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Parts of Speech Grade 12 Nouns • Nouns are words that name persons, places, things, or ideas. – PERSONS: cousins, coach, teacher – PLACES: school, Phoenix, Lincoln Memorial – THINGS: calculator, speech, tissue, microwave – IDEAS: ambivalence, joy, legality, gladness, Nouns • ABSTRACT – Names of ideas • Fear, cleverness, misery, civilization, honor • CONCRETE – Names of persons places or things • Trumpet, street, tortilla, Golden State Bridge Nouns • Common: • Proper: – are general, not particular, do not capitalize – Particular/specific persons, places, or things; always capitalize – city, turnpike, attorney, war, scavenger – Sioux City, New Jersey Turnpike, Supreme Court Chief Justice Roberts, the Civil War Nouns • Collective: – Name a group of people, animals or things • Ex. Squad, class, flock, club, association Nouns • Compound Nouns: – Consists of two or more words-- sometimes hyphenated, sometimes written as one word, and sometimes written as two words. • Ex. Great-aunt, onefourth, horseradish, postal worker, junior high school Nouns • Noun Phrase: – A noun and its modifiers • Noun: girl, children, tulip, chocolate • Noun Phrase: the young girl, several children, the yellow tulip, sweet as chocolate Pronouns • Pronouns are words that take the place of a noun or another pronoun. – Most but not all pronouns refer to something previously mentioned. The word or group of words to which the pronoun refers is called its Antecedent. In the following sentences, arrows point to the antecedents of the pronoun. – Inez and her friend are newspaper staff members. They go to an editorial meeting each Tuesday. It is held in Mr. Chen’s office. Pronouns • Personal and Possessive I me We us you you she her he him it it they them my our your her his its their mine ours yours hers his its theirs She was the first to arrive because her train was early. Pronouns • Indefinite Pronouns: express an amount or refer to an unspecified person or thing. Some are: all, another, any, anybody, anyone, anything, both, each, either, everybody, everyone, everything, few, many, most, neither, nobody, none, no one, one, others, several, some, somebody, someone Many came despite the rain, and few were disappointed. Pronouns • Demonstrative Pronouns point to specific people or things. this that these those This is the reserved section; those seats over there are available. Pronouns • Relative Pronouns introduce some subordinate clauses. who whoever whom whomever which that whose Suki, who lives farthest from the school, has never been absent. Pronouns • Interrogative Pronouns are used in questions. Who? Whom? Whose? What? Which? How? To whom are you speaking? What did you say? Pronouns • Reflexive pronouns refer to an earlier noun or pronoun. • Intensive pronouns add emphasis. Myself yourself himself herself Itself ourselves yourselves themselves I love myself. (reflexive) The principal himself taught the class. (intensive) Pronouns • Reciprocal pronouns express mutual action or relation. – Teammates rely on one another for support during a game. Verbs • Verbs help to make statements. You can’t make a sentence without one. – Verbs are words that express an action or a state of being. Every sentence has at least one action verb or one linking verb. – Some action verbs communicate an observable action; for example, they describe what people do—glide, laugh, applaud. But other action verbs tell us what people feel—appreciate, love, dread. Frank Lloyd Wright designed and built homes and other structures. His clients admired his style. Verbs • Linking Verbs do what their name says: They link the subject of a sentence with a word that tells more about it. The surgeon appeared confident. The surgeon is an innovator. • Some words that can be action verbs in one context can be linking verbs in another context. If a form of be can substitute for the verb, then the verb is functioning as a linking verb. Action verb: The performer looked nervously at the audience. Linking verb: The performer looked nervous. Verbs • Verb phrase is a verb form preceded by one or more helping (or auxiliary) verbs. Not (n’t in a contraction) is never part of the verb phrase. Hasn’t anyone here seen the remote? I have been looking for it for half an hour. Generally, the more vivid a verb, the better. Bland: John is on his way to work. Vivid: John is dashing to work. Verbs Linking Verbs: Forms of Be: am is are be is being will be would be might have been was being could be