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M10_MARI0000_00_SE_CH10.qxd 3/28/11 2:25 PM Page 59 R E V I E W S H E E T NAME ____________________________________ EXERCISE LAB TIME/DATE _______________________ 10 The Axial Skeleton The Skull 1. First, match the bone names in column B with the descriptions in column A (the items in column B may be used more than once). Then, circle the bones in column B that are cranial bones. Column B Column A b; frontal 1. forehead bone n; zygomatic 2. cheekbone e; mandible 3. lower jaw g; nasal 4. bridge of nose i; palatine 5. posterior bones of the hard palate j; parietal 6. much of the lateral and superior cranium h; occipital 7. most posterior part of cranium k; sphenoid 8. single, irregular, bat-shaped bone forming part of the cranial floor d; lacrimal 9. tiny bones bearing tear ducts f; maxilla 10. anterior part of hard palate a; ethmoid 11. superior and middle nasal conchae formed from its projections l; temporal 12. site of mastoid process k; sphenoid 13. site of sella turcica a; ethmoid 14. site of cribriform plate e; mandible 15. site of mental foramen l; temporal 16. site of styloid processes a; ethmoid , b; frontal , f; maxilla , and k; sphenoid 17. four bones containing paranasal sinuses h; occipital 18. condyles here articulate with the atlas h; occipital 19. foramen magnum contained here c; hyoid 20. small U-shaped bone in neck, where many tongue muscles attach l; temporal 21. middle ear found here m; vomer (a; ethmoid) 22. nasal septum a; ethmoid 23. bears an upward protrusion, the “cock’s comb,” or crista galli e; mandible , f; maxilla 24. a. ethmoid b. frontal c. hyoid d. lacrimal e. mandible f. maxilla g. nasal h. occipital i. palatine j. parietal k. sphenoid l. temporal m. vomer n. zygomatic contain alveoli bearing teeth 59 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. M10_MARI0000_00_SE_CH10.qxd 3/28/11 2:25 PM Page 60 2. Using choices from the numbered key to the right, identify all bones (line with ball on end), sutures (line with arrowhead on end), and bone markings provided with leader lines in the two diagrams below. Key: 1. carotid canal 29 2 9 2. coronal suture 23 3. ethmoid bone 34 8 4. external occipital protuberance 5. foramen lacerum 33 28 6. foramen magnum 30 7. foramen ovale 8. frontal bone 35 9. glabella 3 10. incisive 12 15 11. inferior nasal concha 22 12. inferior orbital fissure 37 13. infraorbital foramen 11 14. jugular foramen 13 15. lacrimal bone 36 16. mandible 20 17. mandibular 21 18. mandibular symphysis 19. mastoid process 16 18 20. maxilla 10 ) sa s (fo 27 21. mental foramen 13 22. middle nasal concha of ethmoid 20 26 23. nasal bone 24. occipital bone 37 25. occipital condyle 26. palatine bone 38 30 27. palatine process of maxilla 28. parietal bone 36 7 29. sagittal suture (fossa 17 ) 30. sphenoid bone 31 5 31. styloid process 19 32. stylomastoid foramen 1 34. supraorbital foramen 35 32 35. temporal bone 14 36. vomer 25 37. zygomatic bone 28 38. zygomatic process of temporal bone 4 60 33. superior orbital fissure 6 24 Review Sheet 10 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. M10_MARI0000_00_SE_CH10.qxd 3/28/11 2:25 PM Page 61 3. Define suture. Fibrous joint between skull bones. 4. With one exception, the skull bones are joined by sutures. Name the exception. Joint(s) between the mandible and temporal bones. 5. What bones are connected by the lambdoid suture? occipital and parietal What bones are connected by the squamous suture? temporal and parietal 6. Name the eight bones of the cranium. frontal occipital right parietal left parietal sphenoid ethmoid right temporal left temporal (1) Lighten the skull, (2) resonance chambers for speech. 7. Give two possible functions of the sinuses. ________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________________ Bony socket for the eye. 8. What is the orbit? ____________________________________________________________________________________ Ethmoid, lacrimal, frontal, sphenoid, zygomatic, maxillary, What bones contribute to the formation of the orbit? _________________________________________________________ palatine __________________________________________________________________________________________________ It articulates with all of the other cranial bones. 9. Why can the sphenoid bone be called the keystone of the cranial floor? _________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________________ The Vertebral Column 10. The distinguishing characteristics of the vertebrae composing the vertebral column are noted below. Correctly identify each described structure by choosing a response from the key. Key: a. b. c. atlas axis cervical vertebra—typical d. e. coccyx lumbar vertebra f. g. sacrum thoracic vertebra c; cervical (also a & b) 1. vertebral type containing foramina in the transverse processes, through which the vertebral arteries ascend to reach the brain b; axis 2. dens here provides a pivot for rotation of the first cervical vertebra (C1) g; thoracic 3. transverse processes faceted for articulation with ribs; spinous process pointing sharply downward f; sacrum 4. composite bone; articulates with the hip bone laterally e; lumbar 5. massive vertebrae; weight-sustaining d; coccyx 6. “tail bone”; vestigial fused vertebrae a; atlas 7. supports the head; allows a rocking motion in conjunction with the occipital condyles Review Sheet 10 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. 