haskalah movement. Moses Mendelsohn (1729-86) Jews leaving Judaism for Christianity Reform Geiger, Holdheim, Zunz Mostly Germany but other pockets in England, Scandanavia, Belgium Not starting a new movement. Between 1810 and 1820, congregations in Seesen, Hamburg and Berlin instituted fundamental changes in traditional Jewish practices and beliefs, such as mixed seating, single ¬day observance of festivals and the use of a cantor/choir. Many leaders of the Reform movement took a very "rejectionist" view of Jewish practice and discarded traditions and rituals. For example: € Circumcision was not practiced, and was decried as barbaric. € The Hebrew language was removed from the liturgy and replaced with German. € The hope for a restoration of the Jews in Israel was officially renounced, and it was officially stated that Germany was to be the new Zion. € The ceremony in which a child celebrated becoming Bar Mitzvah was replaced with a "confirmation" ceremony. € The laws of Kashrut and family purity were officially declared "repugnant" to modern thinking people, and were not observed. € Shabbat was observed on Sunday. € Tallis & Yarmulke They convened synods but did not formally establish independent organizations or a rabbinical body. During the 1840s and 1850s, separate reform congregations were set up in two major centers of the German Jewry, Frankfurt and Berlin. Significant step, in 1870, to create a rabbinical seminary and research center known as the Hochschule für die Wissenschaft des Judentums. Orthodox Reaction of Eastern Europe Jews. Do no like term Orthodox - Haredi - no central organization. Hasidim Conservative - Masorti R. Zecharias Frankel - Germany- 1845 Conservative Judaism is also a reaction to Reform Consevadox - right wing Conservative Neo Orthodox - Samson Rafael Hirsch (1808-1888) Germany Modern Orthodoxy draws on the teachings of Rabbi Abraham Isaac Kook (1864-1935 For Modern Orthodoxy secular culture and knowledge are seen as a complement to Torah, and, to some extent, encouraged for their own sake. Some would suggest that in Modern Orthodoxy, Judaism is enriched by interaction with modernity, whereas in Neo-Orthodoxy human experience (and modernity) are enriched by the application of Torah outlook and practice. The differences between Reform and traditional branches of American Judaism came to a head in 1883, at the "Trefa Banquet"- where shellfish and other non-kosher dishes were served at the celebration of the first graduating class of Hebrew Union College in Cincinnati. The adoption of the radical Pittsburgh Platform in 1885, which dismissed observance of the ritual commandments and Jewish peoplehood as "anachronistic", created a permanent wedge between the Reform movement and more traditional American Jews. 1886, prominent Sephardic Rabbis Sabato Morais and H. Pereira Mendes founded the Jewish Theological Seminary (JTS) in New York City as a more traditional alternative to Hebrew Union College. The Seminary's brief affiliation with the traditional congregations that established the Union of Orthodox Congregations in 1898 was severed due to the Orthodox rejection of the Seminary's academic approach to Jewish learning. Reconstructionist Judaism The first split in the Conservative coalition occurred in 1963, when followers of Mordecai Kaplan seceded from the movement to form a distinct Reconstructionist Judaism. Kaplan had been a leading figure at JTS for 54 years. 1968, the split became formalized with the establishment of the Reconstructionist Rabbinical College. No anthropomorphism. God as a force. No Chooseness. If God is not a Being, Who is doing the Choosing? Judaism is a religious Civilization and constantly evolving. Not static. Jewish Community Centers All of Halachah should be catagorized as folkways and not a religious law. Egalitarian. Congregational voice equal to Rabbi. 100 synagogues in the U.S. Humanistic Judaism defines Judaism as the cultural and historical experience of the Jewish people and encourages humanistic and secular Jews to celebrate their Jewish identity by participating in Jewish holidays and lifecycle events such as weddings and Bar mitzvahs. Humanistic Judaism was founded in 1963 by Rabbi Sherwin Wine, a Reform Rabbi in Michigan who developed a Jewish liturgy that reflected his, and his congregation¹s philosophical viewpoint by emphasizing Jewish culture, history, and identity along with Humanistic ethics while excluding all prayers and references to God. Kaplan redefined God and other traditional religious terms and continued to use traditional prayer language. Wine rejected this approach as confusing, since participants could ascribe to these words whatever definitions they favored. Wine tried to achieve philosophical consistency by creating rituals and ceremonies that were purely non-theistic. Services were created for Shabbat, Rosh Hashanah, Yom Kippur, and other Jewish holidays and festivals, often with reinterpretation of the meaning of the holiday to bring it into conformity. Humanistic Chanukah blessing. "I acknowledge those processes in the universe which make for my highest fulfillment, which predominate in it, and to which our people has been devoted, thereby creating activities which help the individual and group achieve self-fulfillment, one of which ennobling activities is to kindle these Chanukah candles.² Rabbi Kook: Atheism is a spiritual protest against the confinement of God into the concepts and institutions of a limited religious establishment. The tendency of unrefined people to see the divine essence as embodied in the words and letters alone is a source of embarrassment to humanity, and atheism arises as a pained out-cry to liberate man from this narrow and alien pit. Jewish renewal A recent movement which seeks to reintroduce the ancient Judaic traditions of mysticism and meditation, gender equality and ecstatic prayer to what they considered moribund and uninspiring Judaic worship services. Incorporates storytelling, yoga, chant, dance. Borrows from Hasidiam and from Buddhism, Sufism and other fatiths. It is not a denomination. Marcia Prager writes: Jewish Renewal is a "movement" in the sense of a wave in motion, a grassroots effort to discover the modern meaning of Judaism as a spiritual practiceŠŠ. more similar to the multi-centered civil rights or women's movements than to contemporary denominations. The movement's most prominent leader is Zalman Schachter-Shalomi -ordained Lubavitch Rabbi Not synagogues but Havurot. OhaLah rabbinic association. Mentor training. Courses taken at established seminaries. Havurah movement 1973 Michael & Sharon Strassfield Jewish Catalogue: A Do-It-Yourself Kit More intellectual and halachic than Renewal Ethical Culture Although started by Felix Adler it is not a Jewish movement Workmen¹s Circle The Workmen¹s Circle or Arbeter Ring is a Yiddish language-oriented American Jewish fraternal organization committed to Social Justice, Jewish Community, and Ashkenazic Culture. The Arbeter Ring provides old age homes, schools, camps, retreats, affordable health insurance, and year-round programs of concerts, lectures, and secular holiday celebrations.