could have been were can be should be Some Other Linking Verbs: appear smell grow taste Some Helping Verbs: be (is, am, are, was, were, been) have (has, had) do (does, did) can may shall will could would seem feel stay remain must should become sound look turn might Adjectives • Adjectives can make nouns and pronouns come into focus. • Adjectives are modifiers. They give information about the nouns and pronouns they modify. What Kind? How Many? How Much? Which One? red flower, straight road, surprise visit four days, few entries more space, some effort third response, that shirt, worst joke, last month Adjectives • A and An are adjectives but are also called indefinite articles. They refer to any one member of a group and so are indefinite. Similarly, The is an adjective but is also called the definite article. It point out a particular noun. • Proper Adjectives derive from proper nouns and always begin with a capital letter. Japanese food Confederate troops Adjectives • Adjectives can also follow a linking verb to modify the subject of a sentence; in this position, the modifier is called a Predicate Adjective. The smoked salmon tastes salty. The manager is stern but fair. Adverbs • Adverbs modify, or tell more about verbs, adjectives, and other adverbs by answering when, where, and how questions. Intensifiers are adverbs that answer the question to what extent or how much? When? Today, we began rehearsals for the play. Where? They walked here from the station. How? The actor spoke clearly and loudly. To What Extent? We thoroughly enjoyed the performance. Adverbs • Many adverbs, sometimes called adverbs of manner, end with the suffix –ly. However, many frequently used adverbs do not end in –ly. • Adverbs can modify prepositions and prepositional phrases. They arrived just after dinner. Her hand reached almost to the top. • Adverbs can also modify subordinate clauses and complete sentences. I’ll play the tape again only if you want me to. Surely he didn’t mean to put the car in reverse. • Many negatives—for example, not, n’t, barely, and never— are adverbs; they can interrupt part of the verb phrase. He should not have moved backward. Adverbs Some Common Adverbs That Do Not End In –ly: about late too always still yet just tomorrow also seldom yesterday here today already never why fast there almost more well around then Some Common Intensifiers: exceptionally somewhat hardly least less most extraordinarily only quite rather really nearly so truly very Prepositions • • Prepositions link key words in you sentence and never stand alone. They connect a noun or pronoun (and its modifiers) to another word in the sentence to form a prepositional phrase. About Against Before Beyond During In Near Outside Through Under Upon above along below but(except) except inside of over throughout underneath within across around beside by for into on past to until with The crowd stood along the aisles. after at between down from like out since toward up without Prepositions • Compound prepositions contain several words. According to In front of Aside from Instead of Behind Out of in addition to apart from in spite of because of on behalf of in the middle of along with in place of as to next to due to In spite of the snowstorm, we drove to the movies. Conjunctions • Conjunctions join words or groups of words. • Coordinating conjunctions join words or groups of words that are equal in importance. And but or nor so yet I like the taste of asparagus and broccoli. I enjoy cauliflower but not spinach. In a choice between carrots or beets, I’d pick beets. Conjunctions • Correlative conjunctions function in the same way as coordinating conjunctions, but they always appear as pairs. But…and not…but Either…or not only…but also Just as…so whether…or Niether…nor Either a National League team or an American League team will win the World Series. Conjunctions • Subordinating conjunctions connect adverb clauses to main clauses. After Provided that As long as Unless Because Where If in order that as far as as soon as as though when although since so that until before for while whereas The parade took place, although it rained the whole time. Because I had an umbrella, the wet weather didn’t bother me. Interjections • Interjections express mild or strong emotions. – They have no grammatical connection to the rest of the sentence. They are set off by a comma or by an exclamation point. aha ouch wow hey yo ugh oh nah well – Ouch! That hurt! – They have three pets: a dog, a parrot, and ugh!, an iguana!