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Psych II: Final
Review
Chapters 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 17, 18, 20, & 21
Chapter 10: Infancy & Childhood
• Assimilation: new info is placed into pre-existing categories
i.e. family owns a golden retriever and knows doggie
• Accommodation: change brought about because of new info
i.e. child needs to make new category when sees a cat
• Cognitive Development: Piaget’s Theory
1. Sensorimotor: newborns learn to coordinate vision with
touch
2. Preoperational: begin to communicate with words and
symbols
3. Concrete-Operational: begin to show signs of adult thinking
4. Formal Operational: cognitive maturity, can think abstractly
• Object Permanence: understanding that object exists when it is
out of sight
Chapter 10: Infancy & Childhood
• Kohlbergs Theory of Moral Development
oPre-conventional: base judgments on
consequences of behavior
oConventional: make judgments based on
whether act conforms to conventional
standards of right or wrong; moral
judgments reflect common standards
oPost-Conventional: moral judgments
reflect personal values, not conventional
standards
Chapter 10: Infancy & Childhood
• Parenting Styles
o Warm/Cold
o Strict Permissive
o Authoritative: combine warmth with positive strictness
o Authoritarian: have strict guidelines that they expect
children to follow without question
• Self-Esteem
o Unconditional Positive Regard: Parents love and accept a
child no matter how he or she behaves. Usually develop
high self esteem; even if do something wrong know they
are still worthwhile
o Conditional Positive Regard: Parents only show love
when he or she behaves in acceptable ways; may only
feel worthwhile when doing what their parents want
Chapter 11: Adolescence
• Puberty: specific developmental changes
that lead to ability to reproduce
• Primary Sex Characteristics: directly
involved with reproduction
• Secondary Sex Characteristics: not related
to reproduction, i.e. growth of hair,
deepening of voice
• Menarche: First menstruation
Chapter 11: Adolescence
• Identity Formation: according to Erikson main task of
adolescence is to form identity
• Identity Crisis: turning point in person’s development when
they examine their values and makes or changes decisions
about life roles
• Identity Status:
o Identity Moratorium: involves delaying making a
commitment
o Identity Foreclosure: involves conforming to expectations
o Identity Diffusion: involves wandering without goals
o Identity Achievement: have explored options and
committed to set of beliefs and values
Chapter 11: Adolescence
• Challenges of Adolescence:
oAnorexia Nervosa
oBulimia
oStatus Offenses: illegal only when
committed by minors (i.e. truancy,
running away from home)
oSubstance Abuse
Chapter 12: Adulthood
• Young Adulthood (Intimacy vs. Isolation)
• Middle Adulthood (Generativity vs. stagnation)
• Late Adulthood (Integrity vs. Despair)
Young Adulthood (Age 20-40)
o Become independent from parents, finding committed
relationship
o Patriarchy: social system where men have dominant roles
o Half of marriages end in divorce
o Factors of divorce: High expectations, women more
financially independent, “no fault” divorce
Chapter 12: Adulthood
• Middle Adulthood (Age 40-65)
oGenerativity: ability to create, originate, and
produce. Adds meaning to life and helps to
maintain and enhance self esteem
oMidlife Transition: people’s perspectives change in
major way
 Midlife Crisis: second period of reassessment
 Middlescence: period of searching that resembles
adolescence
Chapter 12: Adulthood
• Late Adulthood (Age 65 +)
o Ego Integrity: belief that life is meaningful and worthwhile even if physical
abilities are not what they used to be
• Cognitive Changes
o Alzheimer's: most common cause of dementia. Gradual deterioration in
mental process such as memory, language, and problem solving
o Dementia: serious loss of cognitive function
• Social Changes
o Grandparent
o Living Arrangements
• Death and Dying
o Euthanasia: Mercy killing
o Hospice: homelike place
o Living will: when no hope for recovery, will not be supported by artificial
means
Chapter 13: Motivation and Emotion
• Need: condition in which we require something
we lack. Can be biological or psychological
• Oxygen, food, achievement, self-esteem,
social approval
• Drive: forces that motivate an organism to take
action
• Biological need for food gives rise to hunger
drive
Chapter 13: Motivation and
Emotion
• Theories of Motivation:
oInstinct Theory: born to act certain ways in certain
situations
oDrive-Reduction: organisms learn to relieve
unpleasant tension caused by drive arising from
need
o Want to maintain homeostasis (equilibrium)
oHumanistic: Self-Actualization Maslow claimed all
people want to fulfill capacity for self-actualization
oSociocultural: Cultural factors influence motivation
o Foods we eat, how to show affection
Chapter 13: Motivation and Emotion
• Psychological needs of motivation
o Stimulus motives: desire for stimulation such as exploration,
activity, and manipulation
o Sensory Deprivation: absence of stimulation
o Achievement Motivation
o Cognitive Consistency: psychological need to behave
according to one’s beliefs
o Balance Theory: need to harmonize perceptions and beliefs
o Cognitive Dissonance: motivated to reduce state of
imbalance (care what others think) rather than nonbalance
(when we do not care what others think of us)
o Affiliation
Chapter 13: Motivation and
Emotion
• Theories of Emotion:
oOpponent Process Theory: emotions come in
pairs, with one emotion following its opposite
oJames-Lange Theory: People act first and then
react emotionally.