61 M10_MARI0000_00_SE_CH10.qxd 3/28/11 2:25 PM Page 62 11. Using the key, correctly identify the vertebral parts/areas described below. (More than one choice may apply in some cases.) Also use the key letters to correctly identify the vertebral areas in the diagram. Key: a. b. c. body intervertebral foramina lamina d. e. f. pedicle spinous process superior articular facet i 1. cavity enclosing the nerve cord a 2. weight-bearing portion of the vertebra 3. provide levers against which muscles pull a , g 4. provide an articulation point for the ribs 5. openings providing for exit of spinal nerves 6. structures that form an enclosure for the spinal cord , h e h c d , g a transverse process vertebral arch vertebral foramen g e b g. h. i. f i a Via the intervertebral foramina found between the pedicles 12. Describe how a spinal nerve exits from the vertebral column. _________________________________________________ of adjacent vertebrae. __________________________________________________________________________________________________ 13. Name two factors/structures that permit flexibility of the vertebral column. Intervertebral discs curvatures ________________________________________________ and ______________________________________________ Fibrocartilage 14. What kind of tissue composes the intervertebral discs? ______________________________________________________ A ruptured disc in which a portion of the disc protrudes outward. 15. What is a herniated disc? ______________________________________________________________________________ It might compress a nerve, leading to pain and possibly paralysis. What problems might it cause? _________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________________ Thoracic sacral 16. Which two spinal curvatures are obvious at birth? __________________________ and ____________________________ The cervical curvature develops when the baby begins to Under what conditions do the secondary curvatures develop? _________________________________________________ raise its head independently. The lumbar curvature forms when the baby begins to walk (assumes upright posture). __________________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________________ 62 Review Sheet 10 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. M10_MARI0000_00_SE_CH10.qxd 3/28/11 2:25 PM Page 63 17. On this illustration of an articulated vertebral column, identify each curvature indicated and label it as a primary or a secondary curvature. Also identify the structures provided with leader lines, using the letters of the terms listed in the key below. Key: a. b. c. d. e. f. g. atlas axis intervertebral disc sacrum two thoracic vertebrae two lumbar vertebrae vertebra prominens a b Cervical–secondary (curvature) g e Thoracic–primary (curvature) c f Lumbar–secondary (curvature) d Sacral–primary (curvature) Review Sheet 10 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. 63 M10_MARI0000_00_SE_CH10.qxd 3/28/11 2:25 PM Page 64 The Thoracic Cage ribs 18. The major bony components of the thorax (excluding the vertebral column) are the ________________________________ and the sternum . A true rib has its own costal cartilage attachment to the sternum; a false 19. Differentiate between a true rib and a false rib. _____________________________________________________________ rib attaches to the sternum indirectly or not at all. __________________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________________ Is a floating rib a true or a false rib? False Inverted cone shape 20. What is the general shape of the thoracic cage? ____________________________________________________________ 21. Using the terms in the key, identify the regions and landmarks of the bony thorax. c Key: a. f j b b. clavicular notch h g c. costal cartilage d. false ribs e. floating ribs f. jugular notch g. manubrium h. sternal angle i. sternum j. true ribs k. xiphisternal joint l. xiphoid process a i l k d e L1 vertebra 64 body Review Sheet 10 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. M11_MARI0000_00_SE_CH11.qxd 3/28/11 2:49 PM Page 65 E X E R C I S E 11 The Appendicular Skeleton Time Allotment: 2 hours. Multimedia Resources: See Appendix B for Guide to Multimedia Resource Distributors. Anatomy of a Runner (Structure and Function of the Lower Limb) (DE: 38 minutes, DVD) Anatomy of the Hand (FHS: 14 minutes, VHS, DVD, 3-year streaming webcast) Anatomy of the Shoulder (FHS: 18 minutes, VHS, DVD, 3-year streaming webcast) Bones and Joints (FHS: 20 minutes, VHS, DVD, 3-year streaming webcast) Interactive Foot and Ankle (LP: CD-ROM) Interactive Shoulder (LP: CD-ROM) Practice Anatomy Lab™ 3.0 (PAL) (BC: CD-ROM, Website) Laboratory Materials Ordering information is based on a lab size of 24 students, working in groups of 4. A list of supply house addresses appears in Appendix A. 6–12 disarticulated skeletons 2 articulated skeletons (one male, one female) 1 articulated male pelvis 1 articulated female pelvis X rays of bones of the appendicular skeleton Advance Preparation 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Have articulated skeletons (male and female) available. Set out disarticulated skeletons. One per group of 3–4 students is ideal. Set out male and female articulated pelves in a demonstration area. Set out blunt probes, pipe cleaners, or unsharpened pencils with erasers for use during bone identification. Set out X rays of bones of the appendicular skeleton. Comments and Pitfalls 1. Students may have trouble distinguishing between right and left samples of bones. Remind them to review the bone markings before checking the disarticulated skeleton. 2. Stress the importance of bony landmarks for muscle location and identification. Answers to Pre-Lab Quiz (p. 145) 1. appendicular 2. pectoral 3. scapulae 4. b, humerus 5. metacarpals 6. Female 7. a, femur 8. patella 9. true 65 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.