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Fall Chapter 1-8
Semester Exam Study Guide
Chapter 1 Biology in the 21 Century
st
1. Similar organisms that can reproduce by interbreeding belong to the same
species
2. The key to the study of biology is learning about the __________________
learning about life around us
3. Anything that possesses all the characteristics of life is called an _________
organism
4. The science of life is called ____________
biology
5. Reproduction is an important life characteristic because:
for life to continue, organisms must replace themselves
6. Define reproduction
the process that an organism produces more of its own kind (new
individuals)
7. Define the Scientific Method:
the steps commonly used by scientists in gathering information to test a
hypothesis and solve problems
8. Define the following terms in relation to the scientific method
a. Control: the part of an experiment where all the conditions are kept
the same
b. Dependent Variable: the factors in an experiment that are observed
and measured
c. Independent Variable: the factors in an experiment that are
manipulated or changed by the scientists
d. Data: information gathered from experiments
e. Hypothesis: educated guess/ testable
Chapter 2 part 1 Chemistry of Life
9. Give an example of a chemical compound ______, and a chemical element __
H2O; H-Hydrogen
10. Positive charged particles are called __ ___ and abbreviated _____.
Protons; p+
11. Negative charged particles are called _____ and abbreviated ___
Electrons; e12. Neutral charged particles are called __ ___ and abbreviated ____.
Neutron; n0
13. The nucleus of an atom is made up of _______ and _____
Protons & Neutrons
14. How can you find the following about an element:
a. Protons: same as the atomic number
b. Neutrons: atomic mass - atomic number
c. Electrons: same as the protons
15. What is an isotope and give an example?
elements with more than one neutron number
Carbon 12, Carbon 13, and Carbon 14
16. Describe the different types of bonds:
Ionic Bond: metal and non-metal form a compound
Covalent Bond 2 metals for a compound
Hydrogen Bond weak bond that’s easily broken
17. Cations are: positive ions
18. Anions are: negative ions
19. The term Hydrophobic means:
nonpolar; water fearing
20. The term Hydrophilic means
polar; water loving
21. The pH of an acid ranges on a pH measure ___0-7
22. The pH of a base ranges on a pH measure as __7-14
Chapter 2 part 2 Carbon-based molecules
23. This polysaccharide is found in the exoskeletons of insects (bugs) and arthropods
(shrimp). Chitin
24. What are the basic building blocks of protein?
amino acids
25. This monosaccharide made by plants during photosynthesis
glucose
26. Carbon usually forms how many bonds with other atoms?
4
27. What is a polymer?
more than three macromolecule together
28. These are “good fats” such as corn oil and olive oil and have fatty acids with at
least one carbon-carbon double bond
unsaturated fats
29. This type of lipid has three fatty acids attached to a glycerol
triglyceride
30. This type of fat consists of a glycerol, two fatty acids, with a phosphate group,
and the structure helps make up the cell membrane.
phospholipid
31. In a chemical compound, describe the reactant and product that is associated with
chemical reactions.
reaction: element or compound that enters into a chemical reaction
product: element or compound that is produced by a chemical reaction
Chapter 3 part 1 The Cell
Identify the following organelles:
32. The structure that protects and gives shape to the plant cell
cell wall
33. Helps maintain a chemical balance within the cell. Its nickname is “the
gatekeeper”.
cell membrane aka: plasma membrane
34. Manages cell functions, it is called the control center.
nucleus
35. This is located inside the nucleus and its role is a DNA maker.
nucleolus
36. Are closely stacked, flattened membrane sacs that package proteins for export
make up the _____.
Golgi apparatus
37. Structures located on rough ER that makes proteins
proteins
38. A folded membrane that forms a network of interconnected compartments in the
cytoplasm and transports protein and its nickname is the “highway”.
endoplasmic reticulum aka ER
39. The organelle in the cell that produces ATP energy for the cell
mitochondria
40. What types of cells do not have a cell wall?
animal cells
41. The bacteria is classified as a prokaryote because it does not have a
nucleus
42. What organelles would not be found in both plant and animal cells?
cell wall, chloroplast
43. What does the cell theory state?
a. all organisms are made of one or more cells
b. the cell is the basic unit of life
c. all cells come from preexisting cells
Label the following picture of the cell:
1. Mitochondria
2. centrioles
3. lysosome
4. cytoplasm
5. nucleolus
6. nucleus
7. ----8. cilia
9. ER
10. Golgi apparatus
11. cytoskeleton
12. vesicles
13. ribosomes
14. smooth ER
Chapter 3 part 2 Cell Membrane
44. Define Diffusion
molecules such as carbon dioxide move across the cell
45. Define Active transport:
movement of particles across a cell membrane using a protein carrier, and
ATP in the form of energy (from low to high)
46. List the types of active transport:
endocytosis & exocytosis
47. Define Passive Transport:
movement of particles across a cell membrane using no energy (from high to
low)
48. List the types of passive transport:
simple diffusion, osmosis, facilitated diffusion
49. Define simple diffusion
type of passive transport-substances move across the cell membrane
50. Define Osmosis:
type of passive transport-water moves across the cell membrane
51. Define facilitated diffusion
type of passive transport-substances move across the cell membrane using a
protein carrier
52. Identity the types of osmosis with the statements listed below:
a. The concentration of dissolved substances is lower outside the cell than
the concentration of liquids inside the cell.
hypotonic solution
b. The concentration of dissolved substances is the same outside the cell as
the concentration inside the cell
isotonic solution
c. The concentration of dissolved substances is higher outside the cell than
the concentration inside the cell
hypertonic solution
53. What is pinocytosis?
cell drinking
54. What is phagocytosis?
cell eating
Use the figures below and identify the following terms:
Endocytosis, exocytosis, active transport, facilitated diffusion
A.