oCannon-Bard Theory: emotions accompany
bodily responses
oCognitive Appraisal: way people label an
emotion depends on cognitive appraisal of
situation
Chapter 14: Theories of Personality
• Trait Approach
• Psychoanalytic (Sigmund Freud: Id, Ego, Superego and
Carl Jung: collective unconscious, archetypes )
oDefense Mechanisms: methods ego uses to avoid
recognizing ideas or emotions that may cause
anxiety (regression, sublimation, displacement,
reaction formation)
• Learning Approach: Behaviorism (parental approval
and environment; acceptable personality traits are
reinforced) & Social-Learning (learning personality
traits by observation)
Chapter 14: Theories of Personality
• Humanistic Approach: Maslow (selfactualization), Carl Rogers (people are
conscious architects of personality)
• Sociocultural: Individualist vs.
Collectivist, Acculturation (adapting to
new or different culture) and selfesteem
Chapter 17: Stress
• Eustress = Positive stress that increases motivation and
alertness
• Distress= Negative Stress
• Sources of stress: daily hassles, frustration, life changes,
conflict
• Types of conflict
o Approach-approach: both choices are positive
o Approach- avoidance: one good choice and one bad choice
o Avoidance-avoidance: both choices are not ideal; must
choose lesser of two evils
o Multiple approach-avoidance: there are several good and
bad choices
Chapter 17: Stress
• Type A vs. Type B personality
• Physical effects of stress:
o GAS (general adaptation syndrome): way person’s body
responds to stress
o Lower immune system, heart disease, headaches
• Responses to stress
o Self-efficacy
o Psychological hardiness
o Sense of humor
• How to cope with stress
o Active coping (socially acceptable: exercise, guided
relaxation) vs. Defensive coping (socially unacceptable:
substance abuse, suicide)
Chapter 18: Psych Disorders
• Anxiety
oSimple phobias: Persistent excessive and irrational fears
(i.e. fear of spiders, zoos, claustrophobia)
oPanic Disorder
oOCD
oPTSD vs. acute stress
• Dissociative: separation of personality traits or mental
processes from conscious thought
oDissociative amnesia, dissociative fugue, dissociative
identity, depersonalization
Chapter 18: Psych Disorders
• Somatoform Disorders: expression of
psychological distress through physical
symptoms
oConversion & Hypochondriasis
• Mood Disorders
oDepression (feelings of helplessness &
hopelessness)
oBipolar (cycle of mood changes from
depression to wild elation and back again)
Chapter 18: Psych Disorders
• Schizophrenia: loss of contact with reality
oParanoid, disorganized, catatonic (coma
like)
• Personality Disorders: patterns of inflexible
traits that disrupt social life or work that
distress individual. Are enduring traits of
someone’s personality
Chapter 20: Social Cognition
• Attitudes: beliefs and feelings about objects
oCognitive Anchor: persistent belief that shapes the way
people see the world and interpret events. A person’s
earliest attitudes
• Persuasion
oCentral route: uses evidence and logical arguments to
persuade people
oPeripheral route: associates objects or events with
positive or negative feelings
• Prejudice: generalized attitude toward a specific group of
people
oScapegoat: blamed for problems of others
Chapter
20:
Social
Cognition
• Social Perception: the ways in which people perceive one
another
o Primacy vs. recency effect
o Attribution Theory: explain behavior in terms of either
personality factors or situation
o Actor-Observer: attribute behavior of others to personality
factors or internal factors
o Self-Serving Bias: attributing success to personality factors
and failures to external factors
• Attraction
o Matching hypothesis: choose friends and partners who are
similar to themselves
o Reciprocity: mutual exchange of feelings or attitudes
Chapter 21: Social Interaction
• Group Behavior
o Social facilitation: concept that people perform better when
others are watching
o Social loafing: people may “slack off” when in a group
o Diffusion of Responsibility: tendency for people to feel less
responsible for accomplishing task when effort is shared
amongst group members
o Evaluation apprehension: concern about opinion of others
o Polarization: strengthening of group’s shared attitudes
o Group leadership
 Authoritarian- exert absolute control
 Democratic- encourage members to express ideas and make choices
on own
 Laissez-Faire- allow group members to move in whichever direction
they want
Chapter 21: Social Interaction
• Conformity
oSocial norms: standards of behavior that people
share
oExplicit norms: spoken or written rules
oImplicit norms: unspoken or unwritten rules
oWhy?: Cultural influences, need for acceptance, size
of group
• Obedience
• Aggression
• Altruism: unselfish concern for others