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Medical University of Lodz Division of Studies in English (4MD programs) Microbiology – course content (classes), 2014/2015 Class 1. General microbiology – bacteriological media, methods of the microbiological inoculation and cultivation, preparation of pure cultures, the structure of the bacterial cell, staining methods of the bacterial slides Knowledge: the student knows the bacterial physiology, the optimal conditions for their growth in vitro: nutritional requirements (chemical components of the bacterial cell, various requirements of nutrients); temperature (psychrophilic bacteria, mesophiles, and thermophiles); gaseous requirements (strictly aerobic bacteria, facultatively anaerobic bacteria, strictly anaerobic bacteria, microaerophilic bacteria, capnophiles), pH and the osmotic pressure; the student knows the microbiological media (liquid, semi-solid and solid, simple and enriched, selective, diagnostic and selective-diagnostic), the techniques of the microbiological inoculation, the phases of the bacterial growth, and the methods used to get pure cultures; the students is able to describe the bacterial growth in the liquid medium (surface growth, turbidity, and sediment) and in the solid medium (bacterial colony characteristics), the growth of bacteria producing pigments, the shape and the structure of the bacterial cell (the basic and additional components), the staining methods of the bacterial preparations (simple and complex, positive and negative, positive-negative), the types of microscopes used in bacteriology and their application; the student knows the role of the microscopic slides in the microbiological diagnostics, methods of the bacterial identification on the basis of the biochemical features and antigenic structure of the bacterium. Class 2: General microbiology – bacteria present in the environment and in the human body. The influence of the physical and chemical factors on bacteria. Knowledge: the student is able to talk over the presence of bacteria in the human environment (the reservoir of the pathogen, the modes of its transmission, the source of infection), the presence of bacteria in the human body (resident and transient bacterial flora, the carriage of pathogenic bacteria), the influence of physical and chemical factors on bacteria; the student knows the methods of the bacteriological control (sanitization, antisepsis, asepsis, disinfection, sterilization); the tests used to control the process of autoclaving. Class 3: General microbiology – Antibiotics and chemotherapeutics. Knowledge: the student knows the antibacterial drugs: beta-lactam antibiotics, amonoglycosides, quinolones, tetracyclines, macrolides, lincosamides, glycopeptides, etc.; bacteriostatic versus bactericidal agents, antibacterial spectrum (broad-spectrum and narrow-spectrum agents), the mechanisms of antibacterial action. The side-effects of the antibiotic therapy. Bacterial resistance to antimicrobial agents - its origin and the ways of transmission (natural and acquired resistance, vertical and horizontal transmission of drug resistance). Standardized techniques determining bacterial susceptibility to antimicrobial agents (antibiogram): qualitative tests (disc-diffusion method), quantitative tests (E-test). The clinical meaning of MIC and MBC. Class 4: General microbiology – the sampling, and the storage of the biological material; the transport to the microbiological laboratory. Knowledge: the student knows the principles of sampling (blood, urine, swabs, CSF). The principles of transport of samples containing viruses, fungi, bacteria. Class 5: Virology – principles of diagnostics. Colloquium no. 1 (classes 1-4) Knowledge: the student knows the basic features of the viruses including their structure, characteristics, and replication phases. The student is able to explain the influence of the viral replication type on the course of the viral infection. Diagnostic process of the viral infection (clinical material, the time of sampling, storage, transport to the laboratory, principles of specimen processing for viral investigation, cell cultures, embryonated eggs, laboratory animals, microscopic identification, serologic tests, molecular analysis). Class 6: Infections of the respiratory system. Knowledge: the student knows: the physiological flora of the respiratory system; the clinical forms of the respiratory system infections. The etiological factors: viruses, bacteria, and atypical bacteria. The diagnostics of the infections mentioned above. Class 7: Infections of the digestive tract. Food poisoning. Knowledge: the student knows: the physiological flora of the digestive tract; the clinical forms of the gastrointestinal infections. The etiological factors: viruses and bacteria. Epidemiology, treatment, and the diagnostics of the infections mentioned above. Class 8: Urogenital infections. Knowledge: the student knows: the physiological flora of the urogenital system; the risk factors of the urogenital infections. Clinical forms of the urinary tract infections and genital infections and their etiological factors. The treatment, and the diagnostics of the infections mentioned above. Bacteriological analysis of urine – the methods of sampling. The purity degree of the vagina. Vaginitis. Intrauterine infections. Perinatal infections. Class 9: Sexually transmitted diseases. Colloquium no. 2 (classes 5-8) Knowledge: the student knows: the etiological factors of sexually transmitted diseases: I. viral: Human Papilloma Virus, Human Herpesvirus type 1 and 2, HHV-8, Moluscum Contagiosum Virus, HIV, HBV, HDV, HCV, HGV, HTLV; II. bacterial: Treponema pallidum, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Chlamydia trachomatis, Haemophilus ducreyi, Klebsiella granulomatis;Mycoplasma spp., Ureaplasma spp. Class 10: Infections of the nervous system, Knowledge: the student knows: the factors predisposing to the central nervous system infections, the modes of transmission. Etiological factors of meningitis and brain infections. Microbiological diagnostics of meningitis (sampling and microbiological analysis of cerebrospinal fluid). Class 11: Bloodstream infections. Knowledge: the student knows: the etiological factors of bloodstream infections, microbiological diagnostics of bloodstream infections (sampling and microbiological analysis of the blood; bacteraemia and sepsis). Zoonoses. Class 12: Skin infections. Knowledge: the student knows: etiological factors of skin infections, the diagnostics of skin infections. Class 13: Hospital-acquired infections. Colloquium no. 3 (classes 9-12) Knowledge: The definition of the nosocomial infection; the etiological factors of the hospitalacquired infections, the methods used to control and prevent from nosocomial infections.