B.
a.
b.
c.
d.
C.
D.
active transport
endocytosis
facilitated diffusion
exocytosis
Chapter 4 Cell Energy, Photosynthesis & Cellular Respiration
55. What is the chemical equation for Photosynthesis
6CO + 6 H O → C H O + 6 O
2
2
6
12
6
2
56. What is the chemical equation for Cellular Respiration
C H O + 6O → 6CO + 6H O
6
12
6
2
2
2
57. What makes cellular respiration and photosynthesis opposite?
cellular respiration puts carbon dioxide in the atmosphere
photosynthesis puts oxygen in the atmosphere
58. Organisms such as plants make their own food and are called
autotrophs
59. Photosynthesis takes place in the ____________ organelle; and Cellular
respiration takes place in the ________________ organelle
chloroplast; mitochondria
60. List the correct stage of Cellular Respiration in order
Glycolysis → Kreb Cycle → ETC
61. What stage would be found in both Cellular Respiration and Photosynthesis
ETC
62. The starting molecule for glycolysis is
glucose
63. The starting product of the Kreb cycle is
acetyol CoA
64. Cellular respiration uses 1 molecule of glucose to produce approximately __ ATP
38
65. The two types of fermentation are called
a Lactic Acid
b Ethyl Alcohol
Chapter 5 Mitosis
66. The correct sequence of mitosis is
Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase
67. Label the chromosome:
Centromere
Chromatids
68. The splitting of cytoplasm is called Telophase
69. Growth occurs during which period of interphase? G1, S, G2
70. The longest phase of mitosis is Prophase
71. What phase of mitosis does the Nucleolus disappears Prophase
72. What phase of mitosis does the Nucleus reappears Telophase
73. What phase of mitosis do the sister chromatids are pulled to opposite poles as
cleavage takes place Anaphase
74. What phase of mitosis does cytokinesis takes place Telophase
75. What phase of mitosis does chromosomes attach to spindle along equator of cell
Metaphase
Chapter 6 Mendel’s genetics
Solve the following:
76. In flowers, purple flowers are dominant over white flower. If a plant that is
heterozygous for purple flowers is allowed to mate with a heterozygous purple
flower. What is their genotype and phenotype of their offspring?
F-purple
f-white
Ff x Ff
77. In humans dimples are dominant over no dimples. If a homozygous dimpled
man marries a woman with no dimples, what is the chance that their children
will have dimples? Show the genotype and phenotype
D-dimples
DD x dd
d-no dimples
78. In guinea pigs the trait for solid fur (F) is dominant to the trait for striped fur
(f). If a guinea pig heterozygous for solid is crossed with a striped guinea pig.
What is the chance their having a striped offspring? Show the genotype and
phenotype
F-solid fur
Ff x ff
f-striped fur
79. A genetic trait that is said to be expressed whenever it is present is said to be
Dominant
80. A genetic trait that is said to be hidden in the heterozygous conditions is said to be
Recessive
Chapter 7 Inheritable traits
81. The 23 pair of chromosomes : sex chromosomes
82. The 22 pair of these types of chromosomes. Autosomes
rd
83. The type of inheritance shown when a red-flowering plant is crossed with a whiteflowering plant and only pink-flowering plants are produced is called
Incomplete Dominance: 2 dominant make an additional color
84. If a female fruit fly heterozygous for red eyes (X X ) crossed with a white-eyed
male (X Y), what present of their offspring will have white eyes?
R-red
XRXr (x) XrY
r-white
R
r
r
85. The sex chromosomes of a human male are ____, and the sex chromosome of a
human female are ____
Male: XY
Female XX
86. A graphic representation of an individual’s family tree is
Pedigree
Analyze the Pedigree shown for Sickle-Cell Anemia, a recessive blood disorder.
Then answer the questions.
87. How many generations are represented in the pedigree?
IV
88. In generation I, which parent is heterozygous for the recessive allele?
I-2
89. Which individual in generation II marries a spouse who is homozygous?
II-1
90. In which generation does the first case of sickle cell anemia appear?
III-7
91. Which parents produce two children with sickle-cell anemia?
IV-8 & IV-9
Chapter 8 DNA
92. Which nitrogen base is found in RNA but not DNA?
Uracil
93. Adenine always bonds with _____ in DNA and ________ in RNA
Thymine in DNA; Uracil in RNA
94. Cytosine always bonds with _____ in DNA
Guanine
95. Thymine always bonds with _____ in DNA
Adenine
97.
98.
RNA is copied in a process called transcription
DNA is copied in a process called replicated
99.
In this DNA code, what would be the replicated side
A T G C A G A A T T
T A C G T C T T A A
100.
In this DNA code, what would be the transcription side for RNA
A T G C A G A A T T
U A C G U C U U A A
USE THE CODON CHART BELOW TO ANSWER THE FOLLOWING
QUESITONS
101.
In this RNA code, what would be the first set of amino acids
UA C G U C U U A A
Cysteine
102.
In this RNA code, what would be the last set of amino acids
U A C G U C U U A A
Stop
*THIS EXAM CONSIST OF 120 QUESTIONS: