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La Salud Verbos Be in shape Be on a diet Be congested Be stressed Break Brush Cause Cough Consult Cure Get cut Die Examine Exercise Evaluate Fall asleep Fall down Feel Get hurt Get better Get fat Get sick Get tired Get in shape Get up Get worse Go on a diet Go to the gym Have to Have an accident Have a cold Have a fever Have flu Have an X Hurt(x hurts) Improve It is necessary Jog Lie down Lift weights Lose weight Operate Prescribe Recommend Relax Rest Shower Should Smoke Spread Stay healthy Stay in bed Stop x Stress out Suggest El Cuerpo Estar en forma Estar a dieta Estar congestionad@ Estar estresado/a romperse Cepillarse Causar Toser Consultarse Curar Cortarse Morir( o to ue) Examinar Hacer ejercicios Evaluar Dormirse(o to ue) Caerse(caigo-yo) Sentirse(e to ie) Lastimarse Recuperarse Engordarse Enfermarse Cansarse Ponerse en forma Levantarse Empeorarse Ponerse a dieta Ir al gimnasio Tener que Tener un accidente Tener resfriado Tener fiebre Tener la gripe Tener dolor de Doler(duele, duelen) Mejorarse Hay que Trotar Acostarse(o to ue) Levantar pesas Bajar peso Operar Recetar Recomendar(e to ie) Relajarse descansar Ducharse Debería Fumar propogarse Ankles Arms Back Beard Blood Body Bone Cheeks Chest Chin Ears Elbows Eyebrows Eyes Face Feet Fingernails Fingers Forehead Freckles Hair Hands Head Heart Hips Knees Knuckles Legs Lips Lungs Mouth Muscles Mustache Nails Neck Nose Palm Skin Shoulders Stomach Toes Tongue Throat Adjetivos Los tobillos Los brazos La espalda La barba La sangre El cuerpo El hueso Las mejillas El pecho La barbilla Las orejas Los codos Las cejas Los ojos La cara Los pies Las uñas Los dedos La frente Las pecas El pelo Las manos La cabeza El corazón Las caderas Las rodillas Los nudillos Las piernas Los labios Los pulmones La boca Los musculos El bigote Las uñas El cuello La náriz La palmada La piel Los hombros El estómago Los dedos de pie La lengua La garganta Active Greasy Healthy Inactive Muscular Nutritious Overweight Painful Sick Strong Unhealthy Weak Sintomas Cold Cut Cough Flu Fever Dizziness Vomit Sore throat Pains/Aches Sweat Head ache Chills Nausea Appointment Consultation Illness Symptoms Guardar cama Cesar de/dejar de Estresarse Sugerir(e to ie) 1 Demasiado gordo/a Doloroso/a Estar Enfermo/a Fuerte No saludable Débil Cataro/resfriado El corte La Tos La Gripe El Fiebre Los Mareos Los Vomitos Dolor de garganta Los Dolores El Sudor Dolor de cabeza Los Escalofrios Las Nauseas La cita La consulta La enfermedad Los sintomas Sustantivos(nouns) Accident Advice Alcohol Ambulance Aspirin Appointment Band aid Clinic Cream Doctor Dentist Drugs Emergency Emergency room Exam Fat Germs Health Hospital Mantenerse en forma Activo/a Grasoso/a Sano/a No activo/a Musculoso/a Nutritivo/a El accidente El consejo El alcohol La ambulancia La aspirina La cita La curita La clinica La crema El doctor/medico Dentista Las drogas La emergencia Sala de emergencia La examinacion La grasa Los germenes La salud El hospital Sweat Take (pill) Take a bath Take a shower Take care of onself Try to Wake up Wash Wait (for) Work (not labor, but effectiveness) Sudar Tomar Bañarse Ducharse cuidarse Illness/sickness Injection Injury/wound Junk food Medicine Nurse Nutrition Patient Prescription Pain/ache Pharmacy Pills Symptom Test Therapy Vitamins Waiting room Tratar de Despertarse(e to ie) Lavarse Esperar Funccionar Key Connecting Vocabulary For Year Although After Again Already As a result Anymore As long as As soon as Before Both Both x and y Besides Because of that Compared to During Even Except Even though Instead of In order to Like(as in for example) Like this/like that Maybe So that So She didn’t like it so I returned it. So + adjective Ex: She is so nice. Such as While Since a period of time I have known her since I was 5. Since Aunque Después de (que) Otra vez or De nuevo Ya Como cosecuencia Ya no En tanto que/siempre que Tan pronto como Antes de (que) Ambos/ambas Tanto x como y Además de or aparte de Por eso En comparación con Durante Aun or hasta Excepto Aunque En vez de Para Como Asi Tal vez or Quizás Para que Asi que Tan Tal como Mientras Desde que Ya que 2 La enfermedad La inyección La herida La comida basura La medicina La enfermera La nutrición El/La paciente La receta El dolor La farmacia Las pildoras El simptoma La prueba La terapia Las vitaminas La sala de espera Since you don’t like beans, I don’t make them. What/which Not for use in questions! Use “qué/cuál” for questions. Ex: What I like is that you..Lo que me gusta es que.. Still/yet That/who With Without Lo que Todavia Que Con Sin 1) Present Tense and the 3 times it can express 1) The present tense can have 3 meanings. Ex: Yo hablo=I talk Ex: Yo hablo con mi madre ahora.=I am talking to my mom now. Ex: Yo hablo con mi padre esta noche.=I am going to talk to my dad tonight. The difference in the meaning comes from 2 things; a) using time words to tell you if the action is happening now or in the future b) using the context of what is happening. Sometimes time words are not used but the context, what is happening, tells you. Ex: If I ask, "¿qué haces tú?"--this can mean, "what do you do, what are you doing, what are you going to do?"--the listener and speaker know which meaning it has because of what they are talking about. If I walk in a room and ask "¿Qué haces?--it is obvious I am asking "what are you doing?" not "what do you do?" 2) Present Tense Endings Yo(I) Tú(you, informal) Él/Ella/Usted Nosotros(we) Ellos(they)/Ustedes(you all AR o as a amos an ER o es e emos en IR o es e imos en Time Words Routine Time Words every day=todos los dias cada día always= siempre almost always=casi siempre frequently=con frecuencia sometimes=aveces rarely=rara vez never=nunca Present Time Words now=ahora right now=ahora mismo late=tarde 3 Future Time words today=hoy tomorrow=mañana tomorrow morning= mañana por la mañana tomorrow afternoon= mañana por la tarde tomorrow night= mañana por la noche day after tomorrow= pasado mañana next week= la próxima semana next month= el próximo mes next year= el próximo año soon=pronto this weekend= este fin de semana next weekend= el próximo fin de semana later=más tarde 3) Forms to express "be ing" and "be going to" a) Be ing. This is used to talk about something that is happening right now. Ex: I am talking. He is eating. The formula is "estar + ando/iendo" Yo(I) Tú(you, informal) Él/Ella/Usted Nosotros(we) Ellos(They)/Ustedes(you all) estoy(am) estás(are) está(is) estamos(are) están(are) + ando/iendo(ing) + ando/iendo(ing) + ando/iendo(ing) + ando/iendo(ing) + ando/iendo(ing) You can use "ing" without the "estar". An example is starting sentences with "ing". Ex: studying is necessary. You have 2 options---1) you can use "ando/iendo" alone. Ex: Estudiando es necesario. 2) you can put an unconjugated verb at the start of the sentences and the "ing" is already there. Ex: Estudiar es necesario. b) Be going to(future). This is used when talking about the future. Ex: I am going to see you tonight. He is going to eat. The formula is "ir + a + verb" Yo(I) Tú(you, informal) Él/Ella/Usted Nosotros(we) Ellos(They)/Ustedes(you all) voy(am going) vas(are going) va(is going) vamos(are going) van(are going) + a(to) + unconj verb Be careful not to add the verb “ser” or “estar” before the “ir + a + verb” structure. When you see “am, are, is”, they are included when you conjugate “ir”. Ex: I am going=Yo voy. NOT Yo soy/estoy voy 4 4) When to NOT conjugate verbs!!!!! 1) You conjugate all verbs in sentences except: a) When two verbs are back to back, you don't conjugate the 2nd verb. Ex: yo necesito comer. Ella no puede hablar. Notice that the bolded/underlined word is immediately following another, so you just plug an unchanged/unconjugated verb in that spot. This is true 99% of the time. b) When verbs follow prepositions. "Its a(to) sin(without) de(from/of) or night to conjugate after por(for) para(for) en(in/on) con(with) sobre(about)" What does this phrase mean? It means that if a verb follows these prepositions you never conjugate it. Notice in the examples below, the verb following "sin, de" are not conjugated because these are prepositions. Ex: Yo voy sin reservar una mesa.=I go without reserving a table. Ex: Antes de ir, yo reservo una mesa.=Before going, I reserve a table 5) Reflexive Verbs a)Verbs that end in “se” Step 1----take off the “se” piece and change it to match the doer. Yo Tú Ella/Él/Usted Nosotros Ellos/Ustedes me te se nos se Step 2---conjugate the verb that is left once you remove the “se” Ex: me levanto, te levantas, se levanta, nos levantamos, se levantan b) Reflexives with 2 verbs back-to-back. You can put the “me, te, se, nos, se” either before the 1st or attached to the 2nd at the end. Ex: yo me necesito duchar or yo necesito ducharme. Yo me estoy duchando or yo estoy duchandome 5 c) Impersonal "se". If you want to express "one", you use "se" to express "one", then conjugate the verb for "he/she". Ex: One doesn't eat much at night.=No se come mucho por la noche. d) Verbs are not reflexive when one person is doing the action to another. So, remove the “se” and just use the verb. Ex: Yo levanto a John. Verbs are reflexive when a person is referring to themselves and it affects only themselves. One person is doing the action to themselves, not to another. Ex: yo me levanto. e) Reflexives can also be used to have the meaning “myself, yourself, himself/herself, ourselves, themselves”. Ex I talk to myself. Yo me hablo. To clarify that the reflexive has the meaning of “myself, etc” another piece is often added..”a mi mismo/a, a ti mismo/a, a si mismo/a, a nosotros mismos, a si mismos/as. Ex: I talk to myself=Yo me hablo He talks to himself=Él se habla me te se nos se f) Reflexives to mean “each other”. Each other is only used for “we, they, you all”. You use the reflexive piece “nos, se” and add “el uno al otro” to mean “each other. The reflexive(nos, se) are required…the “el uno al otro” is optional. Use both together! Ex: we love each other. Nos queremos el uno al otro They talk to each other. Ellos se hablan el uno al otro. Common verbs used with “each other” Saludar=greet/say “hi” Escribir=write Hablar=talk Ver=see Querer=love Ayudar=help Entender=understand Besar=kiss 6) The verb “doler” It means to “hurt”, like “my head hurts”. Not like, “he hurt me”. It is used to say what part of your body hurts you. This verb functions like a “gustar” verb. 6 me te le nos les Duele or duelen Duele or duelen Duele or duelen Duele or duelen Duele or duelen You use the “me, te, le, nos, les” for the “my, your, his, her, our, their” part of the phrase. Don’t use “mi, tu, su, nuestro, su” for the possessive. You conjugate the verb “doler” as “duele” if it is one thing that hurts you, or “duelen” if it is two or more. Ex: My hands hurt. Me duelen las manos…the “me” is for the “my” and the “duelen” is conjugated for the “hands. Ex: Her head hurts. Le duele la cabeza…the “le” is for the “her” and the “duele” is for the “head”. This verb “doler” is conjugated for the thing that hurts, not the person. 7) Question Word Formation As a rule, move the closest verb to wherever the ‘do/does/did’ is. There is no word for ‘do/does/did’ in Spanish questions. Ignore it. Move the verb to where it is. a) Question word + conjugated verb + everything else—this is the pattern you need to learn. ex: Why do you live here? =¿Por qué vives tú aqui? ex: When do they leave? =¿Cuándo van ellos? The only ones that don’t follow that pattern are; cuánto, qué tipo de qué —these are followed by the noun(thing), then the verb! Ex: What book do you want?=¿Qué libro quieres? Ex: What kind of food do you like?=¿Qué tipo de comida te gusta? Ex: How many friends do you have?=¿Cuántos amigos tienes? ¿Por qué ¿Cuándo why when 7 ¿Cuánto/a/os/as(ending matches noun next to it) ¿Quién or Quiénes(quien when asking about 1 person, quienes when asking about 2 or more) ¿Dónde(asking abt the location) ¿Adónde(asking about where going) ¿De dónde(asking abt country of origin) ¿Cómo ¿Con qué frecuencia ¿Qué tipo/clase de ¿A qué hora(asking what time something will happen) ¿Cuál or cuáles(cuál when asking about one ítem, cuáles when more than one) ¿De quién or de quiénes(de quién when asking about 1 item, de quiénes when multiple how much/many who where where where how how often what kind of what time/when which whose 8) Yes/No Questions 1) These are questions that start with “do/does/did” or “am/are/is” in English. You can simply answer “yes/no” to them. Ex: Do you eat beans? Yes. Does he like puppies. No. In Spanish you simply start the question with a conjugated verb and the “do/does/did” are already there. NO SPECIAL WORD FOR ‘DO/DOES/DID’ IN QUESTIONS NEEDED. PUT THE VERB WHEREVER “DO/DOES/DID” IS. Ex: Do you go to school? = ¿Vas a escuela? Ex: Does he eat beans? =¿Come él frijoles? Notice that you put the “yo, tú, él, ella, usted, nosotros, ellos, ustedes” right after the verb. 9) Tag questions These are questiosn that end in “isn’t it, aren’t you, don’t they, right”. Ex; She likes it, doesn’t she?, They are tall, aren’t they? You like it, right? All you have to do to express the “don’t you, isn’t he, aren’t you, right, etc.” is to add “verdad” or “no” at the end of the question. Ex: ¿Te gusta el sombrero, verdad/no? 8 10) Quantity Words 1) Quantity words must match the words next to them. Ejemplo: Demasiados amigos Tantas personas Mucho dinero The words below the line don’t match, but are used alone, without change Too much/many Demasiado/a/os/as So much/many Tanto/a/os/as Other/another Otro/a/os/as Certain Cierto/a/os/as Both Ambos/as Many/much Mucho/a/os/as Few/little Poco/a/os/as Same Mismo/a/os/as Some Algunos/as Together Juntos/as None Ningunos/as All Todo/a/os/as A ton of Un montón de Somewhat Algo Quite/rather Bastante Too + adjective Demasiado Both x And Y Tanto x como y So + adjective Tan 11) Direct Objects A) They go in the same places that reflexives go. B) X Verb, (x) verb verb(x) C) You conjugate for the doer(yo, tu, ella, nosotros, ellos) always, not the direct objects. Me me You te Him/it lo Her/it la Us nos Them, you all los/las D) “Lo/La” and “Los/Las”. When deciding which “it/them” to use, you need to look back at what the “it/them” refer to and notice is the word “masculine, ending in “o”” or “feminine, ending in “a””. You have to match the “it/them” to the gender of the word it 9 refers back to. Ejemplo: The money(el dinero). I need it. El dinero. Yo lo necesito. I chose “lo” since “it” is referring back to money(el dinero). Ejemplo: The papers(los papeles). I need them. Los papeles. Yo los necesito. I chose “los” since it refers to “los papeles”. Ejemplo: The chair(la silla). I need it. La silla. Yo la necesito. E) The 2 “its” 1) If an “it” follows a verb, use “lo/la”.---DO Ex: I need it. Yo lo necesito. Ex: They want it. Ellos lo quieren. 2) If “it” starts a sentence OR is before “is/was”, it is a subject “it”. Just conjugate for “he/she/it”. Ex: It was sunny=Hizo sol Ex: It is expensive=Es caro